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Glass in building Ð |
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Determination of thermal |
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transmittance (U value) Ð |
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Calculation method |
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--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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The European Standard EN 673:1997, with the incorporation of amendment |
A1:2000, has the status of a British Standard |
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ICS 81.040.20 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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Copyright British Standards Institution
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 BS EN 673:1998

National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 673:1997, including
amendment A1:2000.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/520, Glass and glazing in building, to Subcommittee B/520/4, Properties and
glazing methods, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request

to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 9 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice in this document indicates when the document was last
issued.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for Amd. No. Date Text affected
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board 13367 12 September 2001 Addition of data to Table 1
and comes into effect on
15 June 1998

 BSI 12 September 2001

ISBN 0 580 29368 8

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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 673
NORME EUROPEÂENNE November 1997

EUROPAÈISCHE NORM + A1
September 2000

ICS 81.040.20

Descriptors: Glazing, window glass, thermal insulation, rules of calculation, heat transfer coefficient, measurements, opacity,
infrared radiation

English version

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Glass in building Ð Determination of thermal
transmittance (U value) Ð Calculation method
(includes amendment A1:2000)

Verre dans la construction Ð DeÂtermination du Glas im Bauwesen Ð Bestimmung des

coefficient de transmission thermique, U Ð WaÈrmedurchgangskoeffizienten (U-Wert) Ð
MeÂthode de calcul Berechnungsverfahren
(inclut l'amendement A1:2000) (enthaÈlt AÈnderung A1:2000)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 October 1997. Amendment

A1:2000 was approved by CEN on 23 September 2000.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to
the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1997 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.

Ref. No. EN 673:1997 + A1:2000 E

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 Page 2
EN 673:1997

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 129, Glass in building,
Foreword 2

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the Secretariat of which is held by IBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 1 Scope 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 2 Normative references 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 1998, and 3 Symbols 3
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by May 1998. 4 Definitions 4
CEN/TC 129/WG 9, Light and energy transmission, 5 Basic formulae 4
thermal insulation, prepared a working draft based on 6 Basic material properties 5
the document ISO/DIS 10292, Thermal insulation of
7 External and internal heat transfer
glazing: Calculation rules for determining the steady
coefficients 6
state U value of double or multiple glazing, prepared
by ISO/TC 160, Glass in building. 8 Declared values: standardized
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, boundary conditions 6
the national standards organizations of the following 9 Expression of the results 7
countries are bound to implement this European 10 Test report 7
standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Annex A (normative) Determination of
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, normal and corrected emissivity 8
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Annex B (normative) Iteration procedure
for glazing with more than one gas space 8
Foreword to amendment A1 Annex C (informative) Bibliography 9

This amendment EN 673:1997/A1:2000 to EN 673:1997

has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 129, Glass in building, the Secretariat of which
is held by IBN.
This amendment to the European Standard
EN 673:1997 shall be given the status of a national
standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by April 2001, and
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by April 2001.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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 Page 3
EN 673:1997

1 Scope EN 675, Glass in building Ð Determination of

thermal transmittance (U value) Ð Heat flow meter
This European Standard specifies a calculation method method.
to determine the thermal transmittance of glazing with prEN 1098, Glass in building Ð Determination of
flat and parallel surfaces. thermal transmittance (U value) Ð Calibrated and
This European Standard applies to uncoated glass guarded hot box method.
(including glass with structured surfaces, e.g. patterned
glass), coated glass and materials not transparent in 3 Symbols
the far infrared, which is the case for soda lime silicate A constant Ð
glass products (called hereafter soda lime glass),
c specific heat capacity of gas J/(kg´K)
borosilicate glass and glass ceramic. It also applies to

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multiple glazing comprising such glasses and/or d thickness of material layer
materials. It does not apply to multiple glazing which (glass or alternative glazing material) m
include in the gas space sheets or foils that are far F volume fraction Ð
infrared transparent. The procedure specified in this h Ð heat transfer coefficient W/(m2´K)
European Standard determines the U value1) Ð also thermal conductance W/(m2´K)
(thermal transmittance) in the central area of glazing. M number of material layers Ð
The edge effects due to the thermal bridge through the n exponent Ð
spacer of a sealed glazing unit or through the window N number of spaces Ð
frame are not included. Furthermore, energy transfer r thermal resistivity of glass
due to solar radiation is not taken into account. (glazing material) m´K/W
The document for the calculation of the overall U value P gas property Ð
of windows, doors and shutters (see C.1) makes Rn normal reflectance
normative reference to the U value calculated for the (perpendicular to the surface) Ð
glazing components according to this standard. s width of gas space m
For the purpose of product comparison, a vertical T absolute temperature K
position of the glazing is specified. In addition U values U thermal transmittance W/(m2´K)
are calculated using the same procedure for other
DT temperature difference K
purposes, in particular for predicting:
e corrected emissivity Ð
Ð heat loss through glazing;
en normal emissivity
Ð conduction heat gains in summer; (perpendicular to the surface) Ð
Ð condensation on glazing surfaces; r gas density kg/m3
Ð the effect of the absorbed solar radiation in s Stefan-Boltzmann's constant
determining the solar factor (see C.2). 5,67 3 1028 W/(m2´K4)
Reference should be made to C.4 and C.5 or other m dynamic viscosity of gas kg/(m´s)
European Standards dealing with heat loss calculations l Ð thermal conductivity of gas in space W/(m´K)
for the application of glazing U values determined by
this standard. Ð also wavelength mm
u temperature on the Celsius scale 8C
A procedure for the determination of emissivity is also
given. Dimensionless numbers
The rules have been made to be as simple as possible Gr Grashof number Ð
whilst remaining consistent with accuracy.
Nu Nusselt number Ð
Pr Prandtl number Ð
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or Subscripts
undated reference, provisions from other publications. c convection
These normative references are cited at the e external
appropriate places in the text and the publications are i internal
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent j j-th material layer
amendments to or revisions of any of these
g gas
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For m mean
undated references the latest edition of the publication n normal
referred to applies. r radiation
EN 674, Glass in building Ð Determination of s space
thermal transmittance (U value) Ð Guarded hot plate t total
method. 1;2 first, second etc.

1) In some countries the symbol k has been used up to now.

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 Page 4
EN 673:1997

4 Definitions 5.3 Gas conductance hg

For the purposes of this standard, the following The gas conductance is given by:
definitions apply: l
4.1 hg = Nu (5)
s
U value
where
parameter of glazing which characterizes the heat
transfer through the central part of the glazing, s is the width of the space;
i.e. without edge effects, and states the steady-state
density of heat transfer rate per temperature difference l is the thermal conductivity;
between the environmental temperatures on each side. Nu is the Nusselt number.
The U value is given in watts per square metre
kelvin [W/(m2´K)] Nu = A(Gr Pr)n (6)
4.2
declared value where
U value obtained under standardized boundary
conditions (see clause 8) A is a constant;
Gr is the Grashof number;
5 Basic formulae Pr is the Prandtl number;
The method of this standard is based on a calculation n is an exponent.
according to the following principles.
5.1 U value 9,81s3DTr2
The U value is given by: Gr = (7)
Tmm2
1 1 1 1 mc
= + + (1) Pr = (8)
U he ht hi l
where where
he and hi are the external and internal heat
transfer coefficients; DT is the temperature difference between glass
ht is the total thermal conductance of the surfaces bounding the gas space;
glazing. r is the density;
N M
m is the dynamic viscosity;
1 1
ht ∑
= + ∑ dj´rj (2) c is the specific heat capacity;
1
hs 1 Tm is the mean temperature.
where
The Nusselt number is calculated from equation (6).
hs is the thermal conductance of each gas space;
N is the number of spaces; If Nu is less than 1, then the value unity is used for Nu
in equation (5).
dj is the thickness of each material layer;
rj is the thermal resistivity of each material 5.3.1 Vertical glazing
(thermal resistivity of soda lime For vertical glazing:
glass = 1,0 m´K/W); A is 0,035;
M is the number of material layers. n is 0,38.
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

hs = hr + hg (3) 5.3.2 Horizontal and angled glazing

where For horizontal or angled glazing and upward heat flow
hr is the radiation conductance; the heat transfer by convection is enhanced.
hg is the gas conductance. This effect shall be considered by substituting the
following values of A and n in equation (6).
For glazing with more than one gas space the U value
shall be found by iteration (see annex B). Horizontal spaces A = 0,16 n = 0,28
5.2 Radiation conductance hr Space at 458 A = 0,10 n = 0,31
The radiation conductance is given by:
21
 1 + 1 2 1 For intermediate angles linear interpolation is
hr = 4s Tm3 (4)
e1 e2  satisfactory.
where When the direction of heat flow is downward the
s is Stefan-Boltzmann's constant; convection shall be considered suppressed for practical
Tm is the mean absolute temperature of the cases and Nu = 1 is substituted in equation (5).
gas space;
e1 and e2 are the corrected emissivities at Tm.

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 Page 5
EN 673:1997
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6 Basic material properties The relevant values are substituted in equations (7)
and (8) above for the Grashof and Prandtl numbers
6.1 Emissivity and the Nusselt number is determined from
The corrected emissivities e of the surfaces bounding equation (6) above.
the enclosed spaces are required to calculate the If the Nusselt number is greater than 1 this indicates
radiation conductance hr in equation (4). that convection is occurring, enhancing the heat flow
For uncoated soda lime glass surfaces or for soda lime rate.
glass surfaces with coatings which have no effect on If the calculated value of the Nusselt number is less
the emissivity, the corrected emissivity to be used than 1 this indicates that heat flow in the gas is by
is 0,837. conduction only and the Nusselt number is given the
NOTE 1 With reasonable confidence the same value may be used bounding value of 1. Substitution in equation (5) gives
for uncoated borosilicate glass and glass ceramic. the gas conductance hg.
For other coated surfaces the normal emissivity en Values of gas properties for a range of gases used in
shall be determined with an infrared spectrometer sealed glazing units are given in Table 1.
(see A.1 and C.6) and the corrected emissivity is For all practical gas mixtures the gas properties are
determined from the normal emissivity as described proportioned in the ratio of the volume fractions, F1,
in A.2. F2..., with sufficient approximation:
NOTE 2 Two different definitions of emissivity should
theoretically be used to describe radiation exchange between: Gas 1: F1; Gas 2: F2 etc.
a) glass surfaces facing each other in glazing; Thus
b) a glass surface facing a room. P = P1 F1 + P2 F2 (9)
However, in practice numerical differences are found to be where P represents the relevant property: thermal
negligibly small. Thus corrected emissivity describes both types of conductivity, density, viscosity or specific heat capacity.
heat exchange with a sufficient approximation.
6.3 Infrared absorption of the gas
6.2 Gas properties
Some gases absorb infrared radiation in the 5 mm
The following properties of the gas filling the space are to 50 mm range. Where the gas concerned is used in
required: combination with a coating with corrected emissivity
less than 0,2 this effect is neglected because of the low
thermal conductivity l;
density of the net infrared radiant flux.
density r;
For other cases the U value shall be measured
dynamic viscosity m; according to EN 674, EN 675 or prEN 1098 if the
specific heat capacity c. possible improvement is to be taken into account.
Table 1 Ð Gas properties
Gas Temperature Density Dynamic viscosity Conductivity Specific heat capacity
u r m l c
8C kg/m3 kg/(m´s) W/(m´K) J/(kg´K)
Air 210 1,326 1,661 3 1025 2,336 3 1022
0 1,277 1,711 3 1025 2,416 3 1022 1,008 3 103
10* 1,232 1,761 3 1025 2,496 3 1022
20 1,189 1,811 3 1025 2,576 3 1022
Argon 210 1,829 2,038 3 1025 1,584 3 1022
0 1,762 2,101 3 1025 1,634 3 1022 0,519 3 103
10* 1,699 2,164 3 1025 1,684 3 1022
20 1,640 2,228 3 1025 1,734 3 1022
SF6** 210 6,844 1,383 3 1025 1,119 3 1022
0 6,602 1,421 3 1025 1,197 3 1022 0,614 3 103
10* 6,360 1,459 3 1025 1,275 3 1022
20 6,118 1,497 3 1025 1,354 3 1022
Krypton 210 3,832 2,260 3 1025 0,842 3 1022
0 3,690 2,330 3 1025 0,870 3 1022 0,245 3 103
10* 3,560 2,400 3 1025 0,900 3 1022
20 3,430 2,470 3 1025 0,926 3 1022
Xenon 210 6,121 2,078 3 1025 0,494 3 1022
0 5,897 2,152 3 1025 0,512 3 1022 0,161 3 103
10 5,689 2,226 3 1025 0,529 3 1022
20 5,495 2,299 3 1025 0,546 3 1022
* Standardized boundary conditions
** Sulfur hexafluoride

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 Page 6
EN 673:1997

7 External and internal heat transfer 7.3 Design values

coefficients For the application of glazing U values in building
design the use of a declared value may not always be
7.1 External heat transfer coefficient he sufficiently accurate. In special circumstances a design
The external heat transfer coefficient he is a function value shall be determined using this standard. Design
of the wind speed near the glazing, the emissivity and U values appropriate to the position of the glazing and
other climatic factors. the environmental conditions shall be determined using
For ordinary vertical glass surfaces the value of he is the correct boundary values of hs, he and hi which
standardized to 23 W/(m2´K) for the purposes of shall be stated.
comparison of glazing U values. NOTE The application of the declared value of an external
building element for calculating heat losses is not strictly
1
NOTE The reciprocal is 0,04 m2´K/W expressed to two consistent on the basis of dry resultant temperature in internally
he
decimal figures. heated spaces. In most practical cases it is adequate, but for
glazing elements with relatively large surface area and particularly
This procedure does not consider the improvement of with internal low emissivity surface, errors may arise.
the U value due to the presence of externally exposed For heat loss calculations reference is made to C.4,
coated surfaces with an emissivity lower than 0,837. C.5 or other relevant European Standards.
For the he values of non-vertical surfaces reference is
made to C.3.
8 Declared values: standardized boundary
7.2 Internal heat transfer coefficient hi conditions
The internal heat transfer coefficient hi is given by the For all cases where U values are stated for
following formula: promotional purposes, the standardized boundary
hi = hr + hc (10) conditions defined below shall be used.
where The standardized boundary conditions for declared
hr is the radiation conductance; values are:
hc is the convection conductance. r thermal resistivity of
The radiation conductance for uncoated soda lime soda lime glass 1,0 m´K/W
glass surfaces is 4,4 W/(m2´K). If the internal surface of e corrected emissivity of
the glazing has a lower emissivity, the radiation uncoated soda lime and
conductance is given by: borosilicate glass
4,4e surface 0,837
hr = (11) DT temperature difference
0,837
between bounding
where glass surfaces 15 K

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
e is the corrected emissivity of the coated Tm mean temperature of
surface; gas space 283 K
0,837 is the corrected emissivity of uncoated soda s Stefan-Boltzmann's
lime glass (see 6.1). constant 5,67 3 1028 W/(m2´K4)
he external heat transfer
This is only applicable if there is no condensation on
coefficient for uncoated
the coated surface. A procedure for determining the
soda lime glass
corrected emissivity of a coating is given in annex A.
surfaces 23 W/(m2´K)
The value of hc is 3,6 W/(m2´K) for free convection. hi internal heat transfer
Where a fan blown heater is situated below or above a coefficient for uncoated
window this value will be larger if a current of air is soda lime glass
blown over the window. surfaces 8 W/(m2´K)
For vertical soda lime glass surfaces and free A constant 0,035
convection:
n exponent 0,38
hi = 4,4 + 3,6
= 8,0 W/(m2´K) (12) Standardized boundary conditions for the gas
properties are given in Table 1 for a temperature
which is standardized for the purposes of comparison of 10 8C (283 K).
of glazing U values.
1
NOTE The reciprocal for soda lime glass surfaces
hi
2
is 0,13 m ´K/W expressed to two decimal figures.
For the hi values of non-vertical surfaces, reference is
made to C.3.

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 Page 7
EN 673:1997

9 Expression of the results 10.3 Cross-section of the glazing

A figure shall show the structure of the glazing
9.1 U values
(position and thickness of glass panes and of material
U values shall be expressed in W/(m2´K) rounded to layers, position of coating(s), position and thickness of
one decimal figure. If the second decimal is five, it gas space(s), type of gas filling).
shall be rounded to the higher values.
The layers of glass and of other materials and the gas
Example 1: 1,53 becomes 1,5; spaces shall be numbered starting from the pane facing
Example 2: 1,55 becomes 1,6; outside.
Example 3: 1,549 becomes 1,5. 10.4 Results
9.2 Emissivity
Ð corrected emissivity of the coating, in
When emissivity is presented in promotional material it the case of coatings which modify the
shall be given to two decimal figures specifying emissivity;
whether it is normal or corrected emissivity. Ð internal heat transfer coefficient hi, in
9.3 Intermediate values the case of coatings which modify the
In computations, intermediate values shall not be emissivity; [W/(m2´K)]
rounded. Ð total thermal conductance of the
glazing, ht; [W/(m2´K)]
Ð U value of the glazing; [W/(m2´K)]
10 Test report Ð hs, he and hj if used to calculate a
10.1 Information included in the test report design U value in which case the
The test report shall state the following elements. expression ªdesign U valueº shall be
used. [W/(m2´K)]
10.2 Identification of the glazing
Ð total nominal thickness of the glazing
(millimetres);
Ð nominal thickness of each glass pane
(millimetres);
Ð nominal thickness of each material layer, if any
(millimetres);
Ð nominal thickness of gas space(s) (millimetres);
Ð type of gas filling;
Ð position of IR-reflecting coating, if any;
Ð inclination of glazing (angle to horizontal);
Ð any other condition diverging from the
standardized boundary conditions.

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 Page 8
EN 673:1997

Annex A (normative) A.2 Determination of corrected emissivity e

The corrected emissivity, e, is determined by
Determination of normal and corrected multiplying normal emissivity by the ratio given in
emissivity Table A.2.
NOTE This annex is in agreement with C.6. Other values can be obtained with sufficient accuracy
A.1 Determination of normal emissivity en by linear interpolation or extrapolation.
The normal emissivity, en, of a coated surface is Table A.2 Ð Factors to compute corrected
computed from its spectral reflectance curve measured emissivity e from normal emissivity en
at near normal incidence with an infrared
Normal emissivity Ratio
spectrophotometer equipped with a specular e e/en
reflectance accessory using the following procedure.
0,03 1,22
Normal reflectance, Rn, for a mean temperature
of 283 K is determined from the curve by taking the 0,05 1,18
mathematical average of spectral reflectances, Rn(l), 0,1 1,14
measured at the 30 wavelengths given in Table A.1. 0,2 1,10
1
i = 30 0,3 1,06
Rn =
30 ∑ Rn (li) (A.1) 0,4 1,03
i=1
0,5 1,00
Normal emissivity en at 283 K is given by 0,6 0,98
en = 1 2 Rn (A.2) 0,7 0,96
NOTE For other ambient temperatures emissivity is not strongly 0,8 0,95
dependent on the mean temperature.
0,89 0,94
Table A.1 Ð Thirty selected wavelengths li for
determining normal reflectance, Rn, at 283 K Annex B (normative)
Ordinal Wavelength li Ordinal Wavelength li
number number Iteration procedure for glazing with more
i mm i mm than one gas space
1 5,5 16 14,8 For glazing with more than one gas space (N > 1), the
2 6,7 17 15,6 calculation shall be performed by an iteration
3 7,4 18 16,3 procedure (exemplified in Table B.1), in which the gas
4 8,1 19 17,2 space conductance hs of each gas space is determined
at a mean temperature of 283 K (sufficient accuracy is
5 8,6 20 18,1 obtained because the influence of small deviations
6 9,2 21 19,2 from 283 K can be neglected).
7 9,7 22 20,3 For the first step of the iteration procedure a
8 10,2 23 21,7 temperature difference of DT = 15/N (K) for each space
9 10,7 24 23,3 is used in equation (7).
10 11,3 25 25,2 With gas space conductances hs obtained, new DTs
11 11,8 26 27,7 values for each space shall be calculated from the
12 12,4 27 30,9 equation:
13 12,9 28 35,7  1/hs 

∑ 
DTs = 15 N
(B.1)
14 13,5 29 43,9
15 14,2 30 50,0* 1/hs
1 
* 50 mm has been chosen because this wavelength is the limit of
most commercially available spectrometers. This approximation These DTs values are used for the second iteration, and
has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the calculation. so on.
The iteration procedure shall be repeated until the
N
resistance of the glazing ∑ 1/hs from equation (2)
1
converges at the third significant figure (usually no
more than three iterations, and exceptionally four).
This converged resistance shall be used in
equations (2) and (1) to calculate the U value.
Where the initial hs values are equal, the respective
temperature differences are given by DT = 15/N (K) and
iteration is unnecessary.
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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EN 673:1997

Table B.1 Ð Example of iteration for a triple glazing with the following characteristics:
structure 4/12/4/12/4; one coating in second space with e = 0,1; both spaces SF6 filled
Iteration number 1 2 3 4
1/hs for space 1 (m2´K/W) 0,1455 0,1717 0,1713 0,1714
1/hs for space 2 (m2´K/W) 0,2720 0,3125 0,3135 0,3133
2
∑ 1/hs (m2´K/W) 0,4175 0,4842 0,4848 0,4847
1
DT for space 1 (K) 5,23 5,31 5,30 5,30
DT for space 2 (K) 9,77 9,68 9,70 9,70
U value [(W/(m2´K)] 1,67 1,51 1,50 1,50

Annex C (informative)
Bibliography
C.1 prEN 30077, Windows, doors and shutters Ð
Thermal transmittance Ð Calculation method.
(ISO/DIS 11077:1993)
C.2 prEN 410, Glass in building Ð Determination of
light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total
solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

and related glazing characteristics.

C.3 Building components and building elements Ð
Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Ð
Calculation method. (ISO/DIS 6946-1:1995)
(WI: 00089013)
C.4 prEN 832, Thermal performance of buildings Ð
Calculation of energy use for heating Ð Residential
buildings.
C.5 EN ISO 10211-1, Thermal bridges in building
construction Ð Heat flows and surface
temperatures Ð Part 1: General calculation methods.
(ISO 10211-1:1995)
C.6 prEN 12898, Glass in building Ð Determination
of the emissivity.

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