REVIEWER (PLMUN)

[ENGLISH]

NOUN – is a word that names something such as a person, place, thing, or idea.

Types of Nouns

Common Noun – is a noun that refers to people or things in general (e.g., boy, country,
bridge, city, birth, day, happiness).

Proper Noun – is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing (e.g., Steven,
Africa, London, Monday). In written English, they begin with capital letters.

Concrete Noun – is a noun that refers to people and to things that exist physically and
can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted (e.g., Dog, Building, Coffee, Tree, Rain,
Beach, Tune).

Abstract Noun – is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that
cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality (e.g., truth, lies,
danger, happiness, time, friendship).

Collective Nouns – refer to groups of people or things (e.g., audience, family,

government, team, jury).

In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:

Ex. The whole family was at the table.

In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct but it would also be correct
to treat the collective noun as plural, with a plural verb.

Ex. The whole family were at the table.

Count and Mass Nouns – Nouns are either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns
are those who can be counted while mass nouns are those who are uncountable and
do not regularly have a plural form.

PRONOUN – is a type of word that replaces a noun (e.g., he, she her, they, them).

12 Types of Pronouns

Personal – refers to the words such as I, we, you, he, she, it, and they.

Demonstrative – refers to the words such as this, these, that, and those.

Relative – refers to the words such as who, which, that, and as.

Indefinite – refers to the words such as each, all, everyone, either, one, both, any, such,
and somebody.

Interrogative – refers to the words such as who, which, and what.

Reflexive – refers to the words such as myself and herself.

Possessive – refers to the words such as mine, yours, his, and hers.

VERB – words that show an action, occurrence, or state of being. The basic form of verb
is infinitive while there are other forms called principles.

Transitive Verb – one that only makes sense if it exerts its actions on an object.

Ex. Miriam borrowed the methodology book from her classmate.

Intransitive Verb – one that doesn’t need an object to exert actions.

Ex. He walks. (The verb is not being done to someone or something)

SYNONYMS – is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as
another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language (e.g., Strong, Powerful,
Muscular, Indestructible).

ANTONYMS – opposite of synonyms; opposite words (e.g., Strong – Weak, Big – Small)

[SCIENCE]

MUSCULAR SYSTEM – composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their

predominant function is contractibility.

• Its main function is to allow movement.

Muscles – attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels; Responsible for body
movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.

5 Major Parts of the Muscular System

• Skeletal Muscles
• Smooth Muscles
• Actin
• Irritability
• Brain and Spinal Cord

3 Main Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
SKELETAL SYSTEM – works as a support structure for the body. Gives the body its shape,
ability to move, produces blood cells, provides protection for organs, and stores minerals.
Bone mass makes up about 14% of the total body weight.

Number of Bones

Birth – 270 Bones

Adulthood – 206 Bones

Main Parts of the Skeletal System

• Skull
• Vertebral Column
• Collarbone
• Shoulder Blades
• Rib Cage
• Pelvic Girdle
• Bones of the Hands, Arms, Feet, and Legs

4 Main Connective Tissues

• Bones
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Joints

2 Parts of Bony Skeleton

Axial Skeleton – the central core unit, consisting of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton – comprises the bones of the extremities.

JOINTS ILLNESSES – Joint discomfort and usually felt in the hands, feet, hips, knees, and
spine.

Joint Disease Types

• Osteoarthritis – the most common type. “Wear-and-Tear” type that worsens as we

age.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Spondylarthritis
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• Lupus
• Gout
• Bursitis

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MIOSIS – excessive constriction (shrinking) of the pupil. The diameter of the pupil is less
than 2mm. The pupil is the circular black spot at the center of the eye. Miosis also reduces
the light that enters the eye.

MEIOSIS – a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing
half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are the sex cells of the body.

MITOSIS – involves the division of body cells. It is a cellular process that replicates
chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.

8 Steps of Mitosis

a. Prophase
b. Prometaphase
c. Metaphase
d. Anaphase
e. Telophase
f. Cytokinesis

COMPOUND CHEMICALS – a chemical substance composed of many identical

molecules composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical
bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound.

Ex. Sugar (Sucrose – C12H22011), Table Salt (Sodium Chloride – NaCl), Water (H2O)

EARTHQUAKES – happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.

Types of Earthquakes

• Tectonic
• Volcanic
• Collapse
• Explosion

5 Main Causes of Earthquakes

• Volcanic Eruptions
• Tectonic Movements
• Geological Faults
• Man-Made
• Minor Causes
[MATH]

SIMPLE MATH – Counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are called the
basic math operation.

LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR (LCD) – the smallest number that can be commo
denominator for a set of fractions.

FRACTION – Describes how many parts of a certain size there are. In arithmetic, a number
expressed as a quotient, in which a numerator is divided by a denominator.

Simple Fraction – Both are integers.

Complex Fraction – Has a fraction in the numerator or denominator.

Proper Fraction – The numerator is less than the denominator.

3 Major Types of Fraction

• Proper Fractions
• Improper Fractions
• Mixed Fractions

ALGEBRA – a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating
those symbols.

Basics of Algebra

• Numbers
• Variables
• Constants
• Expressions
• Equations
• Linear Equations
• Quadratic Equations

Types of Algebra

• Elementary Algebra
• Abstract Algebra
• Advanced Algebra
• Commutative Algebra
• Linear Algebra
 Laws of Algebra

• Commutative
• Associative
• Distributive

Examples of Algebraic Equations

X^2 + 1

(y^4x^2 + 2xy – y)/(x – 1) = 12

TRIANGLE – In a Euclidean Space, the sum of angles of a triangle equals the straight
angle. All triangles have internal angles that add up to 180 no matter the type of triangle.

Isosceles Triangle – has two angles the same size.

Right-Angled Triangle – has one angle that is 90 degrees, which means the other two
angles will have a total of 90 degrees.

Interior Angles – Three angles found inside a triangle.

Exterior Angles – Formed when the sides of a triangle are extended to infinity.

How to Find the Angle of a Triangle

1. Subtract the two known angles from 180 degrees

2. Plug the two angles into the formula and use algebra: a + b + c = 180

6 Types of Angles

• Acute Angle
• Obtuse Angle
• Right Angle
• Straight Angle
• Reflex Angle
• Full Rotation