Transmission &

Distribution System

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

 Our reference Books

Electrical Power System

Essentials As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Transmission and distribution of Electricity

• It is more efficient to transmit electrical

power (P = IV) at high voltage and low current.
• The losses along the transmission lines are
reduced compared to transmission at low V.

3
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Transmission of Electricity
The 3-phase power leaves the generator and enters a
transmission substation at the power plant .
This substation uses large transformers to convert the
generator's voltage (which is at the thousands of volts
level) up to extremely high voltages for long-distance
transmission on the transmission grid.
Here is a typical substation at a power plant

4
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Transmission of Electricity
From power station to consumer

Power Station

Final low-voltage
High Voltage distribution to
Generation Distribution consumers
Primary Secondary
Typical Transmission Transmission
Voltage
11kV, 17kV, 330kV, 60kV, 11kV, 230/400V
22kV, 23kV 500kV 132kV 33kV

Yard Regional Zone DistributionS

transformer Substation Substation ubstation
5
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
 HVDC
(High-Voltage Direct Current)
HVDC system makes it possible to interconnect
unsynchronized networks
Long undersea cables have a high capacitance. This
causes AC power to be lost in reactive and dielectric
losses
HVDC may be economically feasible for distances of 600
km or more
1954 – first commercial HVDC transmission link between
the Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland (20 MW
rating, 100 kV)
1998 – commissioning of the HVDC link connecting the
Luzon Grid and the Visayas Grid (Naga S/S – Ormoc S/S)
(440 MW rating, 350 kV)

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

a
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M a lu n a y Tiw i
Ta b a c o

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D a ra g a BACM AN

HVDC
C a u a ya n
Tu b lijo n
So rso g o n

Gu b a t

B iri 350 kV
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A lta va s
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B a b a tn g o n
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M a litb o g
B a n a te O rm o c S/S O rm o c CS
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an Pa sa r
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As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Transmission Lines
The main purpose is to transmit power over long
distances and to connect two substations together.
Used to interconnect the different utilities and areas
to form an interconnected system.
The transmission line is opened and closed by
switching equipment located in the substation.
Lines with voltage below 230 kV are generally
referred to as sub-transmission lines
In terms of construction, transmission line could be
OVERHEAD or UNDERGROUND
Overhead cables are cooled by natural air
convection
Underground cables are of the order 5 times
more expensive
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Pressures to transmit larger amounts of power
over larger distances led to higher voltages
◦ early systems: 12, 44 and 66 kV (RMS line–to–
line)
◦ 1922: 165 kV
◦ 1923: 220 kV
◦ 1935: 287 kV
◦ 1953: 330 kV
◦ 1965: 500 kV
◦ 1966: 735 kV (Hydro Quebec)
◦ 1969: 765 kV (American Electric Power)

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Standardization of voltage levels led to voltage

classifications
◦ 115, 138, 161 and 230 kV are high voltage ( HV )

◦ 345, 500 and 765 kV are extra high voltage ( EHV )

The development of mercury arc valves in the

early 1950’s makes HVDC economical in specific
cases: transmission of larger blocks of power
over longer distances
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Typical Construction Typical Materials

Towers / Poles – to
increase phase to ground
distance and limit exposure to
the public
Cross arms – separate
phases from each other and
from ground potential

Insulators – to support the

conductor and to separate
phase voltage from ground
potential

Phase conductors

OHGW for lightning

protection

NAGA-TAYABAS 230 KV T/L

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

DASMARIÑAS-TAYABAS TRANSMISSION LINE

500 kV STEEL-TOWER DOUBLE-CIRCUIT (STDC)

4-795 MCM ACSR

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

500 kV STEEL-TOWER DOUBLE-CIRCUIT (STDC)
4-795 MCM ACSR

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

230 kV STEEL-POLE DOUBLE-CIRCUIT (SPDC)
4-795 MCM ACSR

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

Selection of rated voltage for power transmission

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

 Why AC and not DC ?

Break-even distance for HVDC

Electrical Power System Essentials

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Eventually, the various frequencies in use – 25, 50,

60, 125 and 133 Hz – standardized to 60 Hz in North
America; there are many parts of the world where the
frequency is 50 Hz today

DC becomes economic over AC for distances greater

than
◦ 500 km for overhead lines

◦ 50 km for underground/submarine cables

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

Transmission Line Limits

Power flow in transmission line is limited by

heating considerations.
Losses (I2 R) heat up the line, causing it to sag.
Each line has a limit:
oSimulator does not allow you to continually exceed this
limit.
oMany transmission owners use winter/summer limits.
oSome transmission owners,are moving to “dynamic”
ratings that consider temperature etc.

19
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
T/L Capacity Limiting Factors
CONDUCTOR TEMP. < MAXIMUM OPERATING
TEMPERATURE

MINIMUM ALLOWABLE
CLEARANCE

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

 Substation Equipment
Generally a node in the power system with multiple transmission
lines emanating from that point Transformers
Circuit Breaker
Disconnect Switch
Surge Arrester
Relay and Protection
Equipment
Instrumentation for
Monitoring and Metering

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 50 MVA TRANSFORMER (S/S)

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

SAN JOSE SUBSTATION

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

DASMARIÑAS S/S 500 kV TRANSFORMER

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

DASMARIÑAS S/S 500 kV TRANSFORMER

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

 Magat-Santiago 230 kV Line
TUGUEGARAO

SANTIAGO Line 2
SUBSTATION MAGAT
BUS A SUBSTATION
3 3 3 BUS B
83ST4 82ST4 81ST4
7
5 5 5
Line 1 82MG8
9
123 123 123 123
84ST124 83ST124 82ST124 81ST124 125 125
125 125 125 125 81MG124 82MG124
123 123
3 9 9 9
84ST4 83ST8 82ST8 81ST8
3 5
5 7 7 7
81MG4 82MG4
5 3
BUS B BUS A

81MG5U1 81MG5U2 82MG5U3 82MG5U4

BAYOMBONG S/S 112.5 MVA 112.5 MVA
50 MVA 40 MVA 230-13.8kV 230-13.8kV

220 - 69 - 13.8 kV

5U1 5U2 5U3 5U4

21MG4U1 21MG4U2 21MG4U3 21MG4U4
3U1 3U2 3U3 3U4

1 2 3 4

90 MW 90 MW 90 MW 90 MW

MAGAT HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

 Operational Criterion
GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
• N-1 contingency
Generally defined as follows: in the case of loss of one
element of the power system, the system continues to operate in
normal condition and the security of the system must not be
affected.
• Voltage Control
The allowable variation is +/- 5 %
• Frequency Control
The nominal fundamental frequency shall be 60 Hz and shall
be maintained within the limits of 59.7 Hz and 60.3 Hz during
normal condition

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Conductors
Conductor types
ACSR
AAC
AAAC
ACAR
Configurations
bundles
As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE
Transmission Line Design Considerations

Insulators
Porcelain
Polymer
Support Structures
Wood
Lattice
Tubular Steel
Concrete

Fiberglass

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Shield Wires Mechanical Factors

Ground Wires Structural Integrity
Lightning Protection Vibration
Electrical factors Thermal
Resistance and Environmental Factors
thermal loading
Visual Impact
Dielectric integrity and
EM exposure
clearance
Right of Way
Inductance
Danger to Wildlife
Capacitance

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

References
 Modern Power Systems by Nagarath Kothari

 Electrical Power Systems by V.K Mehta

 Power System Engineering by C.L Wadhwa

 Power System Lectures by Prof Lou van der Sluis

 Power System Lectures from Gandhinagar Institute of

Te c h n o l o g y

 Power System Lectures by Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

 Glover, D. J., Sarma, M.S. and Overbye, T.J. (2008). Power system analysis
and design.

 Saadat, Hadi (1999). Power system analysis. McGraw Hill Inc.

 Electrical Engineer Magazine. Quezon City: IIEE Publications

 Lecures from: A.Amarillo, R.Sedenio, RA Remoroza

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE

Thanks

As Compiled by: Eric Tamondong, MMEM, PEE