1 Chapter 4 2 secondary

Summary chapter 4
alkali metals ( group 1A )
General properties
valence electron 1 – loses 1 electron – their oxidation (+1) – reducing agent
Electropositive ( Na+ ) – weak metallic bond due to 1 valence - Large radius
small electron affinity - low first ionization – low electronegativity – form ionic compounds

General Chemical reactions for group 1A

HOH
Only lithium

Li2O Na2O2 KO2

Notes : 1) potassium superoxide KO2 used to purify air taking CO2 producing O2
2) Peroxides and super oxides are oxidizing agent as they react with water or acid produce O2
3) Alkali hydride are reducing agent as they react with water or acid produce H2
4) alkali nitrates decompose ( potassium nitrate salt peter )
5) sodium nitrate is hygroscopic means absorb water vapor from air
2 Chapter 4 2 secondary

NaOH ( HYGROSCOPIC ): used to differentiate between Al , Cu

Dry flame test

Li : Crimson

Na : yellow

K : pale violet

Cs : bluish violet

Na2CO3 : Used to remove hardness of water by precipitating ( Mg , Ca )

Industrial preparation ( solvay )

NaCl + CO2 + H2O + NH3 NH4Cl + NaHCO3

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Group (5A)

Their oxidation from

-3 to +5

Phosphorus is allotropy
Means it has different physical
Properties with the same
Chemical properties
 Preparation of nitrogen Preparation of ammonia from Properties and uses of ammonia
nitrogen
by two methods
From atmospheric air or industrial
In atmospheric method
Lab preparation of ammonia
- NaOH is used to remove CO2
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3
Chapter 4 2 secondary

- Cu is used to remove oxygen

- H2SO4 is used to dehydrate the
water
-Hg is used to collect nitrogen
3
4 Chapter 4 2 secondary

Conclusion of Fountain experiment :

Ammonia reacts fast with water and high soluble forming ammonium hydroxide NH4OH

Detection of ammonia by presence of white fumes

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl