Theory of Structures I

1
Sultanate of Oman
University of Technology and Applied Sciences
Higher College of Technology
Department Stamp
For Educational Purposes Only
THEORY OF STRUCTURES I
CECE2220
Semester No:57/Academic Year:2021-2022
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Student Name ID #
Section # 1,2 & 3 Day/Time Sun & Tue: 2 to 4 PM (Sec 1 )
Sun & Tue: 4 to 6 PM (Sec 2)
Mon & Wed: 4 to 6 PM (Sec 3 )
Lecturer’s Name: Ms.Preetha Office Hours: Monday: 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM
preetha.achuthan@hct.edu.om 21/22-51 Last Date 30/01/2022
E-mail Address: Version No. of
Revision
Approved By: Specialization
Program Dr.K Parameswari 06.02.22
Coordinator’s Signature Date
Name:
Verified by: Section CAE EEE MIE
Curriculum Laila ALmaqbali
Committee Signature Date 6/2/2022
Member:
ENGG_CC_LECTURE NOTES_01Sep2020_V03
CECE2220 Theory of structures 1
Course Description
CECE 2220 Theory Of structures 1 3 Credit Hours

Prerequisites: CECE2110N
Goal To provide the student with an understanding of advanced structural

analysis concepts to enable him/her to predict and understand the
behavior of structures.
Objectives Outcomes
The course should enable the student to: The students should be able to understand the
following:
Understand the basics for structural analysis to
enable him/her to predict and understand the
behaviour of structures and analyse them.
1. Identify, formulate and solve appropriate models
to analyze the behavior of structures.
2. Apply the moment and area methods, virtual

work method, plane and space frame method,
and deflection of plan frame method to analyze
the behavior of determinate structures
3.Apply the slope deflection method and moment

distribution method to analyze the behavior of
determinate structures
After successfully completing this course, students should be able to manifest the following ticked
College Graduate Attributes (GAs):
o Effective Communications;
o Scholastic Rigor and Practical Competence;
o Team Work;
o Lifelong Learning;
o Autonomy and Accountability;
o Innovation; and
o Entrepreneurship.
ENGG_CC_LECTURE NOTES_01Sep2020_V03 Page 2 of 74

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ...............................................................................................................................................6
Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams- Statically Determinate Structures .....................................6
1.1Classification of beam (Types of beams)................................................................................7
1.2 Types of loadings .....................................................................................................................8
1.3 Types of supports ....................................................................................................................9
1.4 Types of beams ......................................................................................................................10
1.5 Difference between statically determinate and indeterminate beams .............................11
1.6 Shear Force & Bending Moment .........................................................................................11
1.7 Relation between loads, shear force and bending moment. ..............................................12
1.8 Exercises.................................................................................................................................14
1.9 Exercise Problems .................................................................................................................23
1.10 References ............................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................27
Deflection of statically determinate beam by Moment Area Method .................................................27
2-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................28
2-2 Mohr’s theorem ....................................................................................................................29
2.3Area and Centroid of Geometrical Figures .........................................................................31
2.4 Numerical...............................................................................................................................32
2.4 Supplementary Questions ....................................................................................................37
2.5 References ..............................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................40
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate structures by using Slope Deflection Method ..........................40
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................40
3.2 Slope deflection equation ......................................................................................................41
3.3 Application of slope-deflection equations: ..........................................................................41
3.4 Fixed End Moments (F.E.M.) ..............................................................................................42
3.5 Span moments .......................................................................................................................42
3.6Worked Examples ..................................................................................................................43
3.7 Examples for practice ...........................................................................................................49
3.8 References ..............................................................................................................................50
CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................................53
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate structure using Moment distribution Method ........................53
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................53
4.2 Fixed End Moments ..............................................................................................................54
4.3 Relative Stiffness ...................................................................................................................54
4.4 Distribution factors ...............................................................................................................54
4.5 Carry over moments .............................................................................................................55
4.6 Moment Distribution Procedure .........................................................................................55
4.7 Numerical...............................................................................................................................55
4.8 Exercises problems for Practice ..........................................................................................60
4.9 References ..............................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................................................64
Analysis of statically determinate structures by using Virtual Work Method ..................................64

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................64
5.2 Applications to beams ...........................................................................................................65
5.3 Numerical...............................................................................................................................66
5.4 Applications to pin-jointed frames or trusses ....................................................................70
5.5 References ..............................................................................................................................72
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1
Figure 1-1 Beam subjected to transverse loading ..................................................................................6

Figure 1- 2 Types of beams ...................................................................................................................7
Figure 1- 3 Types of loads .....................................................................................................................8
Figure 1- 4 Types of supports ................................................................................................................9
Figure 1-5 Different Types of statically determinate Beams ...............................................................10
Figure 1- 6 Different types of statically indeterminate beams .............................................................10
Figure 1- 7 SFD and BMD for simply supported beams .....................................................................12
Figure 1- 8 SFD and BMD for cantilever beams .................................................................................13
Chapter 2
Figure 2- 1 Multi storied framed building ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 2- 2 Deflection of ss beams & Figure 2- 3 Deflection of cantilever beams ............................. 27
Figure 2- 4 deflectance, deflection and deviation ................................................................................. 30
Chapter 3
Figure 3- 1 Continuous beam with point loads ..................................................................................... 45
Figure 3- 2 BMD and SFD.................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 4
Figure 4- 1 Fixed end moments ...........................................................................................................54
Figure 4- 2 Bending moment diagram .................................................................................................59
Chapter 5
Figure 5- 1 Unit load applied on a dummy structure ...........................................................................65
Figure 5- 2 Cantilever beam with point load .......................................................................................66
Figure 5- 3 Trusss with unit load applied ............................................................................................70

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Differences between Statically determinate and indeterminate beams ............................. 11
Table 2-1 Area and centroid distance for regular geometry .............................................................. 31

CHAPTER 1
Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams- Statically Determinate Structures
Objectives of this lecture series:

This lecture series aims to develop in the student:
i) An understanding of the basic concepts of structural analysis.
ii) An ability and confidence in plotting SFD and BMD for various statically determinate
structures.
iii) An appreciation of the method of sections used for finding shear force and
bending moments.
Outcomes of this lecture series:
The student should be able to
i) Identify, formulate and solve appropriate models to analyse the behaviour of structures
1. Beam: A beam is a structural member subjected to transverse load
Transverse axis
Longitudinal axis
Figure 1-1 Beam subjected to transverse loading

1.1Classification of beam (Types of beams)
Cantilever beam
Simply supported beam
Overhanging beam
Fixed beam
Continuous beam
Figure 1- 2 Types of beams

1.2 Types of loadings
Point load W W
Uniformly distributed load (UDL)
Uniformly Varying load (UVL);: There are two types of UVL
(a) Triangular load

W1 = 10 N/m
W2 = 0
L = 12m
(b) Trapezoidal Load
Figure 1- 3 Types of loads

1.3 Types of supports
Roller Support
RV
1. Rotation allowed 2. Horizontal translation allowed 3. No vertical translation
Degree of freedom(DOF) =2, Degree of restraint (DOR)=1
Hinge Support
RH
A
RV
1. Rotation allowed 2. No horizontal translation 3. No vertical translation
Degree of freedom (DOF) =1, Degree of restraint (DOR) =2
Fixed Support:
RH
D
M
RV
1. Rotation not allowed 2. No Horizontal translation 3. No vertical
translation
Degree of freedom(DOF) =0, Degree of restraint (DOR)=3
Figure 1- 4 Types of supports

1.4 Types of beams
A) Statically Determinate Beam: The beams which can be analysed by using laws of static equilibrium
alone i.e; ∑H=0, ∑V=0, ∑M=0. The degree of indeterminacy of such kinds of beam is zero.
Examples:
Simply Supported Beam:
Cantilever Beam:
Overhang Beam:
Figure 1-5 Different Types of statically determinate Beams
B) Statically Indeterminate Beam: The beams which cannot be analysed by using laws of
static equilibrium alone. The degree of indeterminacy exists for such kinds of beams.
Examples:
Prop Cantilever Beam:
Fixed Beam:
Continuous Beam
Figure1-6Different types of statically indeterminate beams

1.5 Difference between statically determinate and indeterminate beams
Table 1-1Differences between statically determinate and indeterminate beams
S. No. Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

Equilibrium conditions are fully Conditions of equilibrium are not adequate to
1. adequate to analyse the structure. fully analyse the structure.
Bending moment or shear force at Bending moment or shear force at any section
any section is independent of the depends upon the material property.
2.
material property of the structure.
The bending moment or shear force The bending moment or shear force at any
at any section is independent of the section depends upon the cross-section or
3. cross-section or moment of inertia. moment of inertia.
Temperature variations do not cause Temperature variations cause stresses.

4. stresses.
No stresses are caused due to lack of Stresses are developed due to lack of fit.
5. fit.
1.6 Shear Force & Bending Moment
SHEAR FORCE, F: Algebraic sum of all vertical forces either to the left or to the right side of a section.
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD): The diagram showing variation of shear force along the length
of the beam is called shear force diagram, (SFD).
BENDING MOMENT, M: Algebraic sum of the moments of all vertical forces either to the left or to
the right of a section.
Bending Moment diagram, (BMD): The diagram showing variation of bending moment along
the length of the beam is called bending moment diagram (BMD).

1.7 Relation between loads, shear force and bending moment.
Example: Simply Supported Beam
wL/2
Figure1- 7 SFD and BMD for simply supported beams

Calculations
Example: Cantilever Beam
Figure 1- 8SFD and BMD for cantilever beams

1.8 Exercises
1. Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam of span as shown in fig.
Shear force calculation:
FB (Just right) = 0 kN
FB (Just left ) = +1.5 kN
Fc (Just right) = +1.5 kN

Fc (Just left ) = (1.5 + 2 ) = +3.5 kN
FA (Just right) = +3.5 kN

FA (Just left ) = 0 kN
Bending moment calculation:

MB = 0
MC = - (1.5 x 0.5) = - 0.75kN.m
MA(just to the right) = -[1.5 x 1.5) - (2 x 1)] = - 4.25 kN.m
MA(just to the left) = 0

FB =0 kN
Fc= 2.4kN
FA (Just right) =2.4 kN

FA (Just left) =0kN
MB = 0
MC =- (1.5 *1.62)/2 = -1.92kN-m
MA (Just right) = -2.88kN.m
MA (Just left) = 0


Shear force calculation

FB) = 0 kN
FA (Just right) = [(2x2)+(3x2)/2]= 7kN
FA (Just left ) = 0 kN

MB = 0
MA(Just right)= - [(2x2)x 2/2] - [0.5 (3x2) (1/3x2)]
=- 6kN.m
MA(Just left) = 0

5. Draw the SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam of span as shown in fig. below

6. Draw the SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam of span as shown in fig.
Find out the reactions RA & RB, Taking Moments about A.

RB x 5 = (10 x 2) x 2
RB = 40 / 5;RB= 8kN
RA + RB = 10x 2
RA = 12 kN

To find the maximum BM
The shear force changes its sign at a distance of 1.2 m from the point C
Maximum bending moment will occur at m, where the shear force changes sign.
Mmax = 12 (1 + 1.2) – 10x 1.2 x 1.2/2 = 19.2 kNm

7. Draw the SFD and BMD for a overhanging beam of span as shown in fig.
Find out the reactions RA & RB, Taking Moments about A.

RB x 3 = (4.5 x 4) x 2
RB = 12 kN
RA = (4.5 x 4) = 6 kN

FA (SF just to the left of A) = 0kN
FA(SF just to the right of A) = 6kN
FB (SF Just to the left of B) = 6 –( 4.5 x 3) = -7.5kN
FB (SF Just to the right of B) = 6 –( 4.5 x 3) + 12 = 4.5kN
FC = 4.5 – (4.5 x 1) = 0kN
MA = 0
MB = - (4.5x 1 x ½ )= -2.25 kN.m
MC = 0
Max bending will occur, where the shear force changes sign.
7.5 x = 18 -6x
X= 1.33 m from point A

The shear force changes the sign at a distance of 1.33 m from A.
Mmax= (6x 1.33)–(4.5x 1.33x (1.33/2)) = - 4 kN-m
Point of contra flexure is a point at which the BMD changes its sign.
Point of contra flexure
Mp = 6 x y – 4.5 x y x y/2 = 0
Y = 2.67m
8. Draw the SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam of span as shown in fig.
FA (Just to the left of A) = 0kN

FA (Just to the right of A) = 5kN
FC (Just to the left of C) = 5kN
FC (Just to the right of C) = 5 - 10 = - 5kN
FB (Just to the left of B) = - 5 kN

FB (Just to the right of B) = -0 kN


MA = 0
MC= 5x3 = 15 kN.m
MD= 5x2 = 10 kN.m
MB = 0
1.9 Exercise Problems
Q.1 Draw SFD and BMD for the following statically determinate beams
(i)
12 KN/m
4m 2m
(ii)
2 KN
3 KN 4 KN 5 KN
2 KN/m
2m 1m 1.5m 1.5m 2m
(iii)
3 KN 4 KN
2 KN/m
1m 1m 2m 1m 1m
50N
100N
(iv)
300Nm 200Nm
3m 4m
(v)
2m 2m
75Nm 150Nm

1.10 References
1. Rajput, R. K. (2006). Strength of Materials: Mechanics of Solids. S. Chand..
2. Punmia, B. C. (1978). Strength of Materials and Mechanics of structures. Nem Chand Jain.

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CHAPTER 2
Deflection of statically determinate beam by Moment Area Method

ii) An understanding of the basic concepts of slope and deflection.
iii) An ability and confidence in finding slope and deflection by using Moment Area Method.
iv) An appreciation of the Mohr’s first and second theorem used for finding slope and deflection.

i) Apply the moment and area methods to analyze the behavior of statically determinate structures.
Figure 2- 1 Multi storied framed building
Figure 2- 2 Deflection of ss beams Figure 2- 3Deflection of cantilever beams

2-1 Introduction
The moment area method is a useful procedure for determining slopes and deflections in a simple beam.
It is partially convenient is case of beams acted upon with point loads in which case bending moment
area consist of triangles and rectangles. The different methods used for finding slopes and deflections are
1. Moment Area Method
2. Double Integration method
3. Conjugate Beam method
4. Macaulay’s method
5. Energy method
Moment Area method is based on Mohr’s theorem 1 and 2

2-2 Mohr’s theorem
C D
C D
θCD
∆CD
dx
Figure 2-5 Loading, Deflection and M/EI diagram respectively
D D
M M
 CD =  dx  CD =  x dx
C
EI C
EI
Theorem 1: The change in slope between two points on the deflection curve of a beam is equal to the
area of M/EI diagram between these points.
D
M
 CD =  dx
C
EI
Theorem 2: The vertical distance ∆, from a point D on the deflection curve of a beam to a tangent
drawn to some other point C, is equal to the moment of M/EI diagram between C and D about D.
D
M
 CD =  x dx
C
EI

Note for theorem 2:
1. The theorem does not give a beam deflection. Instead it gives the vertical distance from one point on a beam
to a tangent drawn to some other point.
2. The moment of the M/EI diagram is always taken about the point on the beam at which the vertical distance
is measured.
A B
Y1
Elastic curve
Y2
Figure 2- 4deflectance, deflection and deviation
Deflectance = Y1 + Y2,Deflection = Y1, Deviation = Y2

2.3Area and Centroid of Geometrical Figures
+ h Rectangle
b
Triangle
+ h
Parabolic
Cubic
Table 2-1 Area and centroid distance for regular geometry
Shape Area centroid

Rectangle
Triangle
Parabola
Cubic

2.4 Numerical
1. Determine the slope and deflection at the free end of the cantilever beam as shown in figure below. The
beam is assumed to have constant stiffness EI.
W KN
A
B
L
Solution:
Slope at B is
1  WL  WL
2
 B =  (L ) = eq.(2.1)
2  EI  2 EI
Deflection at B is
 1   WL  2 L  WL
3
 B =  (L )   = eq.(2.2)
 2   EI  3  3EI

2. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in figure below. Determine the

deflection at mid span. Assume EI=constant
Solution:
Slope at A and B is
w KN/m
 A
 max =   A B
 EI  L
  2 L  WL2  WL3
 max =     =
 3  2  8EI  24EI
Deflection at midspan is
 Ax 
y max =  
 EI 
 L  WL  5  5WL4
3
ymax =     =
 2  24EI  8  384EI

3. A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in figure below. Determine the slope at A and
deflection at mid span. Assume EI=constant
 1  l  WL  WL
2
A=   =
 2  2  2  16
2 l l
=  =
32 3
 A   WL  WL2
2
i A = iB =   =   =
 EI   16EI  16EI
YC = ( A )/EI
WL3
yc =
48EI
4. A cantilever of length 2m carries a point load of 20 kN at the free end and another load of 20
kN at its centre. If E = 105N/mm2and I = 108mm4 for the cantilever then determine by moment
area method, the slope and deflection of the cantilever at the free end.
MB = 0
MC = 20 x 1 = 20kNm
MA = (20 x 1) + (20x 2) = 60 kNm
A1 = ½ x CD xBC
= ½ x 20x1
= 10 kNm2
A2= CD X AC = 20 X 1
= 20 kNm2
A3= ½ x FD EF
= ½ x 40x1
= 20 kNm2
Total Area = A1+ A2+A3
= 10+20+20
= 50 kNm2

Slope and deflection at the fixed end is zero.
ɵB = Area of BM/ EI
= (50 x 103 x 106)/ (105 x 108)
= 0.005 radians
YB = (Ax)/ EI
A.x = A1x1 + A2x2+A3x3
= 10(2/3 x1) + 20(1+1/2) + 20[(2/3x1)+1]
= 70kNm3
YB = (70 x 1012) / (105 x 108)
= 7mm
5. A simply supported beam of span 5 m carries a central load of 5 kN. Find slope at A and deflection
at B. Take E = 200 x 106 kN/m2. I = 100 x 106 mm4

6. Find the Deflection at B and slope at A. Assume E=200x106 KN/m2, I=50x106 mm4.
20 KN 20 KN
B
A N C
3m 3m 3m
To find BM and draw BMD
MC = 0
MB = (20 x 4.5) - (20 x 1.5) = 60 kNm
MD = (20 x 3) = 60 kNm
MA = 0
ɵA= A/EI
1
(2 𝑥 3𝑥60) + (1.5 𝑥 60)
ɵA =
200 𝑥 106 𝑥50 𝑥106 𝑥 10−12
= 0.018radians.
YB = A /EI

1 2
[(2 𝑥 3𝑥60) (3 𝑥 3)] + [(1.5 𝑥 60)(0.75 + 3)]
𝑦𝐵 =
200 𝑥 106 𝑥100 𝑥10−6
= 6.75x 10-3 mm
2.4 Supplementary Questions
2.5 References
3. Ramamrutham, S. (1983). Theory of structures (Vol. 1038). DhanpatRai Pub Company.

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CHAPTER 3
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate structures by using Slope Deflection Method

ii) An understanding of the basic concepts of analysis.
iii) An ability and confidence in finding moment, slope and deflection by using Slope Deflection
Method and plotting of the curve.
iv) An appreciation of the Mohr’s first and second theorem used for finding slope and deflection.
i) Apply the slope deflection method to analyse the behaviour of indeterminate structures
3.1 Introduction
The different methods used for analysis of statically indeterminate structures are
(i) Slope Deflection Method
(ii) Moment Distribution Method
(iii) Method of Consistent Deformations
(iv) Column Analogy Method
(v) Strain Energy Method
(vi) Kani’s Method
(vii) Matrix Method

3.2 Slope deflection equation
2 EI  3 
M AB =  M FAB +  2 A +  B   eq.(3.1)
L  L 
2 EI  3 
M BA =  M FBA +  2 B +  A   eq.(3.2)
L  L 
3.3 Application of slope-deflection equations:
The procedure is the same whether it is applied to beams or frames. It may be summarized as follows:
1. Determine the fixed end moments at each end of the span to applied load. The table given at the
end of this lesson and also the successive section may be used for this purpose.
2. Express all internal end moments in terms of fixed end moments and near end, and far end joint
rotations by slope-deflection equations.
3. Write down one equilibrium equation for each unknown joint rotation. For example, at a support
in a continuous beam, the sum of all moments corresponding to an unknown joint rotation at that
support must be zero. Write down as many equilibrium equations as there are unknown joint
rotations.
4. Solve the above set of equilibrium equations for joint rotations.
5. Now substituting these joint rotations in the slope-deflection equations evaluate the end moments
6. Draw the Bending moment Diagram and Shear force diagram

3.4 Fixed End Moments (F.E.M.)
F.E.M for a beam carrying Point load at centre
Wl
M FAB = − eq.(3.4)
8
Wl
M FBA = eq.(3.5)
8
F.E.M for a beam carrying Point load at eccentric
Wab 2
M FAB = − eq.(3.6)
L2
Wa 2 b
M FBA = eq.(3.7)
L2
F.E.M for a beam carrying uniformly distributed load
Wl 2
M FAB =− eq.(3.8)
12
Wl 2
M FBA = eq.(3.9)
12
3.5 Span moments
Wl
Beam carrying Point load at centre M =
4
Wab
Beam carrying Point load at eccentric M =
L
Wl 2
Beam carrying uniformly distributed load M =
8

3.6Worked Examples
1. A continuous beam ABC consists of spans AB = 3m and BC = 4m, the ends A & C being Fixed. AB
and & BC carry UDL of intensity 4 kN/m and 5 kN/m respectively. Find the support moments and
draw the BM for the beam.
Soln:
Span AB
W𝑙2 4 x 32
𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = − =− =- 3 kNm
12 12
W𝑙2 4 x 32
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = = 3kNm
12 12
Span BC
W𝑙2 5 x 42
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = − = =- 6.67 kNm
12 12
W𝑙2 5 x 42
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = = = 6.67kNm
12 12
Slope at A and C = 0
Span AB
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + (2θ𝐴 + θ𝐵 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −3 + (0 + θ𝐵 )
3
𝟐
𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 -------------------- I
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + (2θ𝐵 + θ𝐴 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 3 + (2θ𝐵 + 0)
3
𝟒
𝑴𝑩𝑨 = 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 ---------------------- II
Span BC

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 + (2θ𝐵 + θ𝐶 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −6.67 + (2θ𝐵 + 0)
4
𝑴𝑩𝑪 = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 + 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 ------------------------ III
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 + (2θ𝐶 + θ𝐵 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 6.67 + (0 + θ𝐵 )
4
1𝐸𝐼
𝑴𝑪𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 + θ𝑩 ------------------------ IV
2
Equilibrium equation at B is, MBA +MBC = 0
3+ 4/3 EIθB – 6.67 + EIθB = 0
EIθB = 1.57286
Substituting for EIθB, in equation I, II, III, IV
MAB = -1.95 kNm
MBA = 5.10 kNm
MBC = -5.10 kNm
MCB = 7.46 kNm
Span moments AB
Wl 2
M =
8
= 4x 32/8 = 4.5 kNm
Span moments BC = 5 x 42/ 8 = 10 kNm.

2. Analyze the continuous beam shown in fig.3-1. Also draw BM and SF diagram.
Figure 3- 1 Continuous beam with point loads

`
Soln:
Span AB
Wab 2 45 x2 x 42
M FAB = − 2
= − 62 = - 40 kNm
L
Wa 2 b 45 x4 x 22
M FBA = = 62
= 20kNm
L2
Span BC
Wab 2 48 x3 x 12
M FBC = − = − 42
= - 9kNm
L2
Wa 2b 48 x1 x 32
M FCB = 2
= 42
= 27kNm
L
Slope at A and C = 0
Span AB
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + (2θ𝐴 + θ𝐵 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −40 + (0 + θ𝐵 )
6
𝟏
𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟒𝟎 + 𝟑 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 -------------------- I
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + (2θ𝐵 + θ𝐴 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 20 + (2θ𝐵 + 0)
6
𝟐
𝑴𝑩𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 ---------------------- II

Span BC
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 + (2θ𝐵 + θ𝐶 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −9 + (2θ𝐵 + 0)
4
𝑴𝑩𝑪 = −𝟗 + 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩 ------------------------ III
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 + (2θ𝐶 + θ𝐵 )
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 27 + (0 + θ𝐵 )
4
1𝐸𝐼
𝑴𝑪𝑩 = 𝟐𝟕 + θ𝑩 ------------------------ IV
2
Equilibrium equation at B is, MBA +MBC = 0
20+ 2/3 EIθB – 9 + EIθB = 0
EIθB = -6.60
Substituting for EIiB, in equation I,II,III,IV
MAB = -42.20 kNm
MBA = 15.60 kNm
MBC = -15.60 kNm
MCB = 23.70 kNm
Wab
Span moments AB, M =
L
M = 45 x 2 x 4 / 6 = 60 kNm
Figure 3- 2 BMD and SFD

Wab
M =
Span moments BC, L
M = 48 x 3 x 1 / 4 = 36 kNm
Reactions:
Span AB:
RA + RB = 45
Taking moment about A,
(-RB x 6) + ( 45 x 2) + 15.6 - 42.2 = 0
RA = 34.43 kN
RB = 10.56 kN
Span BC:
RB + RC = 48
Taking moment about B,
(-RC x 4) + ( 48 x 3) + 23.7- 15.6 = 0
RC = 38.02 kN
RB = 9.975 kN

3. A beam AB of span 4m fixed at A and simply supported at B carries a point load of 24 kN at mid
span. Determine the reactions and moments at the supports and draw SFD and BMD.
Span AB
Wl 24 𝑥 4
𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = − 8 = − 8 = - 12 kNm
Wl 24 𝑥 4
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = = = 12 kNm
8 8
Slope at A = 0
Span AB
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 + (2θ𝐴 + θ𝐵 )eq.(3.10)
𝑙
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −12 + (0 + θ𝐵 )
4
𝟏
𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟏𝟐 + 𝑬𝑰θ𝑩
𝟐
Support B is simply supported. so MBA = 0

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 + (2θ𝐵 + θ𝐴 )eq.(3.11)
𝑙
3𝐸𝐼
0 = 12 + θ
4 𝐵
EIθB = -12
1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −12 + (−12)
2
MAB = - 18kNm
Reactions:
BM at A = RB x 4 – 24 x 2
RB = 7.5 kN,
RA = 24 -7.5 = 16.5 kN

4. Analyse the portal frame loaded as shown in the fig by slope deflection method and sketch the SFD and
BMD.
3.7 Examples for practice
Problem No.1
A beam ABC, 10m long fixed at ends A and C is continuous over joint B and is loaded as shown in
figure below: Using Slope Deflection Method, compute the end moments and plot bending moment
diagram. Take EI=constant
5KN 8KN
B
A C
3m 2m 2.5m 2.5m
Problem No. 2
Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown in fig. by slope deflection method and sketch the bending
moment diagram and SFD

Problem No. 3
Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown in fig. by slope deflection method and sketch the bending
moment diagram and SFD. E= 2 x 105N/mm2, I = 2 x 109mm4.
Problem No. 4
A portal frame ABCD is fixed at A and D, and is loaded as shown in figure below. Treating joints B and
C as rigid, calculate the moments at A, B, C and D. Draw the bending moment diagram and sketch the
deflected shape of the frame. Take EI=constant
5KN/m
B C
6m
3m 3m
A D
3.8 References
1. Ramamrutham, S. (1983). Theory of structures (Vol. 1038). DhanpatRai Pub Company.

2. Vaidyanathan, R., &Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol I (Vol. 1). Laxmi Publications.
3. Vaidyanathan, R., &Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol II (Vol. 2). Laxmi Publications.

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CHAPTER 4
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate structure using Moment distribution Method

Objectives of this lecture series

iii) An ability and confidence in finding moments by using Moment Distribution Method and
plotting of the curve.
iv) An appreciation of the stiffness, distribution factors, carryover moments used for analysis.
Outcomes of this lecture series

i) Apply the moment distribution method to analyse the behaviour of indeterminate structures
4.1 Introduction
Moment Distribution Method (MDM) was first introduced by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1930 and used for
the analysis of all types of statically indeterminate beams or rigid frames. Slope deflection method (SDM)
and Moment Distribution method (MDM) is a deformation method where joint rotations and displacements
are used as unknowns in carrying out the analysis.
This method is widely used for the analysis of indeterminate structures. In this method, solution of
simultaneous equation of slope deflection method is replaced by an iterative distribution procedure.

4.2 Fixed End Moments
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends by external loads when the joints are
fixed.FEM for few standards cases are given below
Figure 4- 1 Fixed end moments
Stiffness
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of elasticity (E)
and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member.
4.3 Relative Stiffness
If the far end is fixed, the relative stiffness is equal to I/L and if the far is either hinged or simple
3I
support the stiffness is reduced to =
4L
4.4 Distribution factors
When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the unbalanced moment, resisting forces develop at
each member framed together at the joint. Although the total resistance is equal to the unbalanced
moment, the magnitudes of resisting forces developed at each member differ by the members' flexural
stiffness. Distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of the unbalanced moments carried by
each of the members.

eq.(4.1)
Where, K = Relative stiffness for the member and

∑K = Total stiffness at the joint.
DF= Distribution Factor
4.5 Carry over moments
When a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to counterbalance the unbalanced moment which is
initially the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing moment is then carried over to the member's
other end. When a joint receives a moment will develop a moment M/2. This M/2 is called carry over
moment. The factor ½ is called carry over factor.
4.6 Moment Distribution Procedure
1. The joints in a beam/ frame are considered fixed.

2. Simply supported ends cannot have moments. If they have moments the moments shall be removed
by applying equal and opposite moments called balancing moments.
3. The balancing moments will be shared by the members connected to the joint in the ratio of their
stiffness.
4. The carry over moments so induced will again spoil the balance achieved and shall be balanced once
again.
5. The process of balancing and carry over shall be carried out till the value of moments involved in
balancing are negligible.
6. The sum of the moments at each end of each member received in the balancing process and carry over
process is taken as the final moment.
4.7 Numerical

Worked Example 1
Analyse the beam shown in figure by moment distribution method and draw the BMD. Assume EI is
constant


Worked Example 2
2. Analysis the frame shown in figure by moment distribution method and draw BMD assume EI
is constant
(i) Calculation of FEM:
Table 4-1 Calculation of distribution factors
Joint Members Relative stiffness(k) ΣK DF ΣDF

I/5 0.55
BA (11 I)/30 1
B
BC I/6 0.45
CB I/6= 0.171 I 0.33
C CD (3/4) I/5 = 0.15 I 0.51 I 0.3 1
CE (3/4) I/4 = 0.19 I 0.37

Figure 4- 2 Bending moment diagram

4.8 Exercises problems for Practice
Q.1: Determine the member moment and plot bending moment diagram for the beam as shown in
figure below.
30KN 4 KN/m
A B C
D
EI 2EI EI
4m
8m 12m 10m
Q.2: Determine the member moment and plot bending moment diagram for the structure as shown
in figure below.

Q.3: A portal frame ABCD is fixed at A and D, and is loaded as shown in figure below. Treating joints
B and C as rigid, calculate the moments at A, B, C and D. Draw the bending moment diagram and
sketch the deflected shape of the frame. Take EI=constant
25KN/m
B C
6m
3m 3m
A D
4.9 References
1. Ramamrutham, S. (1983). Theory of structures (Vol. 1038). Dhanpat Rai Pub Company.
2. Vaidyanathan, R., &Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol I (Vol. 1). Laxmi Publications.
3. Vaidyanathan, R., &Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol II (Vol. 2). Laxmi Publications.

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CHAPTER 5
Analysis of statically determinate structures by using Virtual Work Method

iii) An ability and confidence in finding slope and deflections by using Virtual Work Method.
iv) An appreciation of the unit load method used for analysis.
i) Apply the moment and area methods, virtual work method, plane and space frame method,
and deflection of plan frame method to analyse the behaviour of determinate structures
5.1 Introduction
The virtual work method is the most versatile method used for calculating deflections in statically
determinate problems. In this method a unit load is applied at a point of unknown deflection on dummy
structure.
At equilibrium, ----------------Eq 5.1
Where,
Mp = Bending Moment at a section X in real structure
Mu = Bending Moment at a section X in dummy structure
EI = Flexural rigidity

W
Real structure δA
Dummy structure δA
Figure 5- 1 Unit load applied on a dummy structure
5.2 Applications to beams
The basic steps to be followed for finding the displacement or slope of a beams and frames are
summarized as
1. Compute the bending moment (i.e.Mp ) due to applied external forces.
2. Compute the bending moment (i.e. Mu ) due to unit load applied in the direction of required
displacement or slope.
3. Compute the integral over the entire members of the beam or frame which will provide the desired
displacement.
4. The bending moment shall be taken as positive if sagging and negative if hogging (in case of
beams).
5. The positive value implies that the desired displacement is in the direction of applied unit load and
negative quantity will indicate that the desired displacement is in the opposite direction of the applied
unit load.

5.3 Numerical
Worked Example 1
1. Determine the slope and deflection of point A of the cantilever beam AB with length L and
constant flexural rigidity EI.
Figure 5- 2 Cantilever beam with point load
Solution: Deflection under the Load - Apply a vertical unit load at point A of the beam as shown in
Figure4.17 (b). Consider any point X at a distance of x from A
Mu = - 1* x = -x
The Vertical deflection of point A is given by
Slope at the free end: Apply a unit couple at point A of the beam as shown in the figure. Consider
any point X at a distance of x from A.
Mp = - P* x = -Px
Mu = - 1
Substituting in the general equation, we have slope at A which is given by

Worked Example 2
2. Determine the slope and deflection of point A of the cantilever beam AB with length L and
constant flexural rigidity EI.

Example 3.
Determine mid-span deflection and end slopes of a simply supported beam of span L carrying
audl w per unit length.

Example 4.
Determine mid-span deflection and end slopes of a simply supported beam of span L carrying audl
w per unit length.

5.4 Applications to pin-jointed frames or trusses
Figure 5- 3Trusss with unit load applied
Consider a pin-jointed structure as shown in the figure above and subjected to external force P1,
P2 and P3. Let the vertical displacement of point C, ∆cv is required. Under the action of the real external
load, Let the axial force in typical member be F2 and therefore, the deformation of the member
∆L=FpL/AE (where, L and AE are the length and axial rigidity of typical member).
Applying a unit vertical load at C and substituting in general equation leads to
1 x ∆cv = ∑ Fu x ∆L
∆cv = ∑ Fu FpL/AE
The basic steps to be followed for finding the displacement of the pin jointed structure are
1. Compute the axial force in various members (i.e𝐹𝑦) due to applied external forces.
2. Compute the axial force in various members (i.e𝐹𝑥) due to unit load applied in the direction of required
displacement of the point.
𝐹𝑝𝐿
3. Compute the product Fu .for all members.
𝐴𝐸
𝐹𝑝𝐿
4. The summation ΣFu 𝐴𝐸 will provide the desired displacement
5. The axial force shall be taken as positive if tensile and negative if compressive.
𝐹𝑝𝐿
6. The positive ΣFu 𝐴𝐸 implies that the desired displacement is in the direction of applied unit load and
negative quantity will indicate that the desired displacement is in the opposite direction of the unit load.


5.5 References
1. Ramamrutham, S. (1983). Theory of structures (Vol. 1038). Dhanpat Rai Pub Company.
2. Vaidyanathan, R., & Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol I (Vol. 1). Laxmi Publications.
3. Vaidyanathan, R., & Perumal, P. (2004). Structural Analysis Vol II (Vol. 2). Laxmi Publications.
4. http://civilengineer.webinfolist.com/problemsolver.htm

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1

CECE 2220 Theory Of structures 1 3 Credit Hours

Goal To provide the student with an understanding of advanced structural

2. Apply the moment and area methods, virtual

3.Apply the slope deflection method and moment

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Figure 1-1 Beam subjected to transverse loading ..................................................................................6

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Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams- Statically Determinate Structures

Objectives of this lecture series:

Outcomes of this lecture series:

The student should be able to

1. Beam: A beam is a structural member subjected to transverse load

Figure 1-1 Beam subjected to transverse loading

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1.1Classification of beam (Types of beams)

Simply supported beam

Figure 1- 2 Types of beams

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Uniformly distributed load (UDL)

Uniformly Varying load (UVL);: There are two types of UVL

(a) Triangular load

(b) Trapezoidal Load

Figure 1- 3 Types of loads

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Degree of freedom (DOF) =1, Degree of restraint (DOR) =2

Degree of freedom(DOF) =0, Degree of restraint (DOR)=3

Figure 1- 4 Types of supports

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Simply Supported Beam:

Figure 1-5 Different Types of statically determinate Beams

Prop Cantilever Beam:

Figure1-6Different types of statically indeterminate beams

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1.5 Difference between statically determinate and indeterminate beams

Table 1-1Differences between statically determinate and indeterminate beams

S. No. Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

Temperature variations do not cause Temperature variations cause stresses.

1.6 Shear Force & Bending Moment

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1.7 Relation between loads, shear force and bending moment.

Example: Simply Supported Beam

Figure1- 7 SFD and BMD for simply supported beams

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Example: Cantilever Beam

Figure 1- 8SFD and BMD for cantilever beams

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Shear force calculation:

Fc (Just right) = +1.5 kN

FA (Just right) = +3.5 kN

Bending moment calculation:

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Shear force calculation:

FA (Just right) =2.4 kN

Bending moment calculation:

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Shear force calculation

Bending moment calculation:

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