Examination ENM061 Power Electronic Converters

Date and time Thursday April 30th, 2020, 8:30 – 12:30

Teacher responsible: Mebtu Beza/Zeyang Geng

phone no: 0317-721617/0767-655604

Grades: U, 3, 4 or 5. (The limit for a grade of 3, 4 and 5 on the exam are 20, 30, and 40 pts.,
respectively. The maximum number of points on the exam is 50.)
______________________________________________________________________________________

Please read carefully the instructions on how all written exams will be carried out remotely if you
haven’t already read this in canvas.

General instructions which can be found in the link

https://student.portal.chalmers.se/en/News/Pages/Exams-written-from-home-corona.aspx
are summarized as:

 The exam is to be carried out individually, i.e., collaboration is not allowed. Due to the current
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Answers to the examination in the course ENM061, Power Electronic Converters, Kl. 8:30, 30-April-
2020. By submitting this document, I assure that I have done everything independently and I have not
received any help.

Name: (here you fill in your name)

Identification number (Personnummer): (here you fill in your social-security number,

personnummer)
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______________________________________________________________________________________

1) Briefly answer the following questions. (9 pts.)

(a) What is the characteristic difference between a power diode and a thyristor? (2 pts.)
(b) Why do we require the transformer core of a flyback converter to have an air-gap but not that of a
forward converter? Which converter transformer requires a higher maximum magnetic flux density
core and why (3 pts.)
(c) What do Fourier series coefficients represent in a signal and why do we need to calculate them in
the output signals of switch-mode power converters? (2 pts.)
(d) What decides the operating switching frequency of switch-mode power converters? (2 pts.)

2) For an ideal DC/DC converter shown below and operating in CCM mode, derive and plot
the expression of the output voltage to input voltage ratio (𝑽𝒐 /𝑽𝒅 ) versus the duty cycle
(D). Roughly sketch the ratio 𝑽𝒐 /𝑽𝒅 versus the duty cycle D for a practical converter of
this type and explain the difference between the two plots. (4 points)
3) The flyback converter with windings N1, N2 and N3 as shown below operates to obtain an
output voltage (𝑽𝒐 ) of 16 V and an output power (𝑷𝒐) of 64W for an input voltage (𝑽𝒅 ) of
24V and a switching frequency (𝒇𝒔𝒘 ) of 20 kHz. The protective winding, N2 is selected to
limit the maximum output voltage to 36V. (12 pts.)

(a) Calculate the transformer ratio N1:N2:N3 and the mutual inductance of the transformer for the converter to
operate on the boundary condition without making the protective winding active for a duty cycle D = 0.4.
(4 pts.)
(b) Plot the switch voltage and the input current for the case of no load connected? Calculate the
magnitude of the output voltage in this case (4 pts.)
(c) For this converter, motivate and calculate a value of the output capacitor, C to provide good filtering
for the operation mode in part (a). (4 pts.)

4) The full-bridge non-isolated DC/DC converter shown below uses a PWM unipolar voltage
switching (i.e., S1 is on & S4 is off when 𝒗𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 ≥ 𝒗𝒕𝒓𝒊 ,. Otherwise, S1 is off & S4 is on.
On the other hand, S2 is on & S3 is off when −𝒗𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 ≥ 𝒗𝒕𝒓𝒊 . Otherwise, S2 is off & S3 is
on). For 𝑽𝒕𝒓𝒊 = 𝑽𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓𝑽, 𝒗𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 = 𝟗𝑽, 𝒊𝒐 = −𝟔𝑨, (14 points)

vtri
vcontrol

t1 t2 t3 t
 (a) Plot the output voltage waveform 𝑣 and input current waveform 𝑖 for one switching cycle
𝑡 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡 indicating important time intervals. (3 pts.)
(b) Calculate the average output voltage 𝑉 and the average input current 𝐼 from the resulting
plots in part (a). [only giving answers will give no points] (2 pts.)
(c) Which active components are conducting for the interval 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡 . How much is the
instantaneous power taken from the dc-source in this time interval? (3 pts.)
(d) If 𝒗𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒕𝒓𝒊 has a frequency of 50 Hz, and a bipolar switching (i.e., S1 and S2 are
on & S2 and S4 are off when 𝑣 ≥ 𝑣 . Otherwise, S1 and S3 are off & S2 and S4 are
on) is used in order to generate an output ac-voltage for a corresponding ac-load, plot the
output voltage waveform and from which calculate the RMS value of the fundamental and
the THD value of the output voltage. (4 pts.)
(e) Can you suggest a mechanism to decrease the THD value of the signal in part (a) and explain
how that is achieved? (2 pts.)

5) The three-phase thyristor rectifier shown below is used with a current-stiff load with Id = 20A
and an ideal source with Ls = 0. The system operates with a 𝟓𝟎𝑯𝒛 balanced 3-phase source with
𝐑𝐌𝐒 Line-to-Line voltage of 400V. For a delay angle (𝜶) of 120o, (11 pts.)

(a) Plot phase a source current and calculate the displacement power factor (DPF)? (2 pts.)
(b) Plot the output voltage waveform and from the plot calculate its average value. [using a
formula directly is not allowed] (3 pts.)
(c) What is the risk of using a delay angle (𝛼) close to 180o to increase the average output
voltage in the inverter mode of operation? (2 pts)
(d) Plot phase a source current, output voltage waveform and calculate the average output
voltage if diodes are used instead of thyristors for the rectifier above [using a formula
directly is not allowed]. (3 pts.)
(e) Based on the average voltage output from part (b) and part (d), can you explain what main
advantage the thyristor rectifier offers over a diode rectifier? [1 pt.]
 Formula sheet for the final exam of Power Electronic Converters (ENM061)

Fourier calculations

Definition of RMS-value:

1
𝐹 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

Definition of RMS-value with Fourier-series:

𝑎 𝑎 +𝑏
𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝐹 = +
2 √2

Trigonometry

sin 2 ( )  cos 2 ( )  1
sin(   )  sin( ) cos( )  cos( ) sin(  ) sin(   )  sin( ) cos(  )  cos( ) sin(  )
cos(   )  cos( ) cos(  )  sin( ) sin(  ) cos(   )  cos( ) cos( )  sin( ) sin( )
1 1
sin( ) sin(  )  cos(   )  cos(   )  sin( ) cos( )  sin(   )  sin(   ) 
2 2
1
cos( ) cos( )  cos(   )  cos(   ) 
2
1 1 1
 sin(ax)dx   a cos(ax) ,  x sin(ax)dx  a 2 sin(ax)  ax cos(ax)  ,  cos(ax)dx  a sin(ax)
1
 x cos(ax)dx  a 2 cos(ax)  ax sin(ax)
2
P Vs I s1 cos 1 I dis I s2  I s21  I sh 
PF  
S Vs I s
, DPF  cos1 , %THDi  100
I s1
 100
I s1
 100   
h 1  I s1 

Electromagnetics

d l
e    N   BA R Ψ
dt A r  0 𝐿=
𝑖

1 2
𝑁𝐼 = 𝑅𝜙 = 𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑁𝜙 = 𝐿𝐼 𝐿 = 𝑁 /𝑅 W Li
2

Capacitor and inductor current-voltage relationship

dv C di L
iC  C vL  L
dt dt