INTRODUCTION

Welcome to module 5. Logic. Here, you will learn to communicate effectively,

construct valid arguments and make sound judgments.
Module 5. Logic
Overview
It is not easy to summarize in a few paragraphs the subject matter known as logic. For
lawyers and judges, logic is the science of correct reasoning. They often use logic to
communicate more effectively, construct valid arguments, analyze legal contracts, and
make decisions. Law schools consider a knowledge of logic to be one of the most
important predictors of future success for their new students. Many other professions
also make extensive use of logic. For instance, programmers use logic to design
computer software, electrical engineers use logic to design circuits for smart phones,
and mathematicians use logic to solve problems and construct mathematical proofs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Use mathematical concepts and tools in other areas such as in logic.
2. Support the use of mathematics in various aspects and endeavors in life.

A statement

A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true
and false.

Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound

statement is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.

Logic Connectives and Symbols

Statement Connective Symbolic Form Type of
Statement
𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒑 Not ~𝑝 Negation
𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 And 𝑝˄𝑞 Conjunction
𝒑 𝒐𝒓 𝒒 Or 𝑝˅𝑞 Disjunction
𝑰𝒇 𝒑, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒒 If … then 𝑝 →𝑞 Conditional
𝒑 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒒 If and only if 𝑝 ↔𝑞 Biconditional
 Truth Value and Truth Table

The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).

The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.

Truth Value and Truth Table

A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple statements.

Compound Statement and Grouping Symbols

If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then parentheses are used to
indicate which simple statements are grouped together.
Symbolic Form The parentheses indicate that:
𝒑 ˄ (𝒒 ˅ ~𝒓) 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝒓 are grouped together.
(𝒑 ˄ 𝒒 )˅ 𝒓 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are grouped together.
(𝒑 ˄ ~𝒒) → (𝒓 ˅ 𝒔) 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝑞 are grouped together.
𝒓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒔 are also grouped together

If a compound statement is written in an English sentence, then a comma is used to

indicate which simple statements are grouped together.
English sentence The comma indicates that:
𝒑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒓. 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝒓 are grouped together
because they are both on the same
side of the comma.
(𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒, 𝒐𝒓 𝒓. 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are grouped together because
they are both on the same side of the
comma.
𝒊𝒇 𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒒, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝒔. 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝑞 are grouped together
because they are both on the left side
of the comma.
𝒓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒔 are also grouped together
because they are both on the right side
of the comma.
Truth tables

Negation
Truth Value of a Negation

𝑝 ~𝑝 If the given statement is True then its negation is

T F False. And If the given statement is False then its
F T negation is True

Conjunction

𝑝 𝒒 𝑝˄𝑞 Truth Value of a Conjunction

T T T
T F F The conjunction 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞 is true if and only if
F T F both 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are true.
F F F

Disjunction

𝑝 𝒒 𝑝˅𝑞
Truth Value of a Disjunction
T T T
T F T The disjunction 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 is true if and only if
F T T both 𝑝 is true, 𝑞 is true or both 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are
F F F true.

Example 1:
Construct a truth table for ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) ˅ 𝑞.
Solution:
Step 1. Start with the standard truth table form and then indicate a ~ 𝑝 column.

𝑝 𝒒 ~𝑝
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

Step 2. Now use the truth values from the ~ 𝑝 and 𝒒 columns to produce the truth
values for ~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞, as shown in the rightmost column of the following table.

𝑝 𝒒 ~𝑝 ~𝑝˅𝑞
 T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T

Step 3. Negate the truth values in the ~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 column to produce the following.

𝑝 𝒒 ~𝑝 ~𝑝˅𝑞 ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞)
T T F T F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T F

Step 4. Form the disjunction of ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) ˅ 𝑞 with 𝒒 and place the results in the
rightmost column of the table. See the following table. The shaded column is the truth
table for ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) ˅.

𝑝 𝒒 ~𝑝 ~𝑝˅𝑞 ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) ~ (~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) ˅
T T F T F T
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F F T T F F

Conditional Statements

The conditional statement, “if p, then q,” can be written using the arrow notation
𝑝 → 𝑞. The arrow notation 𝑝 → 𝑞 is read as “if p, then q” or as “p implies q”

𝑝 𝒒 𝑝 → 𝑞
Truth Value of the Conditional 𝑝 → 𝑞
T T T
T F F The conditional 𝑝 → 𝑞 is false if p is true and q is
F T T false. It is true in all other cases.
F F T
Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive of a Conditional
Every conditional statement has three related statements. They are called the inverse,
converse and cotrapositive.

Statements Related to the Conditional Statement

The converse of 𝑝 → 𝑞 is 𝑞 → 𝑝.
The inverse of 𝑝 → 𝑞 is ~𝑝 → ~𝑞.
The contrapositive of 𝑝 → 𝑞 is ~𝑞 → ~𝑝.

Example 2:
Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of
If I get the job, then I will rent the apartment.
Solution:
Converse: If I rent the apartment, then I get the job.
Inverse: If I do not get the job, then I will not rent the apartment.
Contrapositive: If I do not rent the apartment, then I did not get the job.

The Biconditional

The statement (𝑝 → 𝑞) ˄ (𝑞 → 𝑝) is called a biconditional and is denoted by 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞,

which is read as “p if and only if q”.

𝑝 𝒒 𝑝↔𝑞 Truth Value of the Biconditional 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞

T T T
T F F The biconditional 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is true if both p and q
F T F are true or both p and q are false.
F F T
Exercise set 5.1
1. Determine whether each sentence is a statement or not.
a. Do you have a date this February 14?
b. Go get the newspaper.
c. This is a nice phone.
d. Laoang is the capital of Northern Samar.
e. I am busy.
2. Construct a truth table for the following statements.
a. 𝑝 → ( 𝑞 ˅ ~𝑝)
b. (𝑟 ˄ 𝑝) ↔ 𝑞
3. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of “If they like it, they will return.”

SUMMARY
Logic is very helpful to everyone, specifically in analyzing information and the
relationship between the statements. In doing so, you will be able to determine the
validity of arguments by using the truth tables.

FEEDBACK
The lesson is made clear and simple to facilitate understanding of the module.

SUGGESTED READINGS
 For All Practical Purposes, Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics (2 nd ed.)
by COMAP, Inc.