THE USE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR (TGG)

APPROACH IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE

A Research Project Presented to

The Faculty of the Senior High School
Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School
Sta. Monica Subdivision, Ugong, Valenzuela City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion for
the Academic Track- General Academic Strand

JASPER B. ANGELES
2018
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Active to passive voice transformation just like other grammatical processes has a

rule or pattern to be followed. By illustrating permutations of a sentence from active voice to

passive voice, teachers help the English Language Learners (ELLs) discover a pattern that

would enable them to transform sentences from active to passive voice and vice versa

judiciously and efficiently—thus, promoting improvement in the instruction of this

grammatical process. As a recognized approach to grammatical analysis, Transformational

Generative Grammar (TGG) empowers teachers in crafting lessons on active to passive voice

transformation and vice versa where a set of transformational procedures serve as a guide to

both teachers and learners of English.

Processes are learned when there are steps to be followed. This principle applies

even to grammar instruction especially the teaching of active to passive voice transformation.

Furthermore, a sense of confidence in teaching is developed by the teacher if the given set of

transformational rules is linguistically and theoretically accepted. Teachers’ morale and

motivation is likely to prosper if they know that the things they are teaching have bases.

Moreover, these steps prevent teachers of English from being confused with processes that

are commonly complex especially if the transformation deals with modals and difficult

tense-aspect systems. If a teacher takes rules as a primary concern in the teaching of the
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given grammar process, he may consider the use of Transformational Generative Grammar

(TGG).

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

According to Duheim's Dictionary, employment is a contract in which one person,

which is the employee agrees to work for the employer. Based on the data of the Philippine
Statistics Authority starting from 2016 there is 1,425,000 unemployed youth wherein half of
these populations compose of 15-20 years old people. Bureau of Local Employment stated
that the reason why there is a slow school - to - work transition is because of a high school
graduate takes up 3 years to realize their desired job which matches the research findings of
Employers Confederation of the Philippines wherein it shows that job - skills mismatch
gathered 42% as one of the top concerns of the employers, that have relation to undecided
college course of students.

To better understand the situation, students likely have confusion in determining

what their desired job the future is and in order to avoid the continuously increasing rate of
youth unemployment and job - skills mismatch, the researchers in the present study would
like to have a descriptive research by gathering the different college course preferences of
the students. As what was mentioned on the preceding paragraph, since there is a high rate
of unemployed youth and job mismatch, students may feel bafflement in determining the
college course that is aligned in their skills and show a full desire.

Through these conclusions, students would be able to know more about their
preferred college path and how it will lessen their confusion regarding college courses.
Parents would likely have a plan for schooling and finance of the students to their preferred
courses. Teachers would likewise promote different room activities and career test. Lastly,
School Administrators would be able to have career programs and seminars connected in
choosing appropriate college path.

The related study shows the variation of way to inquire at different colleges with
different courses and strategies. However, the researchers did not focus on " way to identify
the applicable job for the students " and the " social and financial status of the respondents "
and how it likely affect in finding college courses.
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To realize the proposed solution, the researchers will conduct the study and initiate
several steps. First, the researchers will gathered several students that will be considered as
respondents. Next, they will be given a certain questionnaires to answer. The data that are
gathered from the questionnaires will analyze using scales. From the results,
recommendation will be given regarding the conclusion of the study.

Conceptual Framework

The present study is establish on the concept that college course preferences
includes on four domains: Finance (Peng, 2010), Ways in Determining College Course
Preferences (Nidirec, 2018), Decision Making (Carpio, 2018), and Factors Affecting
Choices (Mifflin, 2016).

According to Peng (2010), Different factors may have impact on College Courses.
Participation in college programs would likely help in picking college courses, it includes
income, inheritance, and demographic characteristics. Participation in college institutions
would likely be associated with higher levels of investment in knowledge. Lastly, different
factors such as finance, decision making, influence, and institutions may have a huge impact
on picking college courses, this includes participation in college programs, college level
finance courses, and experience in course experiments. Knowledge on the various factors
can make the student proceed on the ways in determining college course preferences.
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Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine the Factors Affecting College Course Preference of
Selected Grade 12 students in Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School for School
Year 2019 - 2020. The researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of (a) age, (b) gender and (c) senior high
school strand?;

2. What is the preferred college course of the respondents?

3. What are the factors that influence the preferred college course of the respondents?;
(a.) Decision Making
(b.) Peer Influenced
(c.) Institution
(d.) Job Offer

Hypotheses

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile and the factors
affecting the college course preference of the respondents.

Significance of the Study

This study was developed in order to help students in finding their preferred job courses -
one of the most difficult process to students in choosing their college path.
The findings in this activity are beneficial to the following:
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Students. This study provides information to students for them to be able to know more
about their preferred college path and to lessen their confusion regarding this college courses.

Parents. This study helps in planning for a school and preparing finance of the student
regarding to their preferred courses.

Teacher. This study offers a research - based approach. It will help in promoting different
room activities and career test in choosing the college courses of the students
.

School administration. This study helps in promoting programs that have connection in
finding a college course and seminars that lead the students to the appropriate college path.

Future researcher. This study serves as a guide to the people who will continue and conduct
a related study.

Scope and Delimitation

The study covered 108 students from different Grade 12 class in Sitero Francisco
Memorial National High School for School Year 2019-2020. The researchers utilized survey
questionnaires that would determine the factors that affects the preferred courses of the108
respondents of the study that came from the population of grade 12 students. Sitero Francisco
Memorial National High School is a public high school in Valenzuela City.. Grades in Work
Immersion were not considered in the study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally:

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College Course Preferences. It is the variable used to test the assurance of the students and
the term that is used to describe the desired job of respondents regarding to their chosen
college courses..

Decision-Making. It is one of the factors that affect the college course preferences of the
respondents. It is also the act of deciding and assessing one’s self in accordance to know the
suitable college courses.

Peer Influence. It is one of the factors that affect the college course preferences. It is a direct
influence on people by peers, and the effects of peer pressure into the respondent’s career
choices.

Institutions. A factor that interests the respondent’s choice in selecting various universities
and schools that offers the different preferred college courses of the respondents.

Job Offers. It is the factor that involves different offers of employment that soon to be
experienced by the respondents as they select their chosen college courses
.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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Related Literature

“Career Choice ", “Styles and Types ", and “Information about Chosen University
“these are the different ways in determining college course preferences. According to
Nidirec (2018). First, Career Choice, there are many courses that can be considered as
vocational, work-related, and courses that can lead straight to one's desired career. For an
effective career choice to happen one may look through the course title and find the course
that are aligned to their interest. There are different consideration in choosing a place to
study, the types and styles on learning. The learning in full time, learning in part-time, and a
flexible learning route like distance learning courses. Lastly, it is important to know the
information’s about chosen university; this includes the size of the institution, entry of
requirements, social facilities, accommodation, and tuitions. There are some are some issues
and factors that are needed to be consider in choosing right college course and university
and this may include career choice, styles, and types of learning and information’s about the
university. Picking a right course or university can also be related to the decision making.

Decision Making is used in choosing a preferred college courses. “Failing Grade”

Shifting Courses “and” Depression “these are the things that are included in decision
making according to Carpio (2018). Failing grades would likely affect the motivation and
interest of the students that may cause to a lesser course preferences. Next, students likely
lose interest when they realize that they can no longer endure the shifting of courses that
they have taken up. Depression may be a factor to stop making college decisions especially
if the parent's choice in picking college course is involved. Decision Making is indeed a part
of picking college path even though it have some factors which involves student's failing
grade, shifting courses, and mental issues. The study proves that there are a different factor
that affects student choices.

According to Mifflin (2016), there are different factors that affect the choices of the
student's preferences in having a college path. Proximity to home determine the ability in
being interested in getting far away from family. The climate and the season would likely
affect the factors in choosing between two similar schools with similar college preferences.
Academic schedule will be divided into different semesters and how it will these semesters
differ from the shifts of other course. College Preference have flexible factors that involve
distance to home, climate and season and the academic year of the student.

In choosing a college courses many factors and conditions should be considered

because these factors will affect the final decisions. For choosing a college course there is a
developing list that is considered important in choosing college preference. During the
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selection process important factors should be considered which includes programmes

offered, reputation and the image of the college, course, fees, financial aids and influence
from family and peers. When students are selecting college they depend on several criteria
which include academic quality, facilities, college environment and personal characteristic.
Samsinar Md. Sidin,Sik Rahayu and Tan (2003).

There is a certain relation between the student’s university choice and their family.
Family should belong in deciding what college courses or university that the students would
choose for. Families include their influences in the following areas: finance, information,
expectation, persuasion and competition. The financial support that comes from student’s
family might result in limitation for their decisions in concerning academic future. If
student’s family have enough budget, they support they’re child. If they do not they can
constrain their child’s choice. Family influences a major factor in higher education
selection. Not only the students who should decide but also their family too. Pimpa (2003).

Related Studies

According to Burdet (2019) the purpose of the conducted study was to gain a better
understanding of how current internet-based resources are affecting the college choice
process. Mixed methods design was used in collecting data’s. The researchers used
convenience sampling in gathering sample size which is 456 students in the 27,631
population size of the students. Frequency, t-test, and ANOVA tests revealed students used
college search websites where 225 students (25.1%) responded to the survey. Male students
were most aware of CollegeBoard.com (94.6%), followed by PrincetonReview.com
(56.3%), U.S. News & World Report (53.3%), and Forbes.com (42.5%) while Female
students were most aware of CollegeBoard.com (96.8%), and followed by
PrincetonReview.com (65.2%), U.S. News & World Report (44.7%), and Forbes.com
(24.5%). In the conclusion, internet-based resources are indeed affects the process of
making college course choices of the students.

The study that focuses on the factors that affects the Career Preferences of the
students in Tacloban City was conducted by Penadilla (2017). The researcher used a
descriptive-causality research design where in the mean was described based on data that
have been gathered. In choosing a sample size, the researcher garner 50 students as
respondents by non probability sampling method which is Judgment Sampling and have
given a 5-point Likert-type questionnaire. Each data has been interpreted and analyzed
statistically by using Frequency, Mean and, One-way ANOVA. “Physical Environmental
Factor.” got 3.51 (Agree) and 3.36 (Not Sure). On the other hand, the respondents “agreed”
(with a Mean of 3.55) that their personal choice is influenced by peers, parents’ choice, and
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teachers and a mean of 3.24 in not agree. Economic Factor got the mean of 3.41 in “agree”
while 3.66 are “not sure” about their decisions. The Factors in choosing a Career likewise
affect its preferences depending on the situation where it belongs.

According to Pascual (2014), the study was conducted to determine whether some
Factors have effect on Career Planning. The researcher gathered 69 fourth year student-
respondents of University of Rizal System Laboratory School where in respondents were
utilized using a descriptive assessment method of research to determine the preferred course
of the students and the factors that affects their course preference. The data were collected
with the use of a validated questionnaire checklist which is Brainard Occupational
Preference Inventory (BOPI) scale. Peer’s preference of course got the least mean value
with a mean of 1.90. The students’ family business got the mean value of 2.07. As the
answers interpreted, the data shows that most of the students prefer to take scientific related
field courses while the least preferred course are in the Agricultural field. Through these
conclusions, the findings stated that the factors likewise did not affect the college course
preference of the students. On the other hand, the availability of work after college is the
first consideration of students in choosing a course in college.

Dayao and Almario (2017), searching for fitted course based on the skills and talents
and preferred school to enter in college is one of the difficult thing for the senior high
school students after they graduate. This will be their pathways to be a successful someone
in the future. The survey was conducted to the grade 12 students of La Consolation
University Philippines (LCUP) with the total respondents of 2,231 students. The result
revealed that Education, Accountancy and Hotel Management were the course that was
most preferred. However, LCUP was not at the top of the most preferred school in college.
One of the reasons may also be the services and programs available in the said school.
Follow up research may be the reason for choosing course and school.

Sharna Spittle et. al. ( 2014 ), a study which shows the reasons of pre service
teachers to choose specialize primary physical education teacher education the researcher
select pre service teachers (n=248) completed the Attractors and Facilitators for Physical
Education (AFPE) questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). The reasons
revealed were confident interpersonal service, sport and physical activities, and role models.
Pre service teachers who complete teaching methods are more demanding than pre service
teachers who were completing health as a teaching method. This study also shows that
because of the confident interpersonal service, low perceived demand, and family reasons
why they choose those specializations.
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Chapter 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the manner used by the researcher in order to answer
the research problem. Furthermore, it describes the research design, participants, setting of
the study, research instrument, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design
The study employed Causal Comparative Research Design wherein it involves
investigating of the effects of the independent variable to the dependent variable.

Sampling Technique
The researchers take the 108 respondents from the 210 population of the grade12
students in Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School.

Research Instrumentation and Validation

The following research instruments will be used in this study:

The researcher utilized survey questionnaires that would determine the preferred
college courses of the respondents. According to McLeod (2018), Survey Questionnaires is
effective in measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and, intentions of a huge
number of subjects in a more convenient way than other methods.
.

Data Gathering Procedures

In order to find the Factors Affecting the College Course Preferences of the Selected
Grade 12 Sudents in Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School, the researchers will
follow these procedures:
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First, the researchers will write implement the study in the selected Grade 12
students in Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School. After the approval, the
researcher will inform the teachers concerned regarding the conduct of the study.

Second, the researcher will prepare questionnaires to determine the College

Course Preferences of the Selected Grade 12 Students in Sitero Francisco Memorial National
High School. The questionnaire will be divided into two parts: (1) respondent's demographic
information and (2) list of situational statements answerable by strongly agree, agree,
disagree, and strongly disagree.

Third, the researchers will consider the Grade 12 students in Sitero Francisco
Memorial National High School as the respondents of the present study. The researchers get
the 108 respondents of the population size,

Fourth, the researchers will give the survey questionnaires to the respondents
to answer the questions.

Fifth, the data from the questionnaires will tabulated and recorded.

Lastly, an analysis of the findings was conducted using the Percentage and Mean for
the questions.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Mean. This statistical test was utilized in order to describe and interpret the findings
in the questionnaires.

Percentage. This statistical test was utilized in order to get the rate or proportion of
each respondent’s data to the whole subject’s data in the study.
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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered out of the
instruments used in the study, and is presented according to the specific problems sited in the
first chapter.
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1. The demographic profile of the respondents.

The first question of this research is aimed at determining the demographic profile of
the respondents. In order to answer this question, the researchers used survey questionnaires
to (1) determine the age, (2) gender, (3) academic track and strand, and (4) identify the
preferred college course preferences of the respondents. The researchers obtain the different
results for each item where in (1) 44% of the subjects is in the range of 18 years old, (2)
female respondents is more dominant in this study, (3) 45.37% of the data in terms of
academic track and strand of the respondents is from the students of Information and
Communications Technology and lastly, (4) the result presents that most of the students is
still undecided when choosing their preferred college courses.

Table 1. The Age of the Respondents

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Table 1 indicates that the Grade 12 students of Sitero Francisco Memorial National
High School is in the range of 18 years old which is 44% of the respondents. According to
Capriola (2020), A child can make their own decisions at 18 years old, from a legal
perspective, and in order to develop their decision making skills mentally. Parents should let
their child decide what is appropriate as they demonstrate judgement, capacity, and maturity
that is presented as the child develops the power of responsibility and healthy mindset.
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Table 2 presents that most of the subject is female which have 51% of the
respondents. Quadlin (2019) stated that, women put great emphasis in choosing the right
course as they place multiple choices to choose. Female students tend to decide a course with
the best earnings prospects but “the logic of major choice” may lead women to select
different majors from men, despite having similar preferences.

As observed on the table, academic track – Information and Communications

Technology students is indeed active in choosing their preferred college course preferences.
According to Infoworld’s Computerworld (2014), It was found out that most sought-after IT
skills include ICT-related areas, as it have IT support (44%), web design/development
(18%), data analysis (29%), and data management (17%). It is proven that the job market is
in the process of growing the technical and human sides of the technological and new
information
management.
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Delving deeper into the figures, it was found out that despite of having different
ideas regarding the different career choice, most of the respondents are still undecided when
it comes to choosing the right course. According to Nelson (2018), 50% of the students
entering college is still undecided about their major. It was discovered that there are many
factors that influence the decision of the students when it comes to preferred college courses,
such as experiencing stress and anxiety, pressure, parent’s lack of support, and indecisive
status.

Table 5. Decision Making and a Factor Affecting the College Course Preference of the
Respondents
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The table presents that Decision Making is indeed one of the major factors that
affects the college course preference of the subjects. According to Galotti (2019), high
school students tend to list down the importance of their future decisions regarding the
information specific courses such as decision in time schedule, requirements, and the criteria
when joining courses.

Table 6. Peer Influence and a Factor Affecting the College Course Preference of the
Respondents

n=108
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As reflected in the table, it was presented that Peer Influence can affect one’s self
perception in choosing a course. Risselada et.al. (2014) stated that, peers and social influence
have impact in deciding the right courses. Subjects often rely on evaluation of their decision
by their reference groups. Universities offers various courses that is open for public decision
and therefore subjects are susceptible for social influence.

Table 7. School Institution and a Factor Affecting the College Course Preference of the
Respondents

n=108
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Table 7 shows that choosing an I nstitution is indeed a factor for subjects’

preferences. According to Becton (2020), Institution is very important when choosing the
right courses. Based on the data gathered, there are different factors that students tend to find
when selecting a course such as accreditation, geographic location, size of school, and
Overall Cost.

Table 8. Job Offers and a Factor Affecting the College Course Preference of the Respondents

n=108
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Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of finding, the conclusions made and the
recommendations offered.

Summary

Bureau of Local Employment stated that there is a slow school - to - work

transition because high school graduates takes up 3 years to realize their desired job that can
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cause job mismatch. The purpose of this study is to know what are the different factor that
influence the college course preferences of the Grade 12 students in Sitero Francisco
Memorial National High School. The researchers utilized survey questionnaires that would
determine the factors that affects the preferred courses of the 108 respondents of the study
that came from the population of grade 12 students. After this, the researchers treated the
data by getting the percentage of the college course preferences and the mean of the
statements that is answered by the respondents on the questionnaires, the following findings
are hereby presented:

1. From the data gathered it was found out that the demographic profile of the respondents in
terms of age is in the range of (1) 18 years old; gender (2) female respondents is more
dominant in this study; and strand (3) 45.37% of the data of the respondents is from the
students of academic track-Information and Communications Technology.

2. From the data gathered it was found out that among the 108 respondents, 24.07% is still
undecided in choosing a college course.

3. From the computed mean, it was proven that (1) Decision Making, (2) Peer Influence, (3)
Institution, and (4) Job offers are all factors that can affect the College Course Preferences of
the respondents.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The Grade 12 students who happen to be the respondents of this study is in the range of 18
years old. Most of the respondents were female and a student from the academic track-
Information and Communications Technology.

2. Even though most of the respondents are undecided, they still have background knowledge
on the different courses that soon they may encounter.

3. Given the results of the mean on the different statements, it can be concluded that decision
making, peer influence, institutions, and job offers is indeed a factor when choosing the right
course of the Grade 12 respondents
.
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Recommendations

Based on the research conducted, the researchers would like to give the following
recommendations:

1. The grade 12 respondents should consider the different factors as it can help them in
determining the instances when selecting the right course.

2. The Parents should help the students in finding their college path as the social/peer
influence help in determining the accurate college course.

3. For the future researchers, they should also on the things that is not directly visible in this
study such as the finance as a factor.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TACLOBAN CITY. Visayas State
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Pascual, N. (2014). International Journal of sciences: Basic and Applied Research

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Bhayani, (2015). “Social and Peer Influence in College Choice’, ICEBMM 2015: International
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