Forms Functions

1. Verb phrases Predicator of a sentence

2. Noun phrases + Subject
+ Direct object
+ Indirect object
+ Object or complement of a prep
+ Subject/ Object complement
+ Adverbial
3. Prepositional Phrases (PP) PP as adverbials:
+ PP as adjuncts (saying where,
when, how, with what, for whom…)
Ex: The cat was on the table.
+ PP as disjuncts (making the
comment on the rest of the sentence)
Ex: To my surprise, there was no-one
there.
+ PP as conjuncts (linking sentences)
Ex: On the one hand, he’d like the job
that pays more. On the other hand, he
enjoys the current job.
+ Subject/ Object complement
+ Modify a noun
+ Complement of an adj, adv, N or V
4. Adverbials + Adjuncts
Ex: She sings really beautifully.
+ Disjuncts
Ex: Fortunately, she didn’t hurt
herself when she fell.
+ Conjuncts
Ex: I missed the train. Therefore, I
was late for my English class.
5. Adverb Phrase and Adverbial AvP as adverbials:
phrases (AvP) + Adjuncts
Ex: I so often feel that no-one is
listening to me.
+ Disjuncts
Ex: Quite frankly, I don’t want to
know your reasons.
+ Conjuncts

6. Adjective Phrases (AP)
7. Adjectival phrases
8. Noun clauses
9. Relative clauses
10. Adverbial Clauses
11. Non-finite and Verbless clauses
GRAMMAR
FORMS & FUNCTIONS
Ex: She might agree. Then again, she
might not.
+ modifies Adjs, Advs, and other
word-groups
+ AP modify NOUNs
Ex: A very exciting proposal
+ AP as Subject-complements or
Object-complements
Ex:
+ Her proposal was very exciting.
+ You’ve made us very proud.
+ Adjective
+ The subject of the sentence
+ The direct object
+ The indirect object
+ The subject complement
+ The object complement
+ The complement of a preposition
Noun modifier
Adverbial
+ Subjects
+ Subject complements
+ Direct objects
+ Object complements
+ Adverbials