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Chp2 - Properties of materials

Topic 2.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
Questions pg no 51
1-6
2-4
3-6
4-Diagram should have three shells, with electrons structure 2:8:2, and a
nucleus with 12p and 12n in the centre.
5-Aluminium
6-Diagram should have two shells, with electrons structure 2,7, and a
nucleus with 9p and 10n in the centre.
7-The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons in both models. In the
Rutherford model, the electrons are all shown in one cloud around the
nucleus. In the model we use today, the electrons are shown arranged in
different shells or energy levels around the nucleus. In the model we use
today, each shell can contain up to a particular number of electrons.

Topic 2.2 Trends in groups within the Periodic Table

Metals in the same group as magnesium: beryllium or calcium.

Metals in the same period as magnesium: sodium or aluminium.
Non-metallic solid in the same period as magnesium: silicon, phosphorus or
sulphur.
Gas in the same period as magnesium: chlorine or argon.

Questions pg no.54
1The metals (except Aluminium) are found on the left side of the table.
2 The boiling points decrease as you go down the group.
3 It is lower than 777 °C.
4 eight more electrons

Questions pg no.56
5 The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
6 All have an outer shell containing one electron and an inner shell
containing two electrons.
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7 This group of metals could be called Group 1 because there is one

electron in the outer shell.
8 The atoms get larger and the reaction with water gets more violent as the
size of the atoms increase.
Questions pg no.57
9 non-metals
10 Melting points increase as you go down the group.
11 The colour gets darker as you go down this group.
12 Boiling points increase as you go down the group.
13 The melting point of iodine would be higher than −7 °C and boiling point
higher than 59°C.
14 Iodine would be less reactive than bromine.
15-7

Questions pg no.58
16 The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
17 The atoms are similar in that they all have 7 electrons in their outer
shell.
18 Because the atoms of each element has 7 electrons in its outer shell.
19 The melting points increase as you go down this group.
20 The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
21 The outer electron shells are all full and have 8 electrons
22 The atoms of each element have 8 electrons in their outer shell.
23 The melting- and boiling points of krypton will be higher than those of
argon.

Think like a scientist: Observation of the reactions of Group 1 metals with

water
1 These might include the use of safety glasses and a safety screen;
handling the metals with forceps; using only a small piece of each metal
2 any movement across the water; change in the solid metal; fizzing, any
flame and colour of the flame.
3 lithium + water →lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
sodium + water →sodium hydroxide+ hydrogen
potassium + water →potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
4 This might include the reaction producing heat; a gas is released, and the
metal moves around the water surface.
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5 The differences may include the amount of movement on the water and
the intensity of the violence of the reactions. Accept any observed
differences.
6 These may include the colour; the fact that they are soft and can be cut;
they are all light and float on water and they react to form an hydroxide
with water. Accept any observed similarities.
7The reaction increases in intensity as you go down Group 1. This would
suggest that rubidium reacts extremely violently and would not be safe to
use in schools.
8 When these Group 1 metals react with water, they produce the alkalis
lithium-, sodium- and potassium hydroxide.

Topic 2.3 Why elements react to form compounds

Getting started

Questions pg no 65
1-2,8,1
2-2,8
3-Cl
4-Cl−
5 Diagram should have three shells, with electron structure 2,8,8, and a
nucleus.
6 Diagram should have two shells, with electron structure 2,8, and a
nucleus.
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7 Potassium can lose an electron more easily because the outer electron is a
long way from the nucleus and the positive electrostatic charges on the
protons, so it is easier for the electron to escape from the potassium atom.
The outer electron in the lithium atom is closer to the positive electrostatic
forces, so it is more difficult for it to escape.
8 Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine because it can gain an electron
more easily because the outer shell of electrons is further from the
electrostatic charges between the electrons and the protons.

Questions pg no 66
9 Diagram of calcium atom should have four shells, with electron structure
2,8,8,2, and a nucleus.Diagram of calcium ion should have three shells, with
electron structure 2,8,8, and a nucleus. (Students may or may not write 2+
to the top right of the calcium ion diagram.)
10-2
11-CaCl2
12-CaO

Questions pg no 70
13 carbon dioxide, methane, water, hydrogen chloride and ammonia
14

15 An ionic compound, because the compound is formed from a metal and

a non-metal.
16 methane CH4; carbon dioxide CO2; nitrogen N2

Topic 2.4 Simple and giant structures

Questions pg no. 75
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1 An ionic bond is formed when atoms lose or gain an electron (or

electrons) but a covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons.
2 Ionic bond
3 A molecule is the name given to a particle with more than one atom
where the atoms share at least one electron in a covalent bond.
4 A macromolecule is a giant molecule. Examples are silicon dioxide,
diamond or graphite.

Questions pg no. 76
5 Ionic, because it has high melting- and boiling points and it is a compound
formed from a metal and a non-metal.
6 A simple molecule with covalent bonds. It has low melting- and boiling
points. Also credit the fact that it is formed from two non-metals so must
have covalent bonds.
7 A gas
8 They have high melting points because they are ionic compounds. The
electrostatic forces between the ions in these compounds are very strong
so, in order to melt the solids, a great deal of energy is need to break these
bonds.
9 They are composed of simple molecules; the forces within the molecules
are strong, but the forces between the molecules are weak, so less energy is
needed to melt them.
10 Copper sulphate has ionic bonds. It has formed a giant structure of
crystals and is made from a metal and a a non-metal.
11 This substance has ionic bonds because it has very high melting- and
boiling points.
12 Silicon dioxide is hard and has a very high melting point; these are not
properties that are expected of a substance with covalent bonds. We know
that silicon dioxide must have covalent bonds because it is formed from
two non-metals so the only explanation can be that silicon dioxide has a
giant covalent structure.

Think like a scientist: Ionic compounds conducting electricity

1 yes.
2 When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions are free to move about
in the solution and can carry the electric charge and so the solution can
conduct the electricity.
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3 The expected answer would be no, but credit answers where learners
may have found some conduction if they are based on their results.
4 The ions are held in a strong lattice so they are not free to move to carry
the charge and conduct electricity. Learners should explain any conduction
they did observe, for example the electrodes were touching or the crystal
was wet.
5 If a covalent substance were used, there would be no conduction of
electricity because the forces inside the molecules are strong and there are
no charged particles to carry the electricity.

Check your progress

2.1- a-Below 180 °C and above 63 °C
b-Below 883 °C and above 688 °C
c-hydrogen
d-More bubbles of gas and more heat will be generated than with
lithium, but less than with potassium.
e-Lithium 7; sodium 23; potassium 39; rubidium 85
f-The number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
g-Diagram should have a nucleus, three shells, and the electron
structure 2,8,1.
2.2 – a-Diagram should be the same as in the question, but with one
additional cross in the outer shell.
b-A fluorine ion is more stable than a fluorine atom because the outer
(highest energy level) shell of electrons is full.
c-F−
2.3 – a- ionic
b- covalent
c- covalent
d- ionic
e- ionic
2.4 - CH4
2.5 – a- The strong electrostatic forces between the positive sodium ions
and the negative chlorine ions.
b- The melting- and boiling points of sodium chloride will be high
because the electrostatic forces are strong.