STOICHIOMETRY AND

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTIONS
• deals with the calculation
of the amount of reactants
and products in a chemical
reaction
• the mole to mole
relationships between
reactants and products are
established based on the
balanced chemical
equation
• follows chemical stoichiometry in quantifying the amount
of solute and solvent present in aqueous solutions
• all particles present in the solution must be accounted for,
and that the concentration and the volume of solutions
used must be carefully determined
• Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions can be
any of the following:
1. Acid-base (Or Neutralization) Titration
2. Reduction Oxidation (Redox) Titration
3. Precipitation Titration
4. Complexometric Titration
• process of reducing the
concentration of the solute
usually simply by mixing with
more solvent
• concentrated solution
contains higher amounts of
solute
• Example:
• mango concentrates available
in supermarkets have high
concentrations than of mango
juice extract
Formula for Dilution
C1V1 = C2V2
Where:
• C1 is the original concentration of the stock solution
• V1 is the volume of the stock or original solution that must
be diluted to give the final, desired volume.
• C2 is the diluted concentration of the solution to be
prepared
• V2 is the desired volume of the diluted solution
Suppose you need to prepare 100 mL of 0.00525 M
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution from a 0.0515 M NaOH
stock solution. What volume of the stock solution must be
diluted with distilled water?
Given:
V1 = ? (volume of the original solution)
C1 = 0.0515 M (original concentration of the original solution)
C2 = 0.00525 M (diluted concentration of the solution to be
prepared)
V2 = 100 mL (desired volume of the diluted solution)
 Suppose you need to prepare 100 mL of 0.00525 M
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution from a 0.0515 M NaOH
stock solution. What volume of the stock solution must be
diluted with distilled water?
C1V1 = C2V2 V1 is equal to 10.19 mL.
This means that you should
(0.0515 M)(V1) = (0.00525 M)(100 mL) measure 10.19 mL of the
(0.0515 M)(V1) = (0.00525 M)(100 mL) original or stock solution to
(0.0515 M) = (0.0515 M) be diluted into the
(0.00525 )(100 mL) Erlenmeyer flask with 100
V1= mL of distilled water to
0.0515 prepare a 0.00525 M NaOH
= 10.19 mL solution.
Concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) has a
concentration of 12.0 M. What volume of concentrated
hydrochloric acid must be diluted to prepare a 500-mL 3M
solution?
Given:
V1 = ? (volume of the original solution)
C1 = 12.0 M (original concentration of the original solution)
C2 = 3 M (diluted concentration of the solution to be prepared)
V2 = 500 mL (desired volume of the diluted solution)
Concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) has a
concentration of 12.0 M. What volume of concentrated
hydrochloric acid must be diluted to prepare a 500-mL 3M
solution?
C1V1 = C2V2 125 mL of
(12.0 M)(V1) = (3 M)(500 mL) concentrated
(12.0 M)(V1) = (3 M)(500 mL) hydrochloric acid
must be diluted to
(12.0 M) = (12.0 M)
(3 )(500 mL) prepare a 500mL 3M
V1= solution.
12.0
= 125.00 mL
• process of determining the volume of the titrant needed
to react with the analyte in the solution

• titrant is a solution that has a known amount of

concentration and analyte has an unknown concentration
Uses of Titration
• useful technique in determining the percentage of acetic
acid, which is the active ingredient that gives vinegar its
sour taste
• used in determining the acidity of wines and packed fruit
juices
• helps determine the ascorbic acid content in vitamin C
tablets, as well as the protein content of beef, pork, and
other meat products
A typical titration setup
 NaOH • During the titration process, the burette is
= .02 M filled up with the titrant, and the solution
containing the analyte is placed in an
Erlenmeyer flask.

• An indicator is usually added prior to the

addition of the titrant onto the sample

HCL being analyzed. This indicator initially
= ?M
gives a distinct color in the solution.
= 10 mL

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

 NaOH NaOH • The endpoint is any physical change
= .02 M = 20 mL that the indicator manifests upon the

addition of a titrant or the point at which

→ the titrant has completely reacted with the

analyte.

• The endpoint normally coincides with its

HCl equivalence point, or the concentration
= ?M
of the titrant is chemically equivalent to
= 10 mL
the concentration of the analyte.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
• or neutralization
• defined by Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927), is that an acid
is a substance that yields H+ ions in water, and a base is
a substance that yields OH− ions in water
• Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879–1947) and Thomas
Martin Lowry (1874–1936) defined acid as a proton donor
and base as a proton acceptor
• Bronsted Lowry definition also covers those substances
that do not yield OH– ions
 Steps in Calculating Acid-Base Titrations
1. Write balanced chemical equation.
2. Identify number of moles of known/ standard solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀= mol = (M)(V) V=
(𝑉) 𝑀
3. Use mole ratio to solve for moles of unknown.
4. Solve for unknown.
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀= (𝑉)
mol = (M)(V) 𝑉 = 𝑀
Practice!

How many mL of 0.45 M

HCl must be added to
250 mL of 1.00 M KOH
to make a neutral
solution?
How many mL of 0.45M HCl must be added to 250 mL of 1.00M KOH
to make a neutral solution?
1. Write balanced chemical equation.
HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O
2. Find moles of known solution. (KOH)
moles =(M)(V) = 1.00mole/L x 0.25 L = 0.25 mole KOH
3. Use mole ratio to find moles of unknown.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙
0.25 mole KOH 𝑥 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑂𝐻
= 0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙
4. Solve for the unknown. (mL of HCl)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙
V= = = 0.56 L/560.00 mL HCl
𝑀 .45 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒/𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙