Table of Contents

Task 01 (LO1) ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 | Explain the use of Earth moving Equipment.......................................................................................... 2
1.2 | Discuss the Appropriate Techniques to Ensure Safe And Productive Activities in Deep Excavations... 5
1.3 | Illustrate Temporary Works Required To Deal With Ground Stability And Groundwater. ................. 11
Task 02 (LO2) .................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 | Explain about the Techniques used to Install Piling Systems and Ground Stabilisation Activities...... 17
2.2 | Describe the Methods of Constructing Complex Foundations. ........................................................... 20
2.3 | Illustrate the Construction Methods Used In Drainage Works, Culverts And Utilities. ....................... 25
Task 03 (LO3) .................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1 | Discuss about Appropriate Construction Methods. ............................................................................ 26
3.2 | Explain the use of false work and Form work in Reinforced Concrete Structures. ............................. 39
Task 04 (LO4) .................................................................................................................................................... 46
4.1 | Assess the Hazards in Civil Engineering Activities. .............................................................................. 46
4.2 | Explain the Legal Framework of Health, Safety and Welfare and the Requirements of the CDM
Regulations. .................................................................................................................................................. 47
4.3 | Evaluate the Role of Planning Supervisor in Civil Engineering Activities. ............................................ 50
Task 05 (LO5) .................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 | Design Appropriate Solutions to Civil Engineering Problems. ............................................................. 52
5.2 | Produce Safety Plans for Problems arising from Civil Engineering Activities. ..................................... 53
Reference ......................................................................................................................................................... 54

1
Task 01 (LO1)
1.1 | Explain the use of Earth moving Equipment.
Earth moving is not an easy task. Expert hands only carry it out. Professionals use special earth moving
equipment to carry out the various excavation tasks such as digging and moving the earth. Different
types of earth moving equipment have their unique applications and used mainly for repairing,
constructing, elevating, agriculture and demolition.

1. EXCAVATORS
Excavators can be utilized over wheels or treads are used most often to shovel dirt or lift heavy pieces
of machinery. They are usually obvious because of their long bucket arm attached to a cab, which
pivots. A worker who, in the cab, has high visibility over the work area operates excavators.

2. BACKHOE LOADERS
Backhoe loaders are mounted on tires and can be used in suburban areas. They share many
similarities with tractors. The main difference is they contain a shovel at the front which can be
adjusted and a bucket at the rear which is used to dig. Backhoe loaders are usually the best choice
for smaller jobs which need to be completed in a more restrained space. Backhoe loaders shift dirt,
shovel trenches and position pipes into place.

2
3. BULLDOZERS
Generally, bulldozers are believed to be the most heavy-duty machines on the market. Bulldozers are
incredibly strong and the best choice for shifting large amounts of dirt on sites where there are wide
open spaces, rough grading, and grinding rock. Bulldozers are easily identified by the huge blade at
the front of the equipment that is controlled with the use of hydraulic pistons.

4. SKID STEER LOADERS

Skid steer loaders can be used for the widest range of purposes of all heavy earth moving machinery.
It's also equipment which is very easy to use and being on wheels, with a tight turning range, is the
best choice for smaller sites. Skid steel loaders help lower soil compaction, work well in difficult
conditions such as snow/mud, and have a limited impact on finished zones because of their tread
system.

3|Page
5. MOTOR GRADERS
Most often employed to fine grade and shift small amounts of dirt and prepare the base before laying
asphalt, motor graders are identified by their longer adjustable blade used to make surfaces smoother.
They also feature an additional blade so they can be used for mining underneath the ground.

6. TRENCHERS
Trenchers are mostly used to dig trenches before pipes are laid down. A range of different trencher
machines are available including walk-behind modules, smaller-sized trenchers or heavier equipment
used to trench firmer ground. Trenchers are highly versatile in that they utilize alternating digging
functions according to the needs of the job. They should be dealt with by experienced construction
professionals because they can be very dangerous.
For more information about earth moving equipment, contact Resolute Equipment. We're a national
supplier of equipment and parts to the Mining & Construction industries and stock brands such
as CAT, Komatsu and Hitachi.

4|Page
1.2 | Discuss the Appropriate Techniques to Ensure Safe And Productive Activities in Deep
Excavations.
Cave-ins pose the greatest risk and are much more likely than other excavation related accidents to
result in worker fatalities. Other potential hazards include falls, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres,
and incidents involving mobile equipment. Trench collapses cause dozens of fatalities and hundreds
of injuries each year.

To ensure the safety for the excavation.

✓ Properly planned.
✓ Managed.
✓ Supervised and executed in order to prevent accident.

Excavation hazards

1. Collapse of the sides of the excavation.

2. Materials falling onto the people working in the excavation.
3. People and vehicles falling into the excavation.
4. The undermining of nearby structures causing their collapse into the excavation.
5. Damage to underground services during excavation work causing electrocution,
explosion, gas escape, flooding.
6. Ingress of water causing flooding.

The precaution to be taken are:

1. Trench collapse should be avoided by battering the sides to a safe angle or by supporting
them with sheeting or proprietary support systems. Support should be installed without delay
as the work progresses. Ensure the workers are competent and experienced as far as possible
and that they have clear instructions.

2. Excavated spoil, plant or materials should not be stored close to the sides of excavations as
loose material can fall in. The extra loading can make the sides of the excavation more likely
to collapse.

3. Prevent people from falling into excavations by substantial barriers around the edges. This
must be done if the depth exceeds 2 meters but is recommended for excavations of lesser

5|Page
 depths.

4. Prevent vehicles from falling into excavations or surcharging and causing the collapse of the
sides of the excavation by keeping them out of the area. Baulks and barriers can be provided
for this purpose and should be painted to be easily visible. If vehicles have to tip materials
into excavations, then they should be prevented from over-running into the excavation by
using stop blocks.
5. Provide safe access in and out of the excavation.

6. Hazardous fumes should be considered. Diesel and petrol engine equipment should not be
allowed into excavations without arranging for exhausts to be ducted away
or forced ventilation to be used.
7. Cable and / or pipe plans and service plans
should be used to locate underground services
which should be marked on the ground and
where practicable digging should take place as
far as possible from them. Use cable and pipe
locators during the course of the excavation
work. Great care should be taken to

ensure that mechanical means of digging are not

used within 0.5 meters of underground services
and spades and shovels should be used instead
of picks and forks which are more likely to
pierce cables. Once services are located and
exposed
they should be supported. Both new and existing services should be permanently marked by
the use of appropriate tapes over the service and by placing permanent markers above ground
indicating the service type, depth, route etc.
8. Precautions should be taken against flooding by installing efficient means of pumping out
the excavations ensuring that the outflow from the pump does not cause flooding problems
elsewhere.
Inspection
A competent person who fully understands the dangers and necessary precautions should inspect the
excavation at the start of each shift.

Excavations should also be inspected after any event that may have affected their strength or stability,
or after a fall of rock or earth.

A record of the inspections will be required and any faults that are found should be corrected
immediately.

Ground collapse is one of the primary risks to be controlled in excavation work. Ground collapse can
occur very quickly and without warning, giving a worker virtually no time to escape, especially if the
collapse is extensive. A buried worker is likely to die from suffocation before help arrives (for
example, either the head is buried, or the chest is so restricted by the weight of ground that the worker
can no longer breathe).

6|Page
Figure shows a typical example of ground failure where material collapses onto a worker pinning
them against the wall of a trench. Trench collapses of this nature can cause fatal injuries.

Hazards expected to occur during excavation or trenching:

Undertaking excavation or trenching work can cause or introduce additional hazards to the worksite.
• The collapse of the excavation or the earth.
• Objects or persons falling into the excavation
• The fall or dislodgement of earth or rock.
• Falls and falling objects.
• Inappropriate placement of excavated materials, plant or other loads.
• All safety devices and systems are in place, being used correctly and operating correctly;

Safe and productive techniques for the activities in deep excavations:

When handling with the deep excavations or trenches there are some safe and productive precautions.
Following safe and productive measures or precautions are applied for the handling of deep
excavations activates.
1 Shoring /temporary support systems and retaining structures.
2 Battering.
3 Benching.
4 De-watering systems.

7|Page
Shoring:

Definition: Shoring is a method of placing vertical “soldiers sets” (“planks” or “sheeting”) against
the trench wall and holding them in place with timber struts or metal screw/hydraulic jacks. This
effectively restrains the trench wall and prevents collapse.
Shoring is used to support the ground on either side of the excavation/ trench to protect the workers
and prevent collapse of the sides of the trench.
Shoring is the provision of support for excavation faces to prevent movement of soil and therefore
ground collapse. Shoring or shielding is used when the location of an excavation or the depth of cut
makes battering or benching impracticable.
Some of the common types of shoring are:
• hydraulic systems
• timber systems (for example, soldier sets)
• steel sheet piling
• steel trench sheeting
• precast concrete panels
• ground anchors, and
• Caissons.

Where ground is not self-supporting and benching or battering are not practical or effective risk
controls, shoring should be used when there is a risk of the earth, rock or other material forming the
side of or adjacent to any excavation work being dislodged or falling and burying, trapping or striking
a person in the excavation. Where such a risk also exists for those installing shoring, other appropriate
risk control measures must be in place to ensure the health and safety of persons entering the
excavation.

8|Page
Benching:

Benching is the creation of a series of steps in the vertical wall of an excavation to reduce the wall
height and ensure stability. It’s a method of preventing collapse by excavating the sides of an
excavation to form one or more horizontal levels or steps, with vertical surfaces between levels.

Benching is a method of preventing collapses or cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to

form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, with vertical surfaces between levels. The excavation
is cut in a series of steps. Each step should not be deeper than 1.5m and it should be set back enough
so that if the top level was to collapse it would not fall into the bottom of the trench. This method
requires a lot more material to be excavated however no shoring is required.
As a general rule, the bottom vertical height of a trench excavation should not exceed 1.2 metres for
the bench. Subsequent benches should also be 1.2 metres vertical height, although 1.5 metres may be
used in very cohesive soils.

Battering:

Battering is where the wall of an excavation is sloped back to a predetermined angle to ensure stability.
Battering prevents ground collapse by cutting the excavated face back to a safe slope. Battering should
commence from the bottom of the excavation.In battering the sides of the excavation is sloped at the
Angle of Repose so that the sides are self-supporting. This method also requires a lot more material
to be excavated however no shoring is required.

9|Page
Battering the sides of an excavation to provide safe working conditions is often only economical for
shallow excavations in open ground with minimal obstructions. Employees need to be protected from
loose rock or soil falling or rolling from a sloping face. Hand scaling of loose material from the face
may be necessary, and in some instances protective barriers may be necessary on the face to contain
falling material. Employees also need to be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment
that could fall or roll into the excavation. Materials and equipment should be kept at least 600 mm
from the edge of excavations.

Benching and Battering:

It is a combination of benching and battering. Both benching and battering of excavation walls are
methods which minimise the risk of the soil or rock slipping onto the excavation. The design of
benching or battering risk controls should be developed by a competent person (geotechnical engineer)
relative to the soil type, the moisture content of the soil, the planned height of the excavated face and
any surcharge loads acting on the excavated face.
Benching and Battering is shown below:

Dewatering systems:

Employees should not work in excavations where water has accumulated or where water is
accumulating from any source, unless adequate precautions have been taken.
Water may accumulate from a number of sources:
• high ground water table seeping into the excavation;
• storm water drains;
• surface run off after heavy rain; or
• Swamp, dam, lake or river.

The precautions necessary to protect employees adequately will vary with each situation, and include
water removal and special support or shield systems to protect from cave-ins. Water control may
involve the relatively simple removal of small amounts of water at the bottom of an excavation by
electrically driven sludge pumps.
It may also involve the control of large quantities of water in situations where an excavation is below
the level of the ground water table. In this situation, dewatering systems consisting of pumps and
suction points, or 'well-points' connected to pipelines are located around an excavation or alongside a

10 | P a g e
trench to pump the water to waste and lower the water table below the bottom of the trench or
excavation. Excavation in water bearing ground is always troublesome. Steel sheet piling or closed
sheeting are not always a practicable solution, and often the most effective way is to drain the ground
before excavation begins to enable work to be carried out in the dry. Drainage is achieved by jetting
well-points or 'spears' into the ground to the desired depth, and pumping out the water at a rate
exceeding the inflow from the surrounding water table.

Prevent people from falling: Edges of excavations should be protected with substantial barriers where
people are liable to fall into them.
To achieve this, use:
• Guard rails and toe boards inserted into the ground immediately next to the supported excavation
side; or

• fabricated guard rail assemblies that connect to the sides of the trench box

• the support system itself, eg using trench box extensions or trench sheets longer than the trench
depth

1.3 | Illustrate Temporary Works Required To Deal With Ground Stability And Groundwater.
The control of groundwater is one of the most common and complicated problems encountered on a
construction site. Construction dewatering can become a costly issue if overlooked during project
planning. In most contracts, dewatering is the responsibility of the contractor. The contractor selects
the dewatering method and is responsible for its design and operation.
The purpose of construction dewatering is to control the surface and subsurface hydrologic
environment in such a way as to permit the structure to be constructed “in the dry.” Dewatering means
“the separation of water from the soil,” or perhaps “taking the water out of the particular construction
problem completely.” This leads to concepts like pre-drainage of soil, control of ground water, and
even the improvement of physical properties of soil. If ground water issues are addressed appropriately
at the investigation and design stage, construction dewatering, which involves temporarily lowering
the ground water table to permit excavation and construction within a relatively dry environment, is
rarely a problem. Construction dewatering has existed as a specialty industry for a long time.
Consequently, a number of well-established techniques have been developed to lower the ground
water table during excavation. The geology, ground water conditions, and type of excavation all
influence the selection of dewatering technology. The most common methods for dewatering include
sumps, wells and well points.

1. Sumps provide localized, very shallow dewatering (less than 3 feet) and consist of pumping
from perforated drums or casings in a gravel-filled backhoe pit. Sumps work best in tight, fine
grained soils, or very coarse, boulder deposits.
2. Wells are large-diameter (greater than 6 inches) holes, drilled relatively deep (greater than 10
feet), and contain slotted casings and down hole pumps. Wells work best in soils consisting of
sand, or sand and gravel mixtures, and can dewater large areas to great depths.

11 | P a g e
 3. Well points are small-diameter (less than 6 inches), shallow wells, and are closely spaced
4. (2 to 10 feet apart). Well points effectively dewater coarse sands and gravels, or silts and
5. Clays. They have a wide range of applications. However, well points use a vacuum
6. system and their depth is limited to about 25 feet. Well point systems generally cost more
7. than either sumps or wells, and require near-continual maintenance.

A number of other dewatering techniques are available including ground freezing and electro osmosis.
However, such techniques are very costly and used only for particularly difficult dewatering
applications.

Temporary works required to deal with groundwater: The Different Methods of Dewatering &
Groundwater Control: To prevent significant groundwater seepage into the excavation and to ensure
stability of excavation side slopes and base it may be necessary to lower groundwater levels in advance
of excavation. This is known as ‘pre-drainage’.
Following are the Temporary works required to deal with groundwater:
Pre-drainage methods include:
➢ Deep well systems.
➢ WellPoint systems.

➢ Ejector systems.
➢ Sump pumping.
➢ Horizontal wells.
➢ Other specialist dewatering techniques are also sometimes used:

➢ Relief wells.
➢ Artificial recharge.
➢ Siphon drains.

Pre-drainage methods include:

1. Deep well systems:

A deep well system consists of an array of bored wells pumped by submersible pumps, each fitted
with a multi-stage electric submersible borehole pump. As water is pumped from each well, the
groundwater is lowered creating a cone of depression or drawdown around itself.
Deep well systems consist of one or more individual wells, each of which has its own Submersible
pump at the bottom of the well shaft. Such systems are particularly suitable. Where large volumes of
water in highly permeable sand and gravel areas permitting rapid recharging of ground water from
surrounding areas exist. The Range of permeability under which the deep well system is applicable
The wells are generally sited just outside the area of proposed excavation, and are pumped by electric
submersible pumps near the base of each well. Water collection pipes, power supply generators,
electrical controls and monitoring systems are located at the surface.
A typical deep well consists of a drilled hole within which is a lower screened casing which admits
water to the pump; an upper casing which prevents soil from reaching the pump and, within the casing,
the pump and its discharge pipe. The discharge pipe supports the pump to which it is attached.
Electrical wiring for the pump motor runs between the discharge pipe and the casing. The space
between the drilled hole and the casing is normally packed with filter material (for example, coarse
sand and/or gravel) to minimize the pumping of solid material from the soil surrounding the well.

12 | P a g e
Deep well dewatering system is shown in the figure below:

Why Deep Well Systems are used:

Deep well dewatering is suited to deep excavations and where soil permeability is moderate to high.
Deep well systems also work well where artesian groundwater pressures threaten base stability.
Capable of pumping tens of thousands of gallons of water per minute, deep well systems are effective
when there are large volumes of groundwater. The flexibility on the well depth and the well spacing
means access restrictions are kept to a minimum.
WellPoint systems:
WellPoint systems help to lower groundwater levels and provide stable working conditions.
WellPoint dewatering is widely used for excavations of shallow depths, especially for pipeline trench
excavations. In appropriate ground conditions a WellPoint system can be installed speedily and made
operational rapidly. They consist of a series of small diameter wells that are connected by a header
pipe to a WellPoint pump. The pump creates a vacuum in the header pipe drawing water up from the
ground.
For long pipeline trenches, horizontal well points may be installed by special trenching machines.
WellPoint’s are typically installed in lines or rings around the excavation, the height to which water
can be drawn by vacuum in this way is approximately 6m (20ft).To function at greater depths, well
points can be installed in stages as the excavation proceeds. WellPoint are pumped by diesel or
electrically powered pumps, with associated header mains, water discharge pipes, power supply
generators, electrical controls and monitoring systems.

13 | P a g e
Why WellPoint Systems are used:
WellPoint systems are used to lower groundwater levels to provide stable working conditions.
WellPoint systems are particularly suited to dewatering for shallow foundations and excavations, so
they are often used for pipeline trench work. A WellPoint system can be installed quickly in most
ground conditions and they are easy to maintain.

3. Ejector or eductor system:

The ejector or eductor system is based on wells that are drilled to lower the groundwater level to
provide stable working conditions. Ejectors use air within the wells to produce a vacuum to draw
water out of the soil. Ejector system is used to control pore water pressure in low permeability soils
such as very silty sands, silts, or clays with permeable fabric.

14 | P a g e
Eductors have the advantage that they can allow vacuum-assisted drainage, to draw water out of
poorly draining fine-grained soils. The system works by circulating high pressure water (from a tank
and supply pumps at ground level) down the well to a small-diameter nozzle and venture located in
the eductor in each well. This generates a vacuum of up to 9.5 m of water at the level of the eductor.
The vacuum draws groundwater into the well from where it is piped back to ground level via a return
riser pipe and thence through the reservoir tank back to the supply pump for recirculation.

Why Ejector Systems are used:

Ejector dewatering systems work to control pore water pressure in low permeability soils so this
method of dewatering is best suited for sites with soils such as silts and fine sands. Eductors are
typically used to help stabilise the side slopes and base of excavations in soils that would be difficult
to dewater with well points or deep wells.

4. Sump pumping:
The simplest form of groundwater control is sump pumping where groundwater is collected in a sump
and pumped away from the excavation site.
Sump pumping is the simplest form of dewatering and can be very reliable. Groundwater is allowed
to flow into the excavation and is collected in sumps where it is then pumped away. In certain
conditions, sump pumping can be very efficient and is highly cost effective, however uncontrolled
seepage into the excavation can cause instability and other construction problems. Additionally, the
disposal of the water needs to be handled carefully, to ensure that the quality of the water is suitable
for discharge.
Sump pumping system is shown in the figure below:

15 | P a g e
Why Use Sump Pumping: Sump pumping is particularly suited to shallow excavations in permeable
soils, and for deeper excavations in rock or cemented soils where there is no concern over ground
stability and seepage flow conditions.
Sump pumping is shown in Figure 1.3.5 below:

16 | P a g e
Task 02 (LO2)
2.1 | Explain about the Techniques used to Install Piling Systems and Ground Stabilisation
Activities.
The installation process and method of installations are equally important factors as of the design
process of pile foundations. pile installation methods are installation by pile hammer and boring by
mechanical auger.

In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design, installation Methods and installation equipment
should be carefully selected.

If installation is to be carried out using pile-hammer, then the following factors should be taken in to
consideration:

1. The size and the weight of the pile the driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve
the design penetration the available space and head room on the site the availability of cranes
and
2. The noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality.

Pile driving methods (displacement piles)

Methods of pile driving can be categorized as follows:

1. Dropping weight

2. Explosion

3. Vibration

4. Jacking (restricted to micro-pilling)

Jetting

Drop hammers
A hammer with approximately the weight of the pile is raised a suitable height in a guide and released
to strike the pile head. This is a simple form of hammer used in conjunction with light frames and test
piling, where it may be uneconomical to bring a steam boiler or compressor on to a site to drive very
limited number of piles.

There are two main types of drop hammers:

1. Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers

2. Double-acting pile hammers

1. Single-acting steam or compressed-air comprise a massive weight in the form of a cylinder. Steam
or compressed air admitted to the cylinder raises it up the fixed piston rod. At the top of the stroke, or
at a lesser height which can be controlled by the operator, the steam is cut off and the cylinder falls
freely on the pile helmet.

17 | P a g e
2. Double-acting pile hammers can be driven by steam or compressed air. A pilling frame is not
required with this type of hammer which can be attached to the top of the pile by leg-guides, the pile
being guided by a timber framework. When used with a pile frame, back guides are bolted to the
hammer to engage with leaders, and only short leg-guides are used to prevent the hammer from
moving relatively to the top of the pile. Double-acting hammers are used mainly for sheet pile driving.

Pile driving by vibrating

Vibratory hammers are usually electrically powered or hydraulically powered and consists of contra-
rotating eccentric masses within a housing attaching to the pile head. The amplitude of the vibration
is sufficient to break down the skin friction on the sides of the pile. Vibratory methods are best suited
to sandy or gravelly soil.

Jetting: To aid the penetration of piles in to sand or sandy gravel, water jetting may be employed.
However, the method has very limited effect in firm to stiff clays or any soil containing much coarse
gravel, cobbles, or boulders.

Boring methods ( non-displacement piles)

Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)

Equipment comprises of a mobile base carrier fitted with a hollow-stemmed flight auger which is
rotated into the ground to required depth of pilling. To form the pile, concrete is placed through the
flight auger as it is withdrawn from the ground. The auger is fitted with protective cap on the outlet at
the base of the central tube and is rotated into the ground by the top mounted rotary hydraulic motor
which runs on a carrier attached to the mast. On reaching the required depth, highly workable concrete
is pumped through the hollow stem of the auger, and under the pressure of the concrete the protective
cap is detached. While rotating the auger in the same direction as during the boring stage, the spoil is
expelled vertically as the auger is withdrawn and the pile is formed by filling with concrete. In this
process, it is important that rotation of the auger and flow of concrete is matched that collapse of sides
of the hole above concrete on lower flight of auger is avoided. This may lead to voids in filled with
soil in concrete.

18 | P a g e
The method is especially effective on soft ground and enables to install a variety of bored piles of
various diameters that are able to penetrate a multitude of soil conditions. Still, for successful
operation of rotary auger the soil must be reasonably free of tree roots, cobbles, and boulders, and it
must be self-supporting.

During operation little soil is brought upwards by the auger that lateral stresses are maintained in the
soil and voiding or excessive loosening of the soil minimize. However, if the rotation of the auger and
the advance of the auger are not matched, resulting in removal of soil during drilling-possibly leading
to collapse of the side of the hole.

Under reaming
A special feature of auger bored piles which is sometimes used to enable to exploit the bearing
capacity of suitable strata by providing an enlarged base. The soil has to be capable of standing open
unsupported to employ this technique. Stiff and to hard clays, such as the London clay, are ideal. In
its closed position, the under reaming tool is fitted inside the straight section of a pile shaft, and then
expanded at the bottom of the pile to produce the under ream shown in fig. 3. Normally, after
installation and before concrete is casted, a man carrying cage is lowered and the shaft and the under
ream of the pile is inspected.

19 | P a g e
2.2 | Describe the Methods of Constructing Complex Foundations.
Broadly speaking, all types of shallow foundations can be referred to as spread footing foundations.
However, from design and construction point of view, they have been designated separately. The
various types of spread footing foundations are ;
a) Wall footings:

This is a common and the simplest type of spread footing foundation; It consists of a number of courses
of bricks, the lowest being usually twice the thickness of wall above. In this type of foundation, the
base width of the wall is increased by providing 5cm (one-fourth of brick length) offsets on either side
of the wall. The depth of each course is usually 10 cm
In some cases, however, the bottom course is made 20cm deep. In the case of footing for store walls,
the size of offset is slightly more than that of the brick wall footing.
Method of Construction of Wall Footing:
For constructing such a footing, a bed of lean cement concrete (1:8:16) is first laid over the entire
length of the wall. The thickness of this lean concrete bed is usually kept 15cm and its width is kept
20 to 30 cm more than that of the bottom course.
In no case, the depth of the concrete bed should be less than its projection beyond the wall base. For
foundations over firm soil or compacted ground, the concrete bed below the brick wall footing may
be dispensed with. After laying the concrete for constructing the concrete bed, it should be properly
compacted and cured before laying the base course of the wall.
Suitability:
This is the cheapest type of spread footing foundations and is largely used for walls of ordinary
buildings.
b) Masonry Pillar Footing:
Isolated footings are used to support the individual pillars and columns constructed in brick or stone
masonry. They are stepped down in the wall footing after providing 15cm offset of foundation
concrete on all the sides.
c) Concrete Column Footing:
These are either stepped type, slate type or slope type, having projections in the vae concrete. To
support heavy loads, reinforcement is also provided at the base. The reinforcement provided is in the
form of steel bars and is placed in both directions. Concrete column footings may be either isolated
footings or combined footings. Isolated footings are used to support the individual columns, whereas
combined footings are used where projections of different columns are not possible on all the sides,
due to limited space.
The combined footings are generally rectangular when both columns are of same sections and
trapezoidal in shape when the columns are of different sections.

20 | P a g e
2) Grillage Foundation:
The foundation, which consists of one or two tiers of wooden or rolled steel section with space filled
up with concrete, is known as Grillage foundation. This is so called because the bed constructed in
this type of foundation is called grillage. This type of construction avoids deep excavation and
provides the necessary area at the base of the structure to reduce the intensity of pressure within the
safe bearing capacity of the soil.
OBJECT:
The object of this type of foundation is to spread the load over a large horizontal area at the base of a
structure.
TYPES:
Depending upon the material used in construction, grillage foundations are further classified into two
types.
1.Steel Grillage Foundation
2.Timber Grillage Foundation
Steel Grillage Foundation
Method of construction of steel grillage foundation:
1.For constructing steel grillage foundation, a trench is excavated to the calculated width and
about 0.90 m - 1.50 m deep. Bottom of the trench is rammed and leveled.
2.Then a layer of lean cement concrete ( 1: 8 : 16 ), about 30cm thick, is laid and compacted.
3.After this, a layer of rich cement concrete (1: 2 :4 ), about 15cm thick is spread and
compacted to form a concrete bed.
4.Over the concrete bed thus prepared, the bottom tier consisting of a number of steel I - beams
of designed dimensions are placed at specified distance apart, using spacer bars. The space in
between and around the steel beams is then filled with cement concrete.
5.On this bottom tier, a second layer of steel I - beam is placed, if required.
6.The entire space is then filled with cement concrete 1: 2 : 4. On the grillage bed thus prepared,
the structure in the form of a steel stanchion, column, pier is built.
For construction of the timber grillage foundation,
1.Wooden planks, usually 5 to 8 cm in thickness, are laid side by side longitudinally on the
prepared bed of the trench excavated for this purpose.
2.The planks should be arranged in a width 45 to 60 cm more on either side than the designed
width of the base course of the structure.
3.On this bottom layer of planks, rectangular timber sections of suitable size are laid at about
35 cm center to center.
4.Then a top layer of planks, usually 8 to 10 cm in thickness, arranged side by side, in width
equal to that of the base course of the structure is to be built over it

21 | P a g e
 5.On the timber platform thus prepared, the structure in the form of a timber column or even a
masonry wall is built.
Suitability of steel grillage foundation:
Steel grillage foundations are useful for structures like columns, piers, stanchions subjected to heavy
concentrated loads and hence are employed for foundations of the buildings such as theaters, factories,
town, halls etc. Timber grillage foundations re usually provided for timber columns subjected to heavy
concentrated loads.
This type of grillage foundation can also be safely used for light buildings where the soil encountered
is soft and is permanently water-logged.
3) RAFT FOUNDATION:
The foundation consisting of a thick R.C.C slab covering the whole area of a mat is known as raft
foundation.

Method of construction of Raft Foundation:

1.The whole area is dug out to the specified depth and 30 cm more wide than the area to be
covered.
2.The bed is compacted and sprinkled over with water.
3.Then a layer of lime concrete or lean cosncrete ( 1: 8 : 16 ) is laid to a suitable thickness to
act as a bottom cover.
4.After this, the reinforcement is laid. The reinforcement consists of closely spaced bars placed
at right angles to one another.
5.Then the cement concrete (1 : 2 : 4 ) is laid and compacted to the required thickness.
6.The concrete slab so laid is then properly cured
7.When loads are excessive, thick concrete beams running under the columns can also be
constructed.

SUITABILITY :

This type of foundation is useful for public buildings, office buildings, school buildings, residential
quarters etc, where the ground conditions are very poor and bearing power of the soil is so low that
individual spread footing cannot be provided.
4) STEPPED FOUNDATION :
For constructing this type of foundation, excavation is done into steps having short length and uniform
thickness and the masonry work is done on the horizontal bed of concrete thus prepared.
If there is any possibility of slipping of the structure bodily, R.C.C piles can be driven along its base
concrete on the sloping side.

22 | P a g e
5) INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION :
The foundation consisting of inverted arches between the piers is known as inverted arch foundation.
In this type of foundation, the load from the piers is transferred to the soil by constructing arches in
inverted position at their at their base. The rise of the inverted arches is about one - fifth to one - tenth
of the span and they are usually build in half-brick rings. The position of arches may be either along
the row of piers or across the row of piers in both the directions depending upon the nature of soil and
the type of land to be taken by them.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION :

For constructing this type this type of foundation;

1.Excavation is done to the required depth.
2.The bottom of the excavation is leveled and compacted
3.Then the foundation concrete is laid to the required thickness and finished according to the
layout of the arches to be constructed under the piers.
4.The arch rings, usually half brick thick, are then built in cement mortar and piers are
constructed.
5.The end piers should be designed and constructed to take the outward thrust caused by arch
action.

SUITABILITY :
This of foundation is not commonly used for buildings, but it is quite suitable for other structures like
bridges, reservoirs, tanks, supports for drainage lines etc.
The foundation constructed sufficiently below ground level with some artificial arrangements such as
piles, wells etc, at their base are called deep foundations. Deep foundation are further classified into
the following types ;
1.Pile foundation
2.Well foundation
3.Caisson foundation

1) PILE FOUNDATION:

A foundation ( spread footing or grillage ) supported on piles is called a pile foundation. A pile
foundation usually consists of a base of spread footing or grillage supported by piles at their bottom.
Piles distribute the load of structure to the soil in contact either by friction alone or by friction
combined with bearing at their ends.

23 | P a g e
SUITABILITY:

This type of foundation is suitable under the following situations;

1.When the soil is very soft and solid base is not available at a reasonable depth to keep the
bearing power within safe limits.
2.When the grillage and raft foundation are very expansive.
3.When the building is very high carrying heavy concentrated loads.
4.When it is necessary to construct a building along the sea shore or river bed

24 | P a g e
2.3 | Illustrate the Construction Methods Used In Drainage Works, Culverts And Utilities.

For the sewer line before the way toward setting out we need to choose kind of the floor into the sewer
framework. It might be the floor in light of the mechanical pumping framework or the normal gravity
floor.

In the event that it is the floor as a result of the mechanical pumping framework the sewer line might
be on meet arrangement or in the event that it is the customary gravity floor we need to figure the
height of the sewer line by leveling.

As indicated by the sewer line drawing the underlying setting out with the work place will stamped
then the unearthing procedure will do by the JCB escavator or the manual technique.

In this procedure we need to consider about the dewatering and the shoring for the sewer line trench.
Due to the water table underneath 1m from the current ground level. So that here we are utilizing
shoring dewatering strategy.

At that point the exhumed sewer line base will level by the leveling instrument with the reference of
the perusing which has arranged from the computation.

At that point the sewer line will develop alone 2km underneath 1.5m at an angle of 1:8 after the
arrangement of sewer line pipe the exhumed trench will inlayed with sand painstakingly by expelling
stone and the course totals from that sand.

The adjust of the trench will top off with the rock than it will reduced with the bagger or the roller
vibrator.

25 | P a g e
Task 03 (LO3)
3.1 | Discuss about Appropriate Construction Methods.
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. Many
agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

Types of Residential Drainage Systems

There are four main types of residential drainage systems: surface, subsurface, slope, downspout and
gutters.

Surface Drainage System

For surface drainage to be successful, ditches must be dug in a parallel pattern. The ditches are shallow
and will act as canals for run-off water. The ditches will lead the water into the main drain or away
from the home to avoid water pooling or flooding. Surface drains are an absolute must if the area is
flat since water pooling could potentially cause problems in an area that has a lot of precipitation.
This can be done around buildings, walkways or driveways to keep water flowing away from the
structure.

Subsurface Drainage System

The general idea behind subsurface drains is that they are placed beneath the top layer of soil. This
removes excess water from soil at the root level that has become water logged. If roots sit in water too
long, they will begin to deteriorate and eventually the plant or tree will perish from too much water.
The process to install subsurface drains requires digging deep ditches and installing pipes
underground. A large collector drain must also be installed so the water can be collected from the
pipes. In most areas a sump pump will also be required in order to push the water through the pipes.
These can cause disruptions in the soil and the natural aeration of the soil as well as plant respiration.
This is also known as the French drain.

Downspout and Gutter System

The downspout is connected to the gutter system on a building or home and carries water away from
the roof down to the ground. The shape of the downspout pipes can be round or rectangular and are
comprised of copper, aluminum or steel. The purpose of the downspout is to catch the water from the
gutters and divert it to the ground. Most downspouts will empty out on a slope so the water will not
pool at the base of the downspout.

Slope Drainage System

Slope drains allow water to generally take its natural course away from the structure and with the aid
of pipes moving down a slope. A pipe is installed and then anchored into a small incline where the
water will follow gravity through the pipe and away from the structure. The pipe can be metal plastic,
steel or concrete and will be covered with a sturdy grate to keep people and animals from falling into
it.

Residential drainage systems are a requirement for any home or building as it will prevent flooding,
rot, mold, mildew and structural damage from too much water. Usually drainage issues can be spotted
and then easily remedied. Even if water has not pooled or flooding occurs there could still be a slow

26 | P a g e
leak that will cause extensive damage. The general rule is that all homes should have a gutter and
downspout system in place. If additional drainage systems need to be added, then research each one
and pick the best option for the home. If necessary, consult a professional before installing or having
a system installed.

A cross drainage work is a structure carrying the discharge from a natural stream across a canal
intercepting the stream. Canal comes across obstructions like rivers, natural drains and other canals.
The separate forms of drainage systems in common use are considered.
1. Culvert.
2. French Drains
3. Piped Drainage.
4. Side drains
1. Culvert:
” culvert is a structure that allows the easy passage of water through a physical obstruction that can
be a hill or a roadway or a passage or a walkway”. It is a transverse and totally enclosed drain under
a road or railway. Culvert is typically embedded by a soil or surface. Culvert can be made up of a
reinforced concrete or even steel as well.

Type of Culverts
1. Pipe Single or Multiple
2. Pipe Arch Single or Multiple
3. Box Culvert Single or Multiple
4. Bridge Culvert
5. Arch Culvert
Method statement for standard Culverts:
1. Site Survey: Surveyor to set out of points and establish of Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) level.
Positioning of point will carry on based on construction detail drawing from the engineer.

27 | P a g e
2. Site clearance and Excavation: Site need to remove all of the vegetation and stumps that will
disturb the construction process. Excavation of drainage according to drawing specification need
to be carried out.

3. Setting out for drain: After excavation has been done. Setting out for the drainage need to be
carried out with depth 1425mm and width 1200mm.

4. Formwork installation: Installation of formwork need to be done before concreting work are
carried out. Fully support for formwork structure are need to make sure formwork are not collapse.
Installation of formwork is shown below:

5. Sand blinding: this compacted sand act as a cover for the drainage. The specification are include
in the drawing that depth 150mm, width 1200mm and length 1900mm.
Sand blinding is shown in the figure below:

6. Reinforcement installation: Reinforcement needs to be installed before of concreting work.

Based on this drawing, reinforcement steel Y10 are used.

28 | P a g e
7. Concreting work: Concrete grade 20 is used in this drainage work.

8. Lay the U-Drain Based on the drawing, U-Drain is used for this type of drainage. U-drain are
made of ceramic and it also not durable for rugged work this too easy for broken.

9. Concrete mass: Concrete mass need to be lay surrounding the U-drain for the protection
purposed. With this concrete mass layer, it will prevent the U-drain from the crack or broken.

29 | P a g e
10. PVC Weep hole: Install PVC Weep hole 230mm x 230mm x 300mm every 3m alongside of the
drainage to allow the underground water flow into the drain.

11. Concrete cover: Concrete cover are made of reinforced concrete. This is used to cover the
drainage from any foreign material into the drainage and will blockage the flow of water.

12. Drain trap: Drain trap are 1200mm x 150mm. every 3m need to leave avoid 400mm x 400mm
for water from the above flow into the drain.

13. Backfill: Backfill the drainage and compact the sides.

Pipe culvert:
Method statement for Pipe culvert:
1. Marking of Alignment:
The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug.

2. Digging/Excavation:
The surveyor marked out the depth of the culvert to be excavated with an excavating machine. For a
1m pipe culvert, the mathematical process of obtaining the required depth is to sum together the total
width of the pipe + base + blinding.
.

For depth:
A pipe of width 1000 mm, base of 150 mm and blinding of 50 mm(though optional).
Hence 1000mm + 150mm + 50mm = 1200mm (1.2 m)
So an excavation of 1200mm (1.2m) is required from the to level of the natural ground (sub grade
level) surface.
For width:
A minimum of (2.5 x width) m is advisable.
For a 1m pipe drainage,
Since the drainage internal width is 1m, using
1.5 x width =2.5 x 1m = 2.5m
2.5m width excavation minimum is acceptable to create space for construction work area.

3. Concrete blinding and foundation base preparation:

After excavation of drainage is the concrete blinding and foundation base preparation.

30 | P a g e
Blinding (though optional) is done on the surface area in order to correct any irregularities in level of
the bed of the excavated surface, and to provide a smooth, level and regular surface to receive the
concrete base. It’s usually ±50 mm depending on the rate of regularity of the surface area. Concrete
grading C15 is acceptable.
(See concrete grading and mix ratio). A concrete base of ±150 mm is to be laid or cast on the blinded
floor, concrete grade C15 of ratio 1:2:4 is allowed (See concrete grading and mix ratio).
A guiding panel is placed into position to guild in the laying of the concrete base in order to achieve
a uniformly alignment base edge, thickness and width, also to manage concrete material while
pouring. The base is cast with the U shape reinforcement bottom in between the concrete base
achieving concrete cover below and above.
4. Arranging pre-cast pipe Culvert/Rings into the align position:
After setting, curing and drying of the concrete base, next is to arrange the pre-cast pipe Culvert/Rings
into the align position.

5. Arranging the form work panel and then casting of concrete.

Taking the pipe/ring dimension to be 1000 mm (1.0m), the thickness of the concrete from the form
work panel to the pre-cast ring/pipe is 200mm more or less on both sides depending on the design.
Hence the total width thickness of the drain would be;
i.e. 1000mm + 200mm + 200 mm = 1400mm (1.4m)
The total height of the drain would be;
Taking the pipe/ring dimension to be 1000 mm (1.0m), the thickness of the top slab concrete from the
top of the pre-cast ring/pipe is between 200mm - 300mm more or less depending on the design.
Hence, the total height of the drain would be;

31 | P a g e
i.e. 1000mm + 300mm = 1300mm (1.4m)
Assuming the thickness of the top slab concrete from the top of the pre-cast ring/pipe is between
300mm,
Also, the reinforcement for the head wall is placed into position.
The concrete is then cast
Formwork panel installation is shown in the figure Figure 3.12 below:

After casting, and setting, the panel is removed and concrete cured.

Concrete is casted and removal of formwork is shown in the figure below:

Preparation of head wall panel in preparation to casting

1. Backfilling :
Back filling and compaction is then carried out in order to avoid future settlement. The material used
for the backfilling of those portions of culverts or pipes subjected to traffic loads shall be selected
material of at least sub-base quality. Where the excavated material is not of adequate quality, selected
materials shall be imported for this purpose.

32 | P a g e
2. French Drain:
French drain comprises a perforated pipe laid in a shingle-filled trench topped, if desired, with turf.
The pipe has a fall of approximately 1:80 and is typically 100-150mm in diameter accommodated
within a trench 150-200mm wide by 200-300mm deep. Modern methods employ a geotextile filter
membrane to line the trench and the pipe is sometimes wrapped in the same material.
French Drain is shown in the figure:

Method statement for French drain:

1. Dig the trench: Digging the trench is the least complicated step in building a French drain.
• The width and depth of the drain you dig will depend on the severity of the drainage problem and
the digging tool you're using. However, most standard French drains are approximately 6" wide
and 18" to 24" deep.
• Trenching tools will cut wider trenches (which is ideal for more severe drainage issues) and will
cut the digging time in half. However, using a trenching tool will also increase your costs as you'll
need to pay for the rental and buy additional gravel to fill the larger trench.
• The same goes for hiring someone to cut the trench for you with a backhoe, as backhoes cut very
wide and deep trenches and will incur both labor and rental costs.
• Periodically check the depth of the trench as you dig, to ensure it is consistently sloping
downwards.

2. Line the trench with landscape fabric. Once you have finished digging the trench, you will need
to line it with the water permeable landscape fabric.
• Leave approximately 10 inches (25.4 cm) of excess fabric on either side of the trench.

• Temporarily pin the excess fabric to the sides of the trench using pins or nails.

33 | P a g e
3. Adding gravel: Shovel approximately 2 or 3 inches (5.1 or 7.6 cm) of gravel along the bottom of
the trench, on top of the landscaping fabric.

1. Lay the pipe: Place the perforated drain pipe into the trench, on top of the gravel. Make sure the
drain holes are facing down, as this will ensure the greatest drainage.

34 | P a g e
5. Cover the pipe: Shovel more gravel over the pipe, until there is 3 to 5 inches (7.6 to 12.7 cm)
between the gravel and the top of the trench.
• Then unpin the excess landscaping fabric and fold it over the layer of gravel.

• This will prevent any debris from entering the drain, while still allowing any water to filter
through.

6. Fill in the trench: In the last step fill the rest of the trench with the displaced soil. At this point you
can finish the trench in whatever way you like:
• You can lay sod on top, reseed with grass or even cover with a layer of large, decorative stones.

• Some people even build the drain pipe with a slight curve, so it looks like an intentional design
feature upon completion.

35 | P a g e
3. Side drains:
Construction method of side drains:
1. Marking of Alignment:
The surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug.
2. Digging/Excavation:
The surveyor marked out the depth of the trench to be excavated with a mechanical excavating
machine.
For a 1m x 1m drainage, the mathematical process of obtaining the required depth is to sum together
the depth of the required drain + base + blinding.
3. Concrete blinding:
After excavation of drainage concrete blinding will be started.
Blinding is done on the surface area in order to correct any irregularities in level of the bed of the
excavated surface, and to provide a smooth, level and regular surface to receive the concrete base. It’s
usually ±50 mm depending on the rate of regularity of the surface area. Concrete Grading C10 or C15
as sub-soil might require.
The blinding is a mass concreting and it’s advisable to spread to cover entire width of the excavated
trench except where there is need for material management.

\
4.Reinforcement (iron Rod) positioning: For a 1m x 1m drainage, a 12mm U shape reinforcement
(spaced between 150mm to 300 mm or as designed) is placed into position on the blinded surface but
positioned at the centre of the base with the aid of concrete biscuit to create a concrete cover.

36 | P a g e
There should be concrete cover between the reinforcement and the base of the drain concrete base and
the top of the drain wall.
Hence, Reinforcement Rod height needed should be:
1000mm (reinforcement height) + 75mm (base top conc. Cover) - 25mm (wall top concrete cover) =
1035mm (1.035m)

5. Concrete laying:
In this step concrete base is laid on the blinded surface and the positioned reinforcement.

A concrete base of 150 mm is to be laid or cast on the blinded floor, concrete grade C20 of ratio 1:2:4
is allowed.
6. Installation of formwork panels and pouring of concrete:
After setting and drying of the concrete base, next is to position the side wall panel formwork.

The floor base is marked to give the required one meter (1000 mm) internal width where the panel
will be positioned. The panel wall spacing is 100mm, and wall height of 1000mm (1 meter), the panel
is lubricated, clipped and prepared to accept the concrete.
After formwork is done, concrete pouring will be started and poured into forms, which is mould.

After casting, and setting, the panel is removed and concrete cured.

37 | P a g e
Formwork panels have been removed as shown in the figure Figure 3.23 below:

7. Back filling: Back filling and compaction of the back filling is done immediately after the back
filling in order to avoid settlement.

38 | P a g e
3.2 | Explain the use of false work and Form work in Reinforced Concrete Structures.
The construction of a concrete building requires formwork to support the slabs (Horizontal Formwork)
as well as columns and walls (Vertical Formwork). Formwork is the contact surface and structural
backing needed to contain fresh concrete until it can safely support itself. If it is not removed, it is
called permanent formwork. If it has to be supported from below, the structural support is called false
work.

The exact distinction between formwork and false work is not very important, but it is usual to call all
material and equipment used to cast walls formwork. This is because the system of loads is self-
contained, while for concrete members such as slabs or beams, false work is used to take the loads to
the ground below or to a similar support. For such members, the actual surface material and its
immediate support are considered to farmworker. Typically, formwork will be found in the context of
a construction contract. The designer and the engineer will provide the contractor with details of the
concrete work which is to be constructed but will provide no information on how this is to be achieved.
It is the contractor's expertise which the client is buying. The contractor will study the shape of the
structure to be created, and decide on appropriate methods to construct it. If the complexity and quality
are both minimal, it may be left to a competent formwork carpenter. However, it is likely today that
the design will be more scientific. This may be by formal structural design and detail, so that the
personnel on the site have precise guidance on what to do, or it may be that a formwork supplier will
be called in and asked to propose methods and to supply the equipment needed. The main contractor
may sublet the activity of the formwork to a specialist subcontractor, who would then take the
responsibility for this aspect of the work. The person who actually puts up the formwork will normally
be a carpenter or joiner by trade. Many such workers have served a traditional apprenticeship, but
today more any more people come into this job by other routes, with less effective training. They may
be expected to operate without any guidance, or at the other extreme, they may be provided with
drawings, which set out how to deal with every detail. Some training is available from the
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIBD ). Courses on design are available from
some colleges, but it is specialized subject and they are few and far between. The CIBD conducts
examinations on formwork design at a trade level.

The usual design of formwork is for wall, slab, column, and beam. There are several types of
formwork; timber, steel, aluminum and plastic formwork. The most preferred are timber and steel.
Therefore, we are just focusing only in timber and steelwork. This report is cover the past and current
related technology including recommending steps that need to be taken in order to reduce
environmental impacts from its activities. Brief information on timber and steel formworks is as stated
below;

Timber Formwork: The conventional wood system is sometimes referred to as the stick form or hand-
over-hand method. The conventional wood system includes form work for slabs, beams, and
foundations. The system is generally built of lumber or a combination of lumber and plywood or
moisture-resistant particleboard. Formwork pieces are made and erected in situ. For stripping,
conventional wood systems are stripped piece by piece, then cleaned. It is easy to produce but time-
consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used
extensively where the labor costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also
the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may
use it. Steel Formwork: The conventional steel system is sometimes referred to as “an improved stick
system” It is made out of prefabricated modules with steel frames. It is now widely used in this
industry, especially for high-cost construction. Steel formwork also produced good surfacing on the
hard concrete. These types of formwork are easy to install and also easy to dismantle. It can be used

39 | P a g e
for a long period because it is made out of the material that is not affected by the environment. It is
also can reduce the wastage due to its properties. Steelworker can also be produced according to the
desirable size and shape because it is made earlier in the factory. Due to its weight, tower crane and
large mobile crane should be able for handling of steel formwork.
for handling of steel formwork

Timber Formwork:
Timber is the most basic material. It is relatively cheap and easy to shape as required. Equally, it is
easily cut up and reduced in size, eventually becoming waste. It is easy to fix inserts and the like on
the inside of a form face for casting into concrete; it is relatively lighting weight for handling, but it
is of limited durability. An introduction to timber for structural use is given in the BSI Code of Practice
for Falsework. Note that timber on site for formwork always has to be classified ad wet. Timber is
also the basic of a number of sheet materials. Generally, timber or wood formwork is made by putting
together members of selected timber that have been cut into several different shapes. These include
plywood, block board, chipboard, boards made from wood flakes (oriented strand board and water
board and hardboard or hardwood which density more than 880kg/m
3
such as ‘Cengal’ and ‘Balau’. Long ago plywood was unsuitable for formwork, because the glue which
held the veneers together failed in damp site conditions, but nowadays almost all glues are sufficiently
durable. Outer veneers should be sanded and without holes normally referred to as solid. The choice
was relate to the quality of the concrete surface required. For boards which consist of timber particles
bonded with a matrix of plastic glue, the low stiffness of this glue leads to a board which is less stiff
than plywood or solid timber of the same thickness. The quality of the concrete surface produced from
such boards may not be smooth enough, and the deterioration of such surfaces can be fairly rapid.

40 | P a g e
Because the boards are cheaper, however, there are applications where they prove useful. Before the
installation of the members of formwork, some criteria should be put into considerations. The crucial
criteria that counts are as follow:

a) Shape of members
b) Correct position
c) Correct angles for batters etc.
d) Line and level
e) Accuracy within permitted tolerances
f) Finishing heights (mark off)
g) Verticality (plumb)

Other criteria that should also be taken into consideration are the jointing of the members. The joint
of formwork must be flush and tight, nails should not protrude into the concrete. The water stops
should be correctly positioned and fixed suitably supported by thermoformed. The formwork is built
on site out of timber and plywood or moisture resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time
consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used
extensively where the labor

costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. After commencing with traditional
plywood and timber formwork, it was found that there was a panel formwork on the market which
proved to be much more economical and faster. We are especially urged to remember that today’s
modern formwork is tomorrow’s traditional formwork and new methods and systems must continually
be found to improve formwork in the future.

Steel Formwork:
Steel can be used both as sheet material for the face of formwork and as hot or cold-formed sections,
used to form the support or framing. It is much more successfully fabricated in shop. It is a heavy
material, and thus the cost of handling it is likely to be greater, as it has to be dismantled into small
pieces. Pieces are connected either by nuts and bolts, or often in proprietary systems by some more
ingenious time saving device. With both methods, pieces are liable to be lost all too easily. Steel
sections are used in the fabrication of different form work components, namely:

1) Steel panel forms.

2) Horizontal and vertical shores.
3) Steel pan and dome components used for joist and waffle slab.
4) Steel pipes for formwork bracing.

Steel formwork is made by fabricating the steel into selected sizes and shape. Steel formwork may be
classified in a general way as follows;

1) Unit forms of various standard sizes for the assembly of slab, beam, wall and column forms.
2) Purpose made the steel forms to specific shapes and sizes
3) Supports or units of falsework for strutting, bracing, backing, and propping various steel.

41 | P a g e
Steel formwork is made by shaping liquefy steel into various shape. The most common shape of steel
formwork is as slab, beam, wall, and column.

For the manufacturing of slab formwork;

 The typical maximum span indicated is based on a 150 mm slab.

 For the trapezoidal sections, the usual size permitting a simple or multiple span of 1.5 to 3.8m
for 1.2mm sheet thickness.
 And for trapezoidal section designed for use in slim floor systems permit spans of up to 6.5m
unpropped and 9m propped.
 Also for re-entrant sections permitting a simple or multiple span of 2.0 to 5.5m for1.2mm sheet
thickness.

For the manufacturing of beam formwork;

 The beams are cast with the floor slab there are two basic possibilities of carrying out of the
formwork which beams are not too large and beams are large.
 The spacing of the beams is relatively close; the beam formwork can include half of the slab
formwork so that no further formwork is necessary.
 Went beam formwork is constructed in one piece it will be necessary to form the sides of the
beam with a pitch or inclination of 10%.
 Normally there have many sizes of beam such as 500 x 800mm, 700 x 800mm, 300x 400mm,
and 600 x 900mm.

For the manufacturing of wall formwork;

 The wall panels are combined with the slab panels so that the wall and slabs can be formed
monolithically in one casting operation,
 And the number of joints between panels is minimized so that there is less chance of grout
leakage or an uneven surface finish at the joint, which is a common fault with in traditional
timber formwork.

For the manufacturing of column formwork;

 The manufactured systems which may be assembled for different column sizes and heights.
One of these is for circular columns consisting of stove-enameler or aluminum mold segment
which are connected with other aluminum moldings having an elastic sealing, in a former.
 These segments are made in two designs, one for column from 300 to 900mm in diameter with
variation in formwork size of 25mm steps.

42 | P a g e
  Other for column from 900 to 2000mm where the formwork size can be varied insteps of
50mm.
 The manufacturers claim that steel or aluminum formwork can be used as many as 250 times.

But normally the manufacturing of column and beam formwork, the panels are molded into the
required sizes. The sizes are ought to be molded according to the standard whether it is British
standard, Euro Code, or Malaysia Code.

Strength and Durability of Formwork:

Formwork for concrete must support all vertical loads that maybe applied until the loads can be carried
by the concrete structure itself (George R. White & others, 1975). Strength and durability is important,
it is frequently stiffness which is the controlling factor in the design. This is of direct importance to
the flatness or straightness of the concrete. It should be sufficiently rigid under construction loads to
maintain the designed shape of concrete. Besides that, it must be stable and strong enough to maintain
large members in alignment. The formwork should be strong enough its own weight and the concrete
weight. Other lateral forces caused by dumping of concrete, movement of construction equipment and
action of wind must be resisted by formwork to prevent lateral failure. It becomes more crucial to big
mass concrete construction. The forms must support all the applied loads without collapse or excessive
deflection.

Timber formwork such as plywood is classified as interior or exterior. The classification is made on
the basis of the resistance of the glue bond to moisture, which is affected by the adhesive used, the
veneer grade, and the panel construction. Plywood is made in four exposure durability classifications:
Exterior, Exposure 1, IMAGE (Exposure 2), and Interior. Exterior type is made with 100 percent
waterproof glue. For greatest strength and stiffness, plywood should be installed with the face of grain
perpendicular to the supports. Section properties parallel to the face grain of the plywood are based
on panel construction which gives minimum values in this direction. Properties perpendicular to the
face grain are based on a usually different panel construction, which gives minimum values in that
direction.

Steel formwork is very durable if it is in thick form. But if it is in the sheet form, it will also dent if it
is too thin. It can be used infinitely with the minimum maintenances. The maintenances are such as
handling the forms carefully when erecting and stripping or moving the formworks. Besides that, the
formworks should be clean and treat so that the concrete will not adhere to the formworks. They can
be reused over 100 times meanwhile traditional timber formwork can be only used for 8-15 times
(C.S. Poon, 2007). A set of steel formwork can be used to complete a building construction and might
still be able to be used in other projects. It also very strong and able to sustain high load of concrete
hence it is very suitable to be used when high stress occurs. They are more rigid and less possibility
to formwork strength failure which may lead to formwork collapse. Furthermore, steel formwork
frames are stronger and less susceptible to damage. But, steel formworks are very heavy and difficult
to handle. Some large steel formworks might need crane to be transported at site.

43 | P a g e
Formworks Materials Effects on Construction Duration:
Construction duration is defined as the rate in which concrete building is raised and can be expressed
in terms of number of floors erected per week or months. Construction duration is an important
criterion in a project. Shorter construction is normally preferred by both client and construction
contractor as long construction time will lead to losses. Formwork operations can control the pace of
construction projects. Formwork is typically supported by several levels of shores and reshores that
carry the loads until the concrete gains enough strength to support its own weight and all other
externally applied loads. As a result, several floors may be blocked, preventing the progress of any
other construction activities. Faster formwork cycle from erection to stripping would allow for faster
removal of shoring and reshoring and faster overall project progress.

Robert L. P. and Garold D. O. (1995) stated that, “Cellular-steel panels are frequently used for the
forms and structural unit of floor systems. This system offers a numbers of advantages, including
lightweight, the elimination of shores and form of concrete, rapid of construction and abundant
raceways for utility services.”

The timber formworks are erected on site by fastening the framing lumber and sheathing materials
such as plywood using spreaders and fasteners. As timber has a limitation of sizes, normally a
formwork is built up of many pieces of lumber. Hence, it is time consuming to construct the timber
formworks especially for complicated or large structures.

Steel formwork has a high efficiency and workability. This is because of steel formworks can be
erected easily using modular systems clip, screw or bolts and nuts. Therefore, by using steel formwork,
faster track construction can be achieved as construction duration of a project can be reduced. Time
for construction should not be wasted in formwork construction as it is a temporary structure. Besides
that, delay of formworks will also postpone the work of concrete thus, lengthen the completion time
of a project. Hence, suitable of formwork should be used to chosen for a project to shorten the project
completion time.

Quality Of Concrete Regarding To Formwork Materials:

The quality of the resulting concrete is dictated by the quality of formwork materials and
workmanship. Many concrete related problems such as discoloration, stains, and dusting are attributed
to concrete formwork. Also, some deformed concrete surface are due to deformed formwork systems
caused by repetitive reuse and inadequate support of formwork. “The quality of surface finish of
concrete is affected by the formwork materials used”. (George R. White

& others, 1975). The materials used will determine the perfection of concrete surface. Formwork
materials must be impermeable to ensure the perfection of the concrete surface and the finished
concrete shape will not be altered. To ensure the high quality of concrete, materials which are
impermeable, have smooth surfaces and will not easily shrink or swell should be used to construction
formwork. This is to ensure the water tightness and regularities of formwork so that the concrete
produced will have smooth surfaces, even color, and correct dimension and shape of concrete.
Unfortunately, timber which is a common formwork material is a porous material which can absorb
water. The porosity of the timber is various and thus leading to variable degree of concretes’ mix
water absorption. This might cause noticeably differences of color tone in the stripped concrete
surface, which are lighter and darker patches. As timber will absorb bleed water from the concrete
surface and retain in the cell cavity, the moisture content of the timber formwork will increase
subsequently with the time of the formworks are reused. If unpigmented plain concrete is used, the
differential moisture content of timber formwork will cause a distinct variation in shade of the stripped
concrete from dark on initial pours, to light on subsequent pours. Other than that, a mixture of old and

44 | P a g e
new timber as formwork materials very often accentuates uneven colour of concrete surface. Besides
that, timber has organic substances such as lignin which can result in discoloration of the concrete.
This will cause the uneven colour of the concrete and affect the aesthetics of the concrete surface (Jack
Cleaver, 2007). Good quality, straight stock is need for timber formwork to ensure the perfection of
concrete cast. A layer of mould oil should be applied to the inside surface of formwork to reduce the
uneven colour of concrete. But, mould oil will increase the risk of blow holes. Blow holes are small
holes, of less than 15mm in diameter, caused by air being trapped between the formwork and concrete
face (R. Chudley, 1999).Furthermore, as timber formworks are erected from pieces of timber; it is
difficult to ensure that the joints are water tightness. Besides that, if the timber formwork is dry, it will
absorb the moisture from wet concrete and swell and bulge thus give an unwanted profile for the
finished concrete. On the other hand, if timber with high moisture content is used, it will shrink and
cup which will cause the open joints. If the joints do not have water tightness, the mortar will leak and
results in the disfigurement of the concrete such as honeycombing. Moreover, common defect in
timber such as bow, crook and twist caused by improper drying

will cause the inability of formwork to provide a proper alignment or smooth and straight surface for
concreting and finally result in uneven concrete surface or concrete disfigurement. Plastering is need
for levelling the uneven concrete surface before applying the floor finishes such as tiles and paints. If
the leakage is serious, it might properly affect the strength of concrete. Steel can provide a strong,
impermeable, large and uniform formwork. As the steel formwork is cast in the factory, it has a precise
and accurate specification. It will have the exact shape and dimension of the specific concrete product.
Thus, better quality concrete products which meet the original concrete design will be produced by
steel formworks. Besides that, it has only few joints as steel formwork can be mould in a longer span
and larger panel. Hence, it can ensure the water tightness of formwork. Furthermore, the surface of
steel formwork is smooth. The concrete surfaces obtained by using steel are suitable for applying tiles
and paints directly (C.S. Poon, 2007). But, a very smooth surface produced by steel formwork might
also will bring problems for process concrete finishing. To make sure the quality, materials and
equipment should be checked on arrival to make sure they are what is required by the designer. They
should be examined for reduction of section or deterioration, particularly if they have been previously
used. It should be ensured that components, such as pins, are to the manufacturer’s specification. All
materials and items of equipment should be checked to ensure that they are in the intended place, and
of the proper type. Material may be of the wrong grade or incorrect cross-section. Dimensions should
be checked, to ensure that the form is in the right place and spacing’s are not too great. It is important
that all connections are done up tightly, so that any movement is minimal and leakage is kept under
control.

45 | P a g e
Task 04 (LO4)
4.1 | Assess the Hazards in Civil Engineering Activities.
A civil engineer plans, designs and directs civil engineering projects, such as roads, railways,
airports, bridges, harbors, canals, dams, irrigation systems, pipelines and power-plants. Civil
engineers are involved in research, planning, administration, supervision, implementation
and project management. They may do work in the following fields: construction;
communication engineering; environmental engineering; hydraulics and water resources;
soil mechanics; building technology; building administration; etc

When we refer to hazards in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly
used definition is ‘A Hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person
or persons’.

The terms Hazard and Risk are often used interchangeably but this simple example explains
the difference between the two.

If there was a spill of water in a room, then that water would present a slipping hazard to
persons passing through it. If a physical barrier prevented access to that area, then the
hazard would remain though the risk would be minimized.

I have visited to construction site of Golf Course in Qatar Foundation,

Health and safety is taken really seriously over there, and safety officers are seen to be
monitoring all the workers frequently to ensure if they are wearing ear plug, shades, helmet
etc all the other PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). But I believe its human nature to try
to break the rules anyway regardless of it being beneficial to themselves only.

From my inspection, all the hazards from the site is stated below:
1) Temperature was really high, around 430 to 440
2) It was really noisy. So hazardous for ear.
3) Environment is dusty.
4) Workers working simultaneously to laying machine, danger being hit
5) Insufficient blockading around work areas
6) Possibilities for Laborer caught, squeezed or keep running over by paver
7) Contact with dangerous substances to any part of the body.
8) Slip, trip or fall on the level
9) Injury caused by falling objects, by stepping on sharp objects, and by impact and
collision with sharp or protruding objects.

46 | P a g e
4.2 | Explain the Legal Framework of Health, Safety and Welfare and the Requirements of the
CDM Regulations.

CDM Control 2007

These Controls concern word related wellbeing, security and welfare in development. They put
obligations in connection to administration courses of action and down to earth measures on a scope
of development extend members, including clients, planners and temporary workers.

These Directions are proposed to concentrate consideration on arranging and administration all
through development ventures, from plan idea onwards. The idea is for wellbeing and security
contemplations to be dealt with as a basic, however typical piece of a venture's advancement – not a
reconsideration or rush on additional.

The key point of CDM2007 is to incorporate wellbeing and security into the administration of the
venture and to urge everybody required to cooperate.

Approach
The exertion given to arranging and overseeing wellbeing and security ought to be in extent to the
dangers and multifaceted nature related with the venture. When choosing what you have to do to
follow these Directions, your concentrate ought to dependably be on activity important to diminish
and oversee dangers. Any printed material created should help with correspondence and hazard
administration. Printed material that adds little to the administration of hazard is a misuse of exertion,
and can be an unsafe diversion from the genuine business of hazard lessening and administration.

Risk recognizable proof

At the point when hazards happen.

1. Outline/overview stages.
2. Development arrange.
3 Design / survey and construction stages.
4. Maintenance and repairs.
5. Ultimate future demolition.
.

Who is put at hazard.

1. Contractors / sub - contractors
2. Employer / client
3. Public
4. Maintenance personal
5. Owner / workers
6. Future demolition contractor

Clients must do..

Architects, contractual workers and other colleagues that they propose to draw in are equipped (or
work under the supervision of a skillful individual), enough resourced and delegated as ahead of
schedule as is practicable.

47 | P a g e
They permit adequate time for each phase of the venture, from idea onwards.

They co-work with others required with the venture as is important to enable them to follow their
obligations under the directions.

They co-ordinate their own work with others required with the venture keeping in mind the end goal
to guarantee that security of those completing the development work, and other people who might be
influenced by There are viable administration plans set up for the duration of the life of the venture to
guarantee that the development work can be completed securely and without hazard to wellbeing (This
does not mean dealing with the work themselves, as couple of clients have the mastery and assets
required and it can cause disarray).

All gatherings are sure about their part and how it interfaces with different gatherings.

Appropriate welfare offices are given by the important temporary worker to those completing the
development work.

Any settled working environment (e.g. workplaces, shops, processing plants, schools) that is being
fabricated will agree to any prerequisites of the Work environment (Wellbeing and Security) Controls
1992; and CDM Directions Direction 2007 8.

CDM Facilitators must do..

The substance of the Wellbeing and Security Document.

The data the chief contractual worker needs to set up the development stage design.

Any outline improvement that may influence arranging and administration of the development stage.
This will specifically incorporate administration of changes to outline amid the development stage
where co-operation is required between originators, central temporary workers and contractual
workers. CDM organizers must perceive that amid the development stage the site is controlled by the
primary contractual worker who stays in charge of actualizing great practice. A decent method for
doing this obligation could be to have sight of the development stage design as it creates.

Designer must do..

Guarantee that they are skilled to address the wellbeing and security issues prone to emerge from the
plan;

Guarantee that clients know about their obligations

Guarantee that, for notifiable ventures, the client has named a CDM organizer and informed HSE.
While completing plan work, take out dangers where this is sensibly conceivable, and diminish chance
related with those perils which stay, assessing the data provided by the client

Give sufficient data about any huge dangers related with the outline

48 | P a g e
Co-ordinate their work with that of others keeping in mind the end goal to enhance the route in which
dangers are overseen and controlled

Central temporary workers must do..

Guarantee that they are equipped to address the wellbeing and security issues liable to be required in
the administration of the development stage.

Guarantee that the development stage is legitimately arranged, overseen and observed, with
sufficiently resourced, able site administration proper to the hazard and action.

Guarantee that each temporary worker who will deal with the venture is educated of the base measure
of time which they will be took into account arranging and planning before they start chip away at
site.

Guarantee that all contractual workers are furnished with the data about the venture that they have to
empower them to do their work securely and without dangers to wellbeing. Solicitations from
contractual workers for data ought to be met expeditiously.

Guarantee safe working and co-appointment and co-operation between contractual workers.

Contractors must do..

Plan, oversee and screen their own particular work to ensure that their specialists are sheltered from
the begin of their work nearby.

Fulfill themselves that they and anybody they utilize or draw in are skilled and sufficiently resourced.

Check clients know about their obligations. This does not imply that each temporary worker needs to
contact the client with duplication of obligation yet to guarantee that the CDM organizer has made the
client mindful.

Give their specialists (regardless of whether utilized or independently employed) with any important
data, including about significant parts of other temporary workers' work, and site enlistment (where
not given by a vital contractual worker) which they have to work securely, to report issues or to react
suitably in a crisis.

49 | P a g e
4.3 | Evaluate the Role of Planning Supervisor in Civil Engineering Activities.
A civil construction supervisor monitors ongoing construction to ensure that the work is being done
correctly and the project stays on schedule. The job focuses on civil construction projects such as
bridges, highways and airports. At least a bachelor's degree in civil engineering or a related field is
required to work as a civil construction supervisor. A master's degree may be preferred, depending
on the position and hiring policies of the government agency. Experience in public works or civil
engineering is also required for most supervisor positions.

A civil construction supervisor must be familiar with the construction and material specifications for
the infrastructure in the local area. Civil projects are conducted on a larger scale and pose a greater
hazard to employees, the public and the environment than a typical private construction job. This
often requires knowledge and experience specific to civil engineering. The construction supervisor
must also be able to analyze the project's design and plan ahead for the safety of workers and
members of the public who will be using the facility for decades to come.

PRIMARY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

1. Supervises and leads foremen, Lead men, skilled labor, and work crews in all
activities concerned project. Ability to optimize resources (manpower, equipment
and materials) to ensure efficient and timely completion of the project. Able to
demonstrate excellent labor management skills, following policies, procedures and
work practices, and developing improvements where necessary.

2. Competent in reading and understanding Specifications, drawings, and all other

discipline related project and engineering documentation. Familiar with and enforces
strict compliance with all QA/QC and Safety procedures, plus all Company rules and
regulations.

3. Commands respect of his foremen, Lead men, skilled labour and discipline
workforce, and develops excellent working relationships with all other department
personnel.

4. Must be an excellent communicator. Able to give instructions and transfer

knowledge in an efficient and effective way to co‐workers and staff. Liaises with
other discipline staff to ensure the optimum interface of the various operational
activities, with the overall objective of successful completion of the project.

5. Understands the principles and importance of planning. Monitors and tracks daily
progress and work completed, comparing planned to actual. Takes appropriate
mitigating action to ensure compliance with the plan, based on knowledge of
available manpower, equipment, materials.

6. Ensures that the foremen, Lead men understand and implement the work plan, by
explaining and engaging in pro‐active communication with the crews.
50 | P a g e
 7. Follows the three week and one week look‐ahead plans for the civil works of the
project, in close liaison with construction, planning and other departments and
disciplines.

8. Reviews quantities of materials received or used during specified periods, in order to

minimize wastage and inefficiency.

9. 9. Ensures that all work is in conformity to standards and specifications. Interprets

specifications and discusses deviations from specified civil procedures to ensure full
compliance with QA/QC inspection plans and procedures.

10. Identifies and implements “on‐the‐job” training programs with the aim of developing
and improving team members’ competency in required skills and abilities.

SECONDARY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

a. Complies with the highest level of safety during all stages of project execution
to avoid any type of incidents and or accidents. Take reasonable care of own
health and safety and that of others in the workplace.

b. Complies with all statutory requirements connected with the implementation

of project.

51 | P a g e
Task 05 (LO5)
5.1 | Design Appropriate Solutions to Civil Engineering Problems.

Political
Late rendering procedures.
Payment problems.
Workers strikes.
Bribes or frauds.
Technical
Traditionally, due to its labor-intensive nature, the use of plant and machinery in the construction
industry has been less than that used in manufacturing. Nevertheless, there has been an underlying
trend towards a greater use of equipment in construction. The scale of modern construction work and
the demand for shorter construction times, make the extensive (efficient) use of equipment essential.
Equipment down-time needs to be minimized to ensure that the return on its investment is achieved.
However, the amount of time that plant is unused can be as much as 90 per cent. This low plant
utilization places a capital burden on the contractor, and it is commonplace in the construction
industry. Plant utilization cannot be ignored if contractors are to reduce construction costs.
Energy perfuming.
Instant design changes
Financial
Late payments
Lack of investment.
Increase of capital cost.
Increases of fuel costs.
Over ordering of materials.
Quality
Average construction worker is only productive for 40 per cent of the time, the remaining 60 per cent
is spent moving from one task to another or waiting for materials and/or instruction. Material problems
causes the low quality
Environmental
Unsustainability.
Emission of carbon.
High land prices.
Time
Absence of Labor Absenteeism can create enormous problems for the construction industry, seriously
affecting planning by reducing the effectiveness of teamwork and output Excessive overtime.
Health and safety
Management and supervision Inexperienced Poor quality / workmanship.
Social
Poor reputation.
Poor communication between stake holders

52 | P a g e
5.2 | Produce Safety Plans for Problems arising from Civil Engineering Activities.

Begun date: 12 March 1998

Term: 24 month

Area: Al Khor (50km far from Doha)

Rundown of work: extensive strengthened solid settlement tanks

Venture includes: Profound unearthing’s, development of substructures and superstructures

Wellbeing and security focuses of this venture. This venture will be finished with no significant
damage mischances. All specialists will go to fitting tool compartment talks and this will be recorded
and checked. Diversion plans. Standard contact and collaboration between the draftsman, foremost
temporary worker and client. Discussion with the workforce.

Dealing with configuration changes amid development stage - The site supervisor will counsel with
the client, draftsman and CDM organizer if any critical plan changes emerge over the span of
development which offer ascent to extra noteworthy dangers

The choice and administration of sub-contractual workers

The trading of wellbeing and security data between contractual workers
Courses of action for site security/get to.
On location trainings.
Generation and endorsement of strategy proclamations.
Wellbeing and security administration and control measures.
Individual defensive gear: All agents will wear the accompanying: wellbeing wellington boots while
working with solid, security cap, high deceivability vest and gloves.
All agents will be educated (by means of a site acceptance/tool compartment talk) of and anticipated
that would follow the contractual worker's site rules
Particular site risks: A particular site perils will be distinguished and managed before any uncovering
work of settlement tank. Access to the work region: The arrangement of a sheltered methods for access
to the work zone is the duty of the contractual worker/client. Welfare offices: The contractual
worker/client must give access to the welfare offices. The accompanying tool kit talks will be given
all through the venture at the fitting stages: Unearthings:

Obliteration
Existing administrations
Strategies for trench bolster
Plant and apparatus cranes and lifting machines
Activity administration
Securing the general population
Hit by machineries
Stuck by an object from height.

53 | P a g e
Reference
1. http://www.resolute-equipment.com/news/53-6-types-of-earth-moving-equipment
2. http://courses.washington.edu/cm420/Lesson7.pdf
3. http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/
4. Building Construction by Dr. B.C. Punima
5. http://www.aboutcivil.org/pile-driving-equipment-hammers.html
6. http://www.civilengineeringbasic.com/types-of-residential-drainage-systems/
7. http://work.chron.com/civil-construction-supervisor-duties-23834.html

8. Zatuwa, Monosagu (2005) Beware, soft ground and the standard penetration test (in Japanese)
Public Works Research Institute
9. University of Missouri - Rolla Class notes on the SPT.
10. http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1586.htm
11. http://www.aboutcivil.org/foundation-types-construction-methods.html

12. Kulhawy, F. H.; Mayne, P. W. (August 1990). Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for
Foundation Design. Ithaca, New York: Electric Power Research Institute. pp. 2–17 to 2–26.
EL-6800.
13. Youd, T. L.; Member, Asce, I. M. Idriss, Chair; Fellow, Asce, Ronald D. Andrus, Co-Chair;
Arango, Ignacio; Castro, Gonzalo; Christian, John T.; Dobry, Richardo; Finn, W. D. Liam;
et al. (2001). "Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and
1998 NCEER∕NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils". Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127 (10): 297–313.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(817).
14. Zatsuwa, Monosagu (2005). "Beware, soft ground and the standard penetration test" (in
Japanese). Public Works Research Institute.
15. http://civilengineersforum.com/raft-foundation-advantages-disadvantages/
16. http://www.google.com/patents/US7581363
17. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/construction/the-british-legal-framework-for-health-and-
safety-construction-essay.php
18. http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=cee
19. http://asit.info/Creative%20Problem%20Solving%20in%20Engineering%20Design,%20thes
is%20by%20Roni%20Horowitz.pdf
20. http://www.globalspec.com/reference/55926/203279/civil-engineering-problems-and-
solutions-15th-edition
21. https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ME101-4.1-Engineering-Design-
Process.pdf

54 | P a g e
 22. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2012/145974/
23. http://www.eng.uwo.ca/research/iclr/simonovic/cee218/cee218_new.pdf
24. http://www.sqa.org.uk/files/nq/Civil_Engineering_AH.PDF
25. http://digisrv-1.biblio.etc.tu-
bs.de:8080/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00014948/Renzi_D
issertation.pdf;jsessionid=214C248518689348BF9F66AB2BE775D1
26. http://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780750685030/Sample_Chapter/Chapter_16.p
df
27. http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Small_Business/Getting_Started/Risk_Assessments_Made_Easy/Und
erstanding_Construction_Risk_Assessment.pdf
28. https://www.slideshare.net/NcDas/engineering-hazards
29. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/ICRTEM/ME/Volume-
1/IOSRIS001.pdf?id=7622
30. Bell, R. and Glade, T., Quantitative risk analysis for landslides- Examples from Bildudalur,
NW-Iceland,
31. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol.4, 2003, pp. 117-131.
32. Carpignano, A., Priotti, W. and Romagnoli, R., Risk analysis techniques applied to floating
oil
33. production in deep offshore environments, International Society of Offshore and Polar
Engineers, Vol.1,
34. 1998, pp. 253- 258.
35. Duijm, N. J., Hazard analysis of technologies for disposing explosive waste, Journal of
Hazardous
36. Materials, A90, 2001, pp. 123–135.
37. Fratczak, M. and Markowski, A. S., Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol.
19, 2006,
38. pp 399-408.
39. Khan, F. I. and Abbasi, S. A., Techniques and methodologies for risk analysis in chemical
process
40. industries, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 11, 1998, pp. 261-277.
41. Khan, F. I. and Abbasi, S. A., Risk analysis of a typical chemical industry using ORA
procedure, Journal
42. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 14, 2001, pp. 43-59.

55 | P a g e
 43. Frank, T., Brooks, S., Creekmore, R., Hasselbalch, B., Murray, K., Obeng, K., Reich, S. and
Sanchez, E.,
44. Quality Risk Management Principles and Industry Case Studies, 2008, pp. 1-9.,
45. https://careertrend.com/list-6713223-responsibilities-construction-supervisor.html
46. L.J. Goodman. Low Cost Housing Technology : An East-West Perspective. New York:
Pergamon Press, 1979.
47. Marcelo Villegas. Tropical bamboo. Newyork: Rizzoli, 1990.
48. Nabeel Hamdi and Reinhard Gorthert. Action Planning for Cities. West Sussex: 1997.
49. P.D.Dunn. Appropriate Technology : Technology with a Human Face. London: The Macmilan
Press,1978.
50. Paul Krugman. The Return of Depression Economics. (n.p.), 1999.
51. Richard, S. Eckuas. Appropriate Technologies For Developing Countries. National Academy
Of Sciences, Wasingtion,D.C.,1977.
52. R.J.Congdon. Introduction to Appropriate Technology. Rodale Press,1977.
53. Roland Stulz and Kiran Mukerji. Appropriate Building Materials. Switzerland: SKAT
publications,1984.
54. Spence, Robin. Building material in developing countries. London: John Wiley&Son, 1983.
55. David, C. Korten. The Post-Corporate World. The People-Centered Development
Forum,1999.
56. Konrad Wachsmann. The Turningpoint of Building. The United States of America:
Reinhold,1961.
57. Georg Lippsmeier and Balwant Singh Saini. Prefabrication for low cost housing in tropical
areas. Germany: Institute for building in the tropics, 1975.
58. Gienn, H.E.. Bamboo Reinforcement in Portland Cement Concrete. bulletin no.4. Clemson
Agricultural College, 1950.
59. Harold, K. Dancy. A Manual of Building Construction. London: Intermediate Technology
Development group,1977.
60. Jan Monkiewicz. International Technology Flows and the Technology Gap. Colorado:
Westview Press,1989.

56 | P a g e
0
BCAS - QATAR CENTRE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BTEC HND IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT RECEIPT

Attach this form to your assignment when submitting to the Dept. of Quantity Surveying, BCAS. Both
sections require a signature from the student and a center coordinator from the Quantity Surveying, BCAS.
Tear off the bottom half and retain for your records until you receive your final results confirmed by the
External Verifier, Edexcel, U.K. for the session.

The Dept. of Quantity Surveying, BCAS accepts no responsibility for assignments submitted after hours,
submitted to other staff members or without an Assignment Receipt. This form is not valid without a Dept.
of Quantity Surveying, BCAS stamp and signature.

SECTION 1 – Department Copy Attach to the Assignment

Student Number Q/CE/15/04/12 Student’s Name Sulaiman Siddique

Phone No +974-70736353 Email Sulaiman808@gmail.com
Batch No Semester
Unit Code M/601/1301 Unit Title Civil Engineering Technology

Description of work being submitted

Report Floppy CD Others
✔

Student Date
Signature
Received By Signature

SECTION 2 – Student’s Copy

Program: BTEC HND IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

Student Number Q/CE/15/04/12 Student’s Name Sulaiman Siddique
Phone No 77666327 Email Sulaiman808@gmail.com
Batch No 04 Semester
Unit Code M/601/1301 Unit Title Civil Engineering Technology

Description of work being submitted

Report Floppy CD Others
✔

Student Date
Signature
Received By Signature

0
1|Page