BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Carbohydrate Metabolism: MCQ on Glycolysis &

Gluconeogenesis
on November 07, 2022

                                     MCQ on Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis

1) Which of the following enzyme is not involved in galactose

metabolism?

a) Glucokinase

b) Galactokinase

c) Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl transferase

d) UDP-Galactose 4- epimerase

2) Which of the following enzyme is defective in galactosemia (type I)

- a fatal genetic disorder in infants?

a) Glucokinase

b) Galactokinase

c) Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl transferase

d) UDP-Galactose 4- epimerase

3) In the liver, the accumulation of which of the following metabolite

attenuates the inhibitory of ATP on phosphofructokinase?

a) Glucose-6-Phosphate
b) Citrate

c) Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

d) Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

4) Mutation in which of the following enzymes leads to a glycogen

storage disease known as "Tarui’s disease"?

 a) Glucokinase
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b) Phosphofructokinase

c) Phosphoglucomutase

d) Pyruvate Kinase

5) Erythrocytes undergo glycolysis for the production of ATP. 

The deficiency of …………….................. enzyme leads to hemolytic

anemia.

a) Glucokinase
b) Phosphofructokinase

c) Phosphoglucomutase
d) Pyruvate Kinase

6) Cancer cells have high energy demands for replication and division.
Increased flux of glucose into glycolysis replenishes the energy

demand. 
Which of the following enzyme plays an important role in tumor

metabolism?
a) Glucokinase

b)Phosphofructokinase
c) Phosphoglucomutase

d) Pyruvate Kinase M2

7) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is important in

insulin-dependent glucose uptake?

a) GLUT1
b) GLUT2

c) GLUT3
d) GLUT4

8) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is present in the

beta cells of the pancreas?

a) GLUT1
b) GLUT2

c) GLUT3
 d) GLUT4
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9) Which of the following glucose transporter (GLUT) is important in

fructose transport in the intestine?

a) GLUT1
b) GLUT3

c) GLUT5
d) GLUT7

10) Which of the following metabolite negatively regulates pyruvate

kinase?
a) Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

b) Citrate
c) Acetyl CoA

d) Alanine

11) In absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into lactate in muscle

because

a) Lactate is the substrate from the downstream pathway

b) Lactate acts as a substrate for the formation of amino acid
c) during the product of lactate two ATP are produced
d) during lactate formation, NADH is reconverted into NAD.

12) Which of the following glycolytic enzyme is inhibited by the

accumulation of long-chain fatty acid in the liver?
a) Hexokinase

b) Glucokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Pyruvate kinase

13) Which of the following statement related to phosphofructokinase-

I is false:
a) PFK-2 is the isoenzyme of PFK-1 that is present in the liver
b) PFK-1 is activated by AMP whereas inhibited by ATP and citrate
c) The binding of ATP to PFK-1 induces the conformation change
 from R to T state
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d) PFK-1 is regulated by posttranslational modification such as
phosphorylation

14) Which of the following statement about Phosphofructokinase-2

(PFK-2) is false?
a) PFK-2 is a bifunctional enzyme having a kinase domain,

phosphatase domain, and a regulatory domain

b) Activated protein kinase A phosphorylates PFK-2 and activates the
phosphatase domain
c) PFK-2 catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to

fructose 2-6 bisphosphate

d) PFK-2 phosphatase activity is activated by the insulin signaling
pathway.

15) Which of the following hormone helps in regulating blood sugar

(glucose) levels and metabolism in the body, and promotes the uptake
of glucose by cells, especially muscle, adipose (fat), and liver cells?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine

c) Cortisol
d) Insulin

16) Which of the following statement is true regarding glycolysis

pathway?
a) Glycolysis occurs only in mammalian cells
b) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria
c) Glycolysis occurs in the presence and absence of oxygen

d) Glycolysis occurs when ATP concentration is high.

17) What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

a) Hexokinase

b) Phosphohexose isomerase
c) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
d) Enolase
BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS
18) The net gain of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the
conversion of glucose to pyruvate is:
a) 1 ATP
b) 2 ATP

c) 1 ATP +1 GTP
d) 4 ATP

19) During the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, two NADH

molecules are generated. 

Which of the following steps generates NADH?
a) Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1-6-
bisphosphate

b) Conversion of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate to 1-3-

bisphosphoglycerate
c)Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
d) Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

20) What is the committed step in glycolysis?

a) Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
b) Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
c) Conversion of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate to 1-3-

bisphosphoglycerate
d) Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

21) Glycolysis consists of three irreversible steps. 

Which of the following enzyme-catalyzed reaction are not

irreversible steps in glycolysis?
a) Hexokinase
b) Phosphofructokinase
c) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate kinase

d) Pyruvate kinase

22) All of the following are the negative regulators of

 phosphofructokinase(PFK) and can inhibit it's activity, except?
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a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

b) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

c) Citrate

d) pH

23) Which of the following enzyme is inhibited by sodium fluoride

that is used as anticoagulant during  blood collection and transport?

a) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

b) 3-phosphoglycerate mutase

c) Enolase
b) AMP

24) Which of the following step is inhibited during arsenate

poisoning?

a) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
b) 3-phosphoglycerate mutase

c) Enolase

d) Pyruvate kinase

25)Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the conversion of

pyruvate to lactate?
a) Pyruvate reductase

b) Lactate reductase
c) Lactate dehydrogenase

d) Pyruvate dehydrogenase

26) Glucokinase is an isoenzyme of hexokinase that has high Km

(Michaelis constant) and Vmax (velocity) which means it has lower

affinity for glucose and becomes active only when glucose levels are

relatively high.

Which of the following organ expresses glucokinase?

a) Kidney

b) Muscle

c) Liver
 d) Brain
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27) Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway is the synthesis of glucose

from non-carbohydrate molecules. 

Which of the following is not the substrate for gluconeogenesis?

a) Lactate

b) Alanine

c) Glycerol
d) Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

28) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys. 

Which is of the following enzyme are important for gluconeogenesis

and are expressed exclusively in these tissues?

a) Glucose-6-phosphatase

b) Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

c) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d) Pyruvate carboxylase

29) During gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis

have to be bypassed. The first step is the conversion of pyruvate to

phosphoenolpyruvate. 
Which of the following statement is false regarding the reaction step?

a) This reaction involves a two-step process catalyzed by pyruvate

carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

b) Conversion of oxaloacetate from pyruvate occurs in mitochondria

and shuttled into the cytosol.

c) Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate requires both ATP and GTP as

an energy source.

d) Acetyl CoA is an activator of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.

30) During gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis

have to be bypassed. The final step is the conversion of glucose-6-P

to glucose which is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase. 

Which of the following statement is true about the reaction step?

a) Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose releases one ATP
 molecule
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b) It is a highly active enzyme in skeletal muscle
c) Defect in glucose-6-phosphatase leads to abnormal accumulation

of glycogen in the liver

d) The reaction occurs in mitochondria

31) Which of the following statement is true about Cori Cycle?

a) The Cori cycle involves three tissues muscle, liver, and brain

b) It involves the transport of lactate from the liver to skeletal tissue

for gluconeogenesis
c) It involves the transport of lactate from skeletal muscle to the liver

for gluconeogenesis
d) It is active during resting stages and in well-fed condition

32) During prolong starvation, which of the following hormone is

responsible for increasing gluconeogenesis in the liver?

a) Insulin

b) Glucagon
c) TSH

d) Thyroxine

Answers with Explanation:

1-a) Glucokinase.
Glucokinase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in glucose

metabolism by catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose to form

glucose-6-phosphate. It is primarily found in the liver and pancreatic

beta cells.

2-c) Galactose-1-Phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)

Galactosemia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the inability

of the body to properly metabolize galactose, a sugar found in milk

and other dairy products. This condition is caused by mutations in

genes that are responsible for producing enzymes involved in the

breakdown of galactose. Type I galactosemia is the most common and

severe form of galactosemia. Galactose-1-phosphate

 uridyltransferase (GALT), is required for converting galactose-1-
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phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate.

3-d) Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-BP) is a crucial regulatory

molecule of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways

involved in glucose metabolism, it acts as an allosteric regulator of

the key enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and fructose-1,6-

bisphosphatase (FBPase-1).

4-b)Phosphofructokinase

Tarui's disease, also known as Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII

(GSD VII) or Muscle Phosphofructokinase Deficiency, is a rare genetic

disorder. It is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the

enzyme muscle phosphofructokinase (PFKM), which is essential for

the glycolytic pathway.

5- d) Pyruvate Kinase

Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the

glycolytic pathway, the deficiency of pyruvate kinase impairs the

ability of red blood cells to generate sufficient ATP and maintain their

structural integrity that leads to pyruvate kinase deficiency hemolytic

anemia (PKDHA). Hemolytic anemia is the premature destruction of

red blood cells (hemolysis), which can lead to a decrease in red blood

cell count and anemia. 

6- d) Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2)

PKM2 is one of the four isoforms of pyruvate kinase involved in

cellular metabolism. It is typically expressed during embryonic

development and often found in cancer cells, provides energy and

building blocks for rapid growth of cancer cells.

7- d) GLUT4
8- b) GLUT2

9- c) GLUT5
 10- d) Alanine
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11- d) during lactate formation, NADH is reconverted into NAD

12- b) Glucokinase

It has lower affinity for glucose and becomes active only when

glucose levels are relatively high. The accumulation of long-chain

fatty acid in the liver inhibits the enzyme glucokinase.

13- d) PFK-1 is regulated by posttranslational modification such as

phosphorylation

14- b) Activated protein kinase A phosphorylates PFK-2 and activates

the phosphatase domain

15-d) Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a central

role in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels and metabolism in the

body. It is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis and

ensuring that cells receive the energy they need to function properly.

 
16-c) Glycolysis occurs in the presence and absence of oxygen

Glycolysis serves as a critical energy-producing process in both

aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions.

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that takes place in the

cytoplasm of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose into two

molecules of pyruvate, along with the generation of a small amount

of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide (NADH).

17- a) Hexokinase
Hexokinase is an enzyme involved in the first step of glycolysis, the

metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy in cells.

18- b) 2 ATP
Two ATP molecules are produced during the glycolysis metabolic

pathway (conversion of glucose to pyruvate)

BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS
19- b) Conversion of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate to 1-3-

bisphosphoglycerate
20- b) Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate

21- c) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate kinase

 
22-b) AMP

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis

pathway. High levels of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Citrate and
low pH (acidic) can inhibit the activity of PFK.

23- c) Enolase
It is an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, sodium fluoride inhibits

enolase and prevents glycolysis to occur during blood collection and

transport, it enables accurate glucose measurement.

24-a) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

25- c) Lactate dehydrogenase

26-c) Liver

Glucokinase is primarily found in the liver and pancreatic beta cells.

In the liver, glucokinase is a crucial component of glucose regulation
and helps regulate glucose homeostasis in the body.

 
27-d) Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis because the

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an irreversible step that is

catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase.

28- a) Glucose-6-phosphatase

29-d) Acetyl CoA is an activator of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase

30- c) Defect in glucose-6-phosphatase leads to abnormal
accumulation of glycogen in the liver
  
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31-c) It involves the transport of lactate from skeletal muscle to the

liver for gluconeogenesis.

Cori cycle is also known as lactic acid cycle. It allows lactate, which is
produced as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism in muscle cells, to

be recycled back into glucose in the liver, which can then be used as a
fuel source by various tissues, including muscles, brain, and red blood
cells (bloodstream).

 
32-b) Glucagon

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