Name : Ahmad Atiq Maliki

Student ID : 2401967132
Class : LGDA

Tugas Personal ke1

(Minggu 1 / Sesi 1)

1. What are the three types of research? Explain your answer. Give an example.
Answer:
a) Exploratory
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its
focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically
accurate data. That is why exploratory research is best suited as the beginning of your
total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining company issues, areas
for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require
statistical research.
b) Descriptive
Descriptive research takes up the bulk of online surveying and is considered conclusive
in nature due to its quantitative nature. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research
is preplanned and structured in design so the information collected can be statistically
inferred on a population.
The main idea behind using this type of research is to better define an opinion, attitude,
or behaviour held by a group of people on a given subject. Consider your everyday
multiple choice question. Since there are predefined categories a respondent must
choose from, it is considered descriptive research. These questions will not give the
unique insights on the issues like exploratory research would. Instead, grouping the
responses into predetermined choices will provide statistically inferable data. This
allows you to measure the significance of your results on the overall population you are
studying, as well as the changes of your respondent’s opinions, attitudes, and
behaviours over time.
c) Causal
Like descriptive research, causal research is quantitative in nature as well as preplanned
and structured in design. For this reason, it is also considered conclusive research.
Causal research differs in its attempt to explain the cause and effect relationship
between variables. This is opposed to the observational style of descriptive research,
because it attempts to decipher whether a relationship is causal through
experimentation. In the end, causal research will have two objectives:
To understand which variables are the cause and which variables are the effect.To
determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to
be predicted.

2. Explain the research process.

Answer:
Research process has several stages, that is:
i. Defining the research objectives
Clear definition of the problem helps the researcher in all subsequent research
efforts including setting of proper research objectives, the determination of the
techniques to be used, and the extent of information to be collected.
ii. Planning a research design
After defining the research problem and deciding the objectives, the research
design must be developed. A research design is a master plan specifying the

STAT6089 – Applied Statistics & Research Method

 procedure for collecting and analysing the needed information. It represents a
framework for the research plan of action.
The objectives of the study are included in the research design to ensure that data
collected are relevant to the objectives. At this stage, the researcher should also
determine the type of sources of information needed, the data collection method
(e.g., survey or interview), the sampling, methodology, and the timing and possible
costs of research.
iii. Planning the sample
Sampling involves procedures that use a small number of items or parts of the
‘population’ (total items) to make conclusion regarding the ‘population’. Important
questions in this regard are— who is to be sampled as a rightly representative lot?
Which is the target ‘population’? What should be the sample size—how large or
how small? How to select the various units to make up the sample?
iv. Collecting the data
The collection of data relates to the gathering of facts to be used in solving the
problem. Hence, methods of market research are essentially methods of data
collection. Data can be secondary, i.e., collected from concerned reports,
magazines and other periodicals, especially written articles, government
publications, company publications, books, etc.
v. Analyzing the data
Analysis of data represents the application of logic to the understanding of data
collected about the subject. In its simplest form analysis may involve
determination of consistent patterns and summarising of appropriate details.
The appropriate analytical techniques chosen would depend upon informational
requirements of the problem, characteristics of the research designs and the nature
of the data gathered. The statistical analysis may range from simple immediate
analysis to very complex multivariate analysis.
vi. Formulating the conclusions and preparing the report
The final stage in the marketing research process is that of interpreting the
information and drawing conclusion for use in managerial decision. The research
report should clearly and effectively communicate the research findings and need
not include complicated statement about the technical aspect of the study and
research methods.
Often the management is not interested in details of research design and statistical
analysis, but instead, in the concrete findings of the research. If need be, the
researcher may bring out his appropriate recommendations or suggestions in the
matter. Researchers must make the presentation technically accurate,
understandable and useful.

3. What are the differences between qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer:
➢ Definition :
Quantitative research can be defined as research that addresses research
objectives through empirical assessments that involve numerical measurement
and analysis approaches.
Qualitative research is more apt to stand on its own in the sense that it requires
less interpretation.

STAT6089 – Applied Statistics & Research Method

 ➢ Common Purpose:
Qualitative research used to discover ideas that mostly used in exploratory
research with general research object while Quantitative research used to test
hypoheses or a specific research.
➢ Approach:
Qualitative reasearch approach by interpreting an observation while quantitatice
research focus on measuring and testing.
➢ Data Collection Approach:
Qualitative research is unstructured or free-form while quantitative research
data collection is structured and categorized.
➢ Researcher Independence:
In qualitative, researcher is intimately involved and the result is subjective base
on researcher’s point of view while in quantitative research, researcher is an
uninvolved observer and the result is objective based on the measurement limit
provided.
➢ Samples:
Qualitative research uses small sample while quantitative research uses large
sample.
➢ Application:
Qualitative research usually used in exploratory research, while quantitative
research used in descriptive and causal research

4. What are the criteria of good measurement?

Answer:
Criteria for a good measurement must have 3 important point, that is:
1. Reliability, this represent the consistency and repeatability of a measure
2. Validity, this refers to the degree to which the instrument measures the concept
the researcher wants to measure.
3. Sensitivity, this is the instrument’s ability to accurately measure variability in
stimuli or responses.

5. What are the levels of measurement? Explain your answer. Give an example.
Answer:
There are four levels of scale measurement, that is:
a) Nominal scales represent the most elementary level of measurement. A nominal
scale assigns a value to an object for identification or classification purposes only.
The value can be, but does not have to be, a number because no quantities are
being represented. In this sense, a nominal scale is truly a qualitative scale.
Nominal scales are extremely useful, and are sometimes the only appropriate
measure, even though they can be considered elementary. Example : male and
female classification.
b) Ordinal scales allow things to be arranged in order based on how much of some
concept they possess. In other words, an ordinal scale is a ranking scale. In fact,
we often use the term rank order to describe an ordinal scale. Example : survey
about level of satisfiying, level of education, etc.
c) Interval scales also represent an ordering based on relative amounts of a concept,
but they also capture the differences between scale values. Thus, interval scales
allow stimuli to be compared to each other based on the difference in their scale
scores. Interval scales measure are generallly treated as continous. Example :

STAT6089 – Applied Statistics & Research Method

 interval scale can be found in student GPA and Temperature (Celcius and
Fahrenheit).
d) Ratio scales represent the highest form of measurement in that they have all the
properties of interval scales with the additional attribute of representing absolute
quantities; characterized by a meaningful absolute zero. Example : ratio scale can
be founf in annual family income and salesperson sale volume.

6. Indicate whether the following measures use a nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scale:
a. Prices on the stock market
b. Marital status, classified as “married” or “never married”
c. A yes/no question asking whether a respondent has ever been unemployed
d. Professorial rank: assistant professor, associate professor, or professor
e. Grades: A, B, C, D, or F
Answer :
a. Prices on the stock market (Ratio)
b. Marital status, classified as “married” or “never married” (Nominal)
c. A yes/no question asking whether a respondent has ever been unemployed
(Nominal)
d. Professorial rank: assistant professor, associate professor, or professor (Ordinal)
e. Grades: A, B, C, D, or F (Ordinal)

STAT6089 – Applied Statistics & Research Method

 REFERENCES

Tim Penulis Applied Statistic & Research Method (2020). Applied Statistic & Research
Method. Binus University: Jakarta. Retrieved from https://ol.binus.ac.id/Course/Topic.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/7-stages-or-steps-involved-in-marketing-
research-process/27953
https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/3-types-survey-research/

STAT6089 – Applied Statistics & Research Method