MOLE CONCEPT

3. Law of Multiple Proportions:

• This law was given by Dalton in 1803.

• According to this law:

If two elements combine to form more than one compound, then the
different masses of one element which combine with a fixed mass of
the other element, bear a simple ratio to one another.
MOLE CONCEPT
 MOLE CONCEPT
Question

Which is an example of the law of multiple proportions?

(1) CO and CO2

(2) CO and H2O

(3) CO and CH4

(4) CO and C2H4

The law of multiple proportions is applicable only for

those compounds which are made up of same two elements only.

So, the answer is (1).

 MOLE CONCEPT
4. Law of Gaseous Volumes:

• This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808.

• He stated that when gases combine or are produced in a

chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume,
provided all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
 MOLE CONCEPT
5. Avogadro’s Law:

• In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal

volumes of all gases at the same
temperature and pressure should contain
equal number of molecules.
 MOLE CONCEPT
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

• It was in 1808, John Dalton, formulated a precise definition of

the indivisible building blocks of matter that we call atoms.
• The hypotheses about the nature of matter on which Dalton's
atomic theory is based can be summarized as follows :

1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties, including
identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are
neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
 MOLE CONCEPT
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES
Atomic Mass:

• It is the mass of an atom and is actually a very small quantity.

• The present system of atomic masses is based on carbon-12 as
the standard.
• Carbon-12 is one of the isotopes of carbon and can be
represented as 12C.
• In this system, 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass
unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms are given relative to
this standard.
 MOLE CONCEPT
Atomic mass unit:

• One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-

twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

One Carbon Atom

1 carbon = 12 amu
𝟏
1 amu= of 1 carbon atom
𝟏𝟐

12 Equal Parts
 MOLE CONCEPT
Since mass of 1 atom of C-12 = 1.9926 × 10–23 g

1.9926 × 10–23 g
1/12th part of the mass of 1 atom =
12

= 1.66056×10–24 g

1
= 6.022×1023 g

1
1 amu = 6.022×1023 g
MOLE CONCEPT
 MOLE CONCEPT
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS:

“Atomic mass as compared to the smallest mass unit, i.e. 1 amu.”

Atomic mass
RAM =
amu

16 amu
e.g. RAM of O = 1 amu = 16

 RAM is unitless.
 MOLE CONCEPT
GRAM-ATOMIC MASS

Gram-atomic mass = mass of 1 g-atom

= mass of 1 mole atoms

= mass of 6.022 x 1023 atoms

R.A.M Atomic Gram atomic

Element (Relative atomic mass) Mass mass
N
He
C