TYPES OF TISSUES

1) Epithelial tissue
- tightly packed cells with minimal matrix
2) Connective tissue
- contains cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
3) Muscle Tissue
- composed of cells that may be cylindrical or spindle-
shaped
- Contain contractile proteins (myofilaments)
- Contraction allows movement
4) Nervous tissue
- contains neurons and glial cells

● Polarity
○ Has an apical surface that is exposed to the
EPITHELIUM external or internal
● Avasculatiry
○ Lack blood vessels
○ It can get nutrients from the apical side through
direct diffusion or diffusion slower than the
membrane ?//? And pass through the epithelium
○ Alive because of diffusion
○ Epithelial tissue can get through the epithelium
● Extensive innervation
○ Epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in
the environment
○ Innervation – nerve
○ Epithelium can detect lack of proteins
● High regeneration capacity
○ Undergo cell division frequently
○ Allows the tissue to regenerate itself
○ Through mitosis

FUNCTIONS
● Physical protection
○ Protect both external and internal surfaces

BACKGROUND
● Membranous tissue which forms various surfaces and
linings throughout the body
● Consistently regeneration forms epithelial stem cells

FUNCTION
● Protective barrier
● Substance secretion
● Substance absorption

COMMON DISORDERS
● Cancer
○ Benign → adenoma of papilloma
○ Malignant → carcinoma
● Celiac disease ● Selective permeability
● Human papillomavirus ○ All substances that enter or leave the body must
pass through an epithelium
ETYMOLOGY ● Secretion
● Epi = upon; thele = nipple ○ Some epithelial cells are specialized to produce
● Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells and release secretions
● Cellularity ○ These cells form glands
○ Composed of almost entirely packed cells ● Sensations
○ There is minimal extracellular matrix between ○ Are innervated (rich with nerves) by sensory nerve
the cells ending to detect or respond to stimulus
 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

1) Simple squamous epithelium

2) Simple cuboidal
3) Simple columnar
4) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
5) Stratified squamous

3) Stratified epithelium
- contains two or more layers with the basal layer in direct
contact with the basement membrane

CLASSIFICATION

1) Simple epithelium
- one layer of epithelial cells
- Cells are in contact with the basement membrane
- allows efficient absorption of nutrients in the digestive
tract

● Keratinized
○ Contain numerous layers of squamous cells, called
keratinocytes, in which the superficial layer of cells is
keratinized
○ Keratin enables the toughness of the cell

2) Pseudostratified epithelium
- appears layered because the cell’s nuclei are distributed
at different levels between the apical and basal surfaces
 ● Stratified
○ Made of cells that can readily change shape from 2) Cuboidal
polyhedral to more flatend, depending upon the - about as tall as they are wide
degree to which the epithelium is stretched

3) Columnar
- slender and taller than they are wide

CLASSIFICATION BY CELL SHAPE

ADDITIONAL NOTES

 Basal connects to basement membrane.

 Apical is exposed to the external environment.
 Connective tissue is rich in blood vessels.
 Difference in cell type is per level.
 Ciliated – with cilia
 Basement membrane – touches cell
 Basal layer – touches basement membrane

1) Squamous
- flat, wide, irregular shape