HISTOLOGY PT.

I
Sunday, May 22, 2022 7:11 PM

Tissue: composed of cells that perform a common function

Cellular Components: cytoskeleton, microfilaments, microtubules,
intermediate filaments and other intracellular fibers
Non-cellular Components: collagen and extracellular fibers that
surround the cell

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
• Epithelium: sheet of cells that will cover an external/internal
surface
• When found outside the body, epithelium tissues form a
protective covering for that structure
• When they are inside a specific structure, they function as a lining
wherein various materials can be absorbed by the body or where
secretions can move within that specific structure.
• These tissues are important in terms of cellular communication
and cell adhesion.
• These are important because most of the structures that are
involved in acquiring nutrients from the food that we eat , from
protecting our body against potential pathogens. Those are main

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 protecting our body against potential pathogens. Those are main
epithelial tissues.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• Usually composed of relatively few cells and mostly composed of
extracellular fibers and sometimes with a ground substance
known as the matrix, in which these fibers are usually embedded.

MUSCULAR TISSUES
• Most abundant tissue
NERVOUS TISSUES
• Very specialized kinds of tissues because there's a need for
organisms to control movement and other bodily functions. That is
why through the course of evolution, we have seen the progression
of more specialized nervous tissues so that we are able to receive,
integrate and transmit information and respond to a certain stimuli
from our environment.

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
- GENERAL FEATURES -

• CELL RENEWAL
○ Characteristic of a tissue to rapidly renew the cell population.
○ Because epithelial tissues function mainly as a lining to
protect and sometimes serve as important communication
structures for other tissues, the cells that compose that
particular epithelial tissue should be actively replaced
anytime it gets displaced or damaged.
• AVASCULARITY
○ Means there are no blood vessels
○ Epithelial tissues are not associated with blood vessels
because there is no need for connective tissues to acquire
nutrients through diffusion.
○ Cells would need nutrition, but they don't need the blood
vessels because the cells of epithelial tissues are usually thin
(one-to-two cellular thick), the nutrients can enter just by

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 (one-to-two cellular thick), the nutrients can enter just by
diffusion
• CELL PACKING
○ Cells are closely opposed to one another because of certain
proteins that are present in the cells that make up the
epithelial tissue.
• POLARITY
○ The intrinsic/ asymmetry which is observed in cells in terms of
their shape, structure, organization of cellular components
○ Epithelial cells become polarized along the apical basal axis.
And because of this polarity, alam ng cell where to necessarily
secrete certain kinds of secretions, if they make one. Alam
nila kung saan sila mag-a-absorb.
• DIVERSITY
○ Shows that several tissues would have different kinds of cells,
in terms of shape, layers, and function.

• Based on General Function

○ Membrane epithelium
○ Glandular epithelium
• Based on Shape of Cell
○ Cuboidal
 Important in terms of secretion
○ Squamous
 Usually flat, and the width is bigger than the height
 Important in terms of absorption and secretion
○ Columnar
 Important in terms of movement of substances
• Based on the Number of Cell Layers
○ Simple: one cell layer thick
○ Stratified: two or more cell layers

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- GENERAL FEATURES -

• DIVERSITY
Connective tissues are the most diverse type because of the

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 ○ Connective tissues are the most diverse type because of the
different substances that make up these tissues and also the cell
types that would compose the tissue
• FUNCTION
○ Most are important in terms of withstanding mechanical or
physical forces, such as pressure
• COMPONENTS
○ Cells
○ Fibers
○ Ground substance (Matrix)

- COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE -

• CELL
○ A variety of cells can be found suspended in connective tissues
○ Fibroblasts: one of the most vital cells in the animal/human
because they are the ones who actively synthesize most of the
fibers in those tissues
• FIBERS
○ Important to resist tension, torque and flexion especially for
body structures of animals/humans that are for movement
• GROUND SUBSTANCE
○ Highly hydrated transparent complex mixture of specific
carbohydrates and proteins

- CONNECTIVE TISSUE TYPES -

I. Connective Tissue Proper

a. Loose/ Areolar
- Greater ground substance and number of cells
(Fibroblasts)
- Loosely arranged fibers (collagen and elastic)
- They offer less mechanical support but they anchor some
of the structures of the animal body like blood vessels ,
nerves and some body organs
- In terms of location, they're very prominent in the upper
portion of the dermis, right below the basement
membrane
b. Dense
i. Dense Regular
- for promoting tensile strength for continuous
contraction because the fibers are arranged in a parallel
manner
- Efficient especially when structures are involved for
contraction
ii. Dense Irregular
- For binding and additional strength
- Dense irregular tissues and loose tissues are often
associated together. They are found in very deep-
lying connective tissues.
II. Specialized Connective Tissue
a. Adipose
- Specialized for excess fat storage
- Composition:

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 - Composition:
- Cell (Adipocytes)
 Store excess lipids as fat droplets
- Fiber (Collagen and Reticular)
- Ground substance
- Associated with the loose connective tissue including the
skin and the internal lining
- When you dissect a mammal, and remove the skin, you will
see a certain layer of adipose tissues
b. Cartilage
- Characterized by firmness and resiliency
- Composition:
- Cell (Chondrocytes)
 Form the cartilage
- Fiber (Collagen)
 Support the cartilage
- Ground substance (sulfated proteins)
- Not well vascularized
- They offer more protection and rigidity in terms of
providing support to structures that are mostly moving and
exposed
c. Vascular/ Blood
- Blood is a tissue, however it is a specialized connective
tissue
- Buffy coat: where you would find platelet and leukocytes
i. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- lack nucleus and organelles (mitochondria) filled
with hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein and
important in terms of gaseous sorting capability)
because it needs minimal amount of energy. They
rely on anaerobic glycolysis. They cannot actively
replace defective proteins that is why RBCs would
only survive for 120 days.
- Biconcave shape facilitates gas exchange because it
provides large surface-to-volume ratio.
ii. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Perform various activities related to immunity
- Major groups:
 Granulocytes
◊ Have specific granules (PMN:
polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
◊ Neutrophils: are the most abundant
granulocytes and important in killing
bacteria
◊ Eusinophils: important because they kill
parasites
◊ Basophils: least abundant and they're
important for allergic reactions and
serve as the coagulant
 Agranulocytes
◊ Monocytes: largest WBCs; precursors of
macrophages
◊ Lymphocytes: smallest WBCs, they
produce antibodies and there are

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 produce antibodies and there are
glycoproteins that interact specifically
with their corresponding antigens which
are molecules recognized by the immune
system
iii. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
- Non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments
- Promotes blood clotting
- Important in repair and protection and maintaining
the integrity of other connective tissues
d. Bone
- Specialized for support, protection, and movement
- Composition:
- Cell (Osteoblast, Osteocytes)
 Osteoblast
◊ Precursor cells of osteocytes
◊ Important in synthesizing the bone
matrix, both the organic and inorganic,
but as they surround by the secreted
matrix, they will differentiate into
osteocytes
 Osteocytes
◊ Mature bone cells that are housed in the
lacuna
◊ they have dendritic processes that link
one osteocyte to the other by gap
junctions
- Fiber (Collagen)
- Ground substance
- Well-vascularized
- Strongest of all vertebrates connective tissues because it is
calcified and mineralized
- Unlike cartilage, bone tissues can undergo the process of
remodelling (bones can repair itself following extensive
damage because the cells are actively communicating and
producing the bone matrix that will later on mature as the
bone tissue)

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