HISTOLOGY PT.

II
Sunday, May 22, 2022 9:01 PM

MUSCULAR TISSUES

• Excitability: a particular cell can be triggered and achieve its

excited state. Certain cells are always in their RMP (Resting
Membrane Potential) . Within the cell constituting excitability, the
RMP is disturbed.
• Contractility: the ability of the muscular tissue to shorten its length
because of ACTIN AND MYOSIN.
• Extensibility: the property of muscle tissues to be stretched
• Elasticity: able to return to original form after being stretched
• Diversity: most of muscular tissues are not that diverse because we
have very specific kinds of muscle tissues
• NOTE: A technical term for a muscle cell is a muscle fiber because
usually they have a fiber-like appearance.

1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
a. Cell shape and size
- Usually long, cylindrical and elongated
- Usually larger than smooth and cardiac muscles
b. Striations
- Distinct characteristic
- Alternating arrangement of light and dark bands in the
muscle (these bands are important in understanding how
muscle contraction works)
c. Location of nuclei
- l.s. (nuclei are peripherally located within the skeletal
muscle)
d. Location
- Most are attached/associated with bones
e. Function
- Locomotion, voluntary control
- Heat propagation (thermo regulate and insulate)
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE
BIO 100 Page 1
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE
a. Cell shape and size
- Long, cylindrical and sometimes branching
- Larger than smooth muscle fibers
b. Striations
- Have striations
c. Location of nuclei
- The nuclei are centrinucleated
- uninucleated
d. Location
- heart
e. Function
- Locomotion: movement of the heart itself
- They are regulated by nerves, collectively known as
pacemakers
f. Special feature
- Intercalated discs: connect one cardiac muscle to another
3. SMOOTH MUSCLE
a. Cell shape and size
- Long and tapering (narrow at the ends)
- Smallest type of muscle tissue
b. Striations
- Lacking striations
c. Location of nuclei
- Centrally nucleated ; uninucleated
d. Location
- Blood vessels
- Internal organs (intestines)
e. Function
- Involuntary control
f. Special Feature
- Closely opposed to each other

NERVOUS TISSUES

• Impulse Conduction: transmission of received information from

environment by passing short electric signals from one cell to
another
• Stimuli: there are certain sensory receptors made up of specific
nervous tissue so that they are able to detect immediate

BIO 100 Page 2

 nervous tissue so that they are able to detect immediate
environment stimulus

CELLS THAT COMPRISE THE NERVOUS TISSUE

a. Neurons/ Nerve Cells
- Neurolemma: plasma membrane of the neurons
- Perikaryon (Cell Body) : contains the subcellular
organelles
□ Nissl Bodies: rough ER that are associated with
proteins
□ Mitochondrion
□ Neurofilmanets & Neurotubules: microtubules
and intermediate filaments connecting the cells
□ Lipofuscin Pigments: residual bodies important in
degradation
- Dendrites: cytoplasmic projections of the neurons; input
zone (receive action potential from the CNS)
□ Dendritic Spines: smallest branches of dendrites;
the more they're present in number, the more the
information received
- Axons (Nerve Fiber): are the cytoplasmic projections;
output zone
□ Axon Hillock
□ Initial Segment
□ Axolemma
□ Axoplasm
□ Collaterals
□ Terminal Bouton/ Axon Terminal
- Myelin/ Medullary Sheath: covers the myelin, which
facilitates faster transmission of electric impulses via
saltatory conduction (describe a way an electrical
impulse skips from node to node down the full length of
an axon); produced by the oligodendrocyte from the
CNS and the schwann cell from the PNS
- Nodes of Ranvier: constrictions within the myelin
sheath that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of
nerve impulses

BIO 100 Page 3