TENSES OF VERBS

GE 105
Mr. Ranie Jaen| 1St Semester | BSBio– 1B
S.Y. 2023 – 2024

● Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific function

for the body SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
● Cells of different tissues are structured differently, which
● Made up of a row of elongated cells
leads to their differences in function.
o Nuclei – all located near the basement
● Tissues of the human body – has 4 major types membrane
o May be ciliated
4 MAJOR TISSUES ● FUNCTION: Protection, Secretion, Absorption
o Protects underlying tissues - Lines the uterus,
stomach, and intestines
o Absorb nutrients
- Intestine – these cells possess microvilli
- Increase the surface area available for
absorption
o Secretes digestive fluids - Mucus-secreting
goblet cells can be found among columnar cells

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
● Widespread throughout the body
o Covers organs, and lines body surfaces
● Anchored to a basement membrane

● Tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material STRATFIED EPITHELIUM

● Generally, lack blood vessels PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

o Avascular – “no blood”
● Appear layered; but not truly layered
● Replaced frequently
o Due to varying positions of their nuclei within the
row of cells
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
● FUNCTION: Secretion and protection
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
● Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting goblet
● Made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells cells
o Line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes
● Suited for diffusion

● FUNCTION: Exchange of gases, protection

o exchange of gases in the lungs
o Lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body
cavities

STRATFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

● Made up of layers of flattened cells

o Designed to protect underlying layers
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM ● FUNCTION: Protect
● Single layer of cube-shaped cell ● Makes up the outer layer of the skin
o Nuclei – centrally located
● Lines the:
● FUNCTION: Secretion and absorption o Mouth
o Secretion & absorption - Kidneys o Throat
o Secretion – glands o Vagina
o Anal canal
● In the skin, outer layers of the cell undergo keratinization
o Does not occur where tissues remain moist
- Throat, vagina, anal canal

TRANSCRIBED BY: LOVE FRANCHESKA LEGASPI 1

LECTURE 3 | ANAPHY – TISSUES

● Made up of cells designed to produce and secrete

substances into ducts or into body fluids
● FUNCTION: Secretion of fluid (tissues)
o Exocrine – glands that secretes products into
ducts
o Endocrine – glands that secrete into body fluids
and blood

CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS

STRATFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM ● Classified by the ways they secrete their products

● Consists of three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen

of the:
o Mammary glands
o Sweat glands
o Salivary glands
o Pancreas
● FUNCTION: Protect
o Several layers of cells provide greater protection
than one single layer

Merocrin
● Release fluid by exocytosis
e
(pancreas)
● Grouped as serous

● Produce a watery fluid, or mucus

STRATFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM which produce a thicker, protective
substance
● Consists of several layers of cells Apocrine
● Lose portions of their cell bodies
● Found in the vas deferens (male urethra) and parts of the during secretion (mammary glands)
pharynx ● Produces and removes
Holocrine
● Release entire cells (sebaceous
glands)
● Cells peel off from the tissue and
disintegrates to form tissue

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
● Bind, support, protect, serve as framework, fill spaces,
● Designed to distend and return to its normal size store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection,
o Lining of the urinary bladder and repair tissue damage
o Bile storage
● Have more abundant matrix (intercellular material)
● Provides distensibility and keeps urine from diffusing back
● Have good blood supplies (except cartilage)
into the internal cavity
3 MAJOR CELL TYPES

● Most common cell type

Fibroblast
● Fixed star shape

● Secretes fibers and is large in size

● Produces fiber

● Scavenger cells
Macrophages
● Defend against infection
’
● Immune system – engulfs bacteria
and destroys it inside
● Located near blood vessels (large)
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Mast cells
where they release
o Heparin (anticoagulant)

TRANSCRIBED BY: LOVE FRANCHESKA LEGASPI 2

LECTURE 3 | ANAPHY – TISSUES

o Histamine (inflammation) ● Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) – lie within lacunae in the

CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS gel-like fluid matrix
● Enclosed within a connective tissue – Perichondrium
● White fibers ● Most common:
Collagenous
● Made of protein collagen o Hyaline – ends of the bone
o Elastic – external ears
● Add strength for holding body parts o Fibro – shock absorber (lamina -spinal)
together (connects) ● Osteocytes – bone cells
● Yellow fibers o Lie within lacunae
Elastic
o Arranged in circles (osteons) around osteonic
● Made of protein elastin canals interconnected by canaliculi
● Stretchy and add flexibility to certain ● Has a good blood supply – enabling rapid recovery after
types of connective tissues (contracts an injury
and relapse)
● Thin collagenous fibers
Reticular
● Form supportive networks in a variety
of tissues

LOOSE CONNECTIVE (AREOLAR) TISSUE

● Forms delicate and thin membranes throughout the body

● FUNCTION: Bind body parts together – skin & underlying BLOOD

organs ● Compose of cells (red and white)
● Majority of the cells are fibroblasts that are separated by o Suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
a gel-like ground substance that contains collagenous ● FUNCTIONS: transport substances throughout the body
and elastic fibers

ADIPOSE TISSUE 4 TYPES OF BONE

● Loose connective tissue
Osteogenic Cells – bone repair & growth
● FUNCTION: store fat
Osteocytes Maintain cells (primary cells)
● Found beneath the skin, around joints padding the Osteoblast Form bones
Osteoclast Bone destruction
kidneys, and other internal organs, and in certain
abdominal membranes ● White blood cells – increase in WBC = infection

● Red blood cells – Plasma (liquid matrix)

● Platelets (thrombocytes) – stop bleeding

MUSCLE TISSUE
● Muscle cells, or fibers can contract
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
● Consists of densely packed collagenous fibers
o Very strong; but lacks good blood supply

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

● Part of tendons and ligaments
CARTILAGE
● Rigid connective tissue
● FUNCTION: framework (support) for various structures
● Lacks vascular system – heals slowly
● Attached to bone
o Can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary)
● Cells (muscle fibers) – long and cylindrical, striated, have
many nuclei, and contract from nervous impulse.
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
● Lacks striations;l Uni-nucleate
● Consists of spindle-shaped cells

TRANSCRIBED BY: LOVE FRANCHESKA LEGASPI 3

LECTURE 3 | ANAPHY – TISSUES

● Involuntary muscle ● FUNCTION: Protection and production of mucus

● Found in the walls of the internal organs, and in the

SYNOVIAL
digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder
● Line the joint cavities

● Consist of only connective tissues

● FUNCTION: Secrete lubricating synovial fluid

CUTANEOUS
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
● Consists of the skin (integument)
● Found only in the heart

● Consists of branching fibers that are connected to each

other with intercalated disks
● Involuntary muscle
o Single nucleus in each cell; but appears
striated

NERVOUS TISSUE
● Found in the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves

● Neurons – nerve cells that conduct nervous impulses

● Neuroglia – helper cells that support and nourish neurons

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
● Composed of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of
connective tissue
● Cover body surfaces and line body cavities

● Four main types: serous, mucous, synovial, and

cutaneous
● Considered to be organs because these membranes are
composed of more than one type of tissue

TYPES OF MEMBRANES

SEROUS

● line body cavities that lack openings to the outside.

● They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs
within these cavities.
● made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue and
secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.

MUCOUS

● line the cavities and openings that lead to the outside

of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities, and
openings of the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and
urinary systems.
● They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with
specialized cells that secrete mucus.

TRANSCRIBED BY: LOVE FRANCHESKA LEGASPI 4