TISSUES, GLANDS, and MEMBRANES

4 Basic Types of Tissue:

▪ Epithelial
▪ Connective
▪ Muscle
▪ Nervous

Tissue:
is a group of cells with similar
structures and functions.
Histology:
is the microscopic study of tissue SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
structures. ▪ Composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cell.
▪ Contain more cell organelles.
EPITHELIUM ▪ Some cells have microvilli or cilia.
▪ Found through out the body where it covers Function: active transport & facilitated diffusion
internal & external surfaces. Location: portions of the kidney tubules, bronchioles
▪ Forms most of the gland.
Functions:
▪ protection
▪ barrier
▪ passage of substance
▪ secretion
▪ absorption

Classification of Epithelium
▪ number of cell layers
▪ shape of the cells
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
▪ Is a single layer of tall or large narrow cells.
Some cells have cilia or microvilli
Function:
▪ specialized for absorption & secretion by the
cells of the stomach & intestines & glands.
Location:
▪ lining of the stomach, intestines, some glands,
some ducts, portion of the bronchioles of the
lungs, auditor tubes,uterus & uterine tubes.

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

▪ Single layer of flattened cells often hexagonal
cells.
Function:
▪ well adapted for diffusion or filtration of water,
gases & other substances.
▪ protection against friction, secretion & absorption
Location:
▪ lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
alveoli, portion of kidney tubules
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
▪ A special type of simple epithelium. Single layer
of cells.
▪ Some cells are tall & thin & reach the free
surface & others do not. Appears to be stratified
but is not.
▪ The cells are almost always ciliated & are Stretched: cells change shape to a low cuboidal or
associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus squamous shape & number of cell layers decreases.
onto the free surface.
Function: synthesis & secretion of mucus. Location: urinary bladder
Location: Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses,
auditory tubes, parts of the pharynx, trachea &
bronchi of the lungs.

GLANDS
Is a multicellular structure that secretes substances
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM on a surface, cavity or in a blood.
▪ Composed of multiple layers of cells that are
cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively Primarily composed of epithelium
flattened toward the surface. Divided into:
Exocrine glands:
Location: ▪ glands with ducts can be simple or compound in
Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: shape
▪ mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, Endocrine glands:
inf. urethra, corn ▪ glands have no ducts & empty their secretions
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium into the blood
▪ skin

Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium:

▪ Surface cells retain a nucleus & cytoplasm.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
▪ The cytoplasm of the cells at the surface is
replaced by a protein called keratin.

Functions:
▪ protection against abrasion
▪ barrier against infection
▪ prevents loss of water from the body

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
▪ Special type of stratified epithelium that can be
greatly stretched.

Unstretched state: consists of 5 or more layers of

cuboidal or columnar cells.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE OR AREOLAR CT
▪ Acts as connections among various tissues. ▪ It is the substance on which most epithelial
▪ Characterized by large amount of extracellular tissue rests.
materials that separate cells from one another. ▪ It forms the superficial layer of the dermis.
Functions: ▪ Consist mostly of collagen & few elastic fibers.
▪ Enclosing & separating ▪ Fibroblast most common cell found which are
▪ Connect tissues to one another responsible for the production of the fibers.
▪ Supports & movements
▪ Storing, Cushion & insulator Functions: “loose packing material of the body” &
▪ Transport support the structures associated with it.
▪ Protection Location: widely distributed in the body.

3 MAJOR COMPONENTS of Extracellular Materials.

▪ protein fibers
▪ non-fibrous protein
▪ fluids

Reticular Fibers:
▪ very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to
form a supporting network.
Elastic Fibers:
▪ structure similar to coiled metal bed springs. DENSE COLLAGENOUS CT
▪ have the ability to recoil to their original shape. ▪ Consist mostly of collagen fibers.
▪ “yellow fibers” Function: withstand pulling forces & resist stretch.
Collagen Fibers: Location: tendons, ligaments
▪ resemble microscopic ropes,
▪ flexible & resist stretching.
▪ “white fibers”

ADIPOSE CT
▪ Often simply called Adipocytes or fat cells are so
full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the
periphery of the cell.

Function: storage of fat & acts as a thermal

insulator.
Location: predominantly beneath the skin,
around the organs( heart, kidneys,
breasts, within bones )
DENSE ELASTIC CT
▪ Has abundant elastic fibers among collagen
fibers.
Functions: allows the tissue to stretch & recoil.
Location: vocal cords, walls of the arteries of the
heart, ligaments between vertebra.
Fibrocartilage
▪ Similar to hyaline but has more collagen.
Function:
▪ able to resist pulling & tearing forces
▪ flexible & capable of withstanding great
pressure.
Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis,
articulating cartilage (knee)

CARTILAGE
▪ composed of cartilage cells called chondrocytes
▪ it gives a rubbery quality in combination of fibers
& ground substance . Elastic Cartilage
Subdivided: ▪ Distinguished by the presence of elastic fibers.
▪ Hyaline cartilage ▪ They appear as coiled fibers among bundles of
▪ Fibrocartilage collagen fibers.
▪ Elastic cartilage Function:
Function: ▪ provides rigidity, but more flexible than hyaline.
▪ flexibility & strength. ▪ able to recoil to its original shape.
▪ it goes back to its original shape once bend & Location: external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes.
compress.

BONE
Is a hard CT that consist of living cells & a minerals.
Bone cells called Osteocytes are located with in the
Hyaline Cartilage matrix called Lacunae.
▪ Most abundant type of cartilage. Function: support & protects other tissues & organs
▪ Has moderate amount of collagen fibers. of the body.
Function: provides support to the structures in which
it is found, with some flexibility. 2 Types:
Location: COMPACT:
▪ coastal cartilage of the ribs. forms large dense pieces of bone matrix.
▪ cartilage ring of the respiratory tract, nasal CANCELLOUS:
cartilage. forms thin, narrow beams of hard bone matrix

BLOOD
▪ Is the major type of fluid matrix CT.
▪ It is unique because the matrix is liquid enabling
blood cells to move through blood vessels.
Function:
▪ Transports O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, waste
products.
▪ Protects the body from infection
▪ Involved in temperature regulation.
SKELETAL
▪ Appear striated (banded)
▪ Cells are large, long & cylindrical with many
nuclei located at the periphery.
Functions: movement of the body under voluntary
control.
Location: attaches to the bone.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
▪ Cells are cylindrical & striated & have a single,
centrally located nucleus.
▪ They are branched & connected to one another
by intercalated disks.
Function: pumps the blood & is under the involuntary
control.
Location: heart
SMOOTH MUSCLE
▪ Are tapered at each end, are not striated and
have a single nucleus.
Function:
▪ regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through
tubes.
▪ control the amount of light entering the eye
Location: walls of hollow organs & tubes such as the
stomach, intestine & blood vessels & iris of the eye.
MEMBRANES
▪ Is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a
structure or line a cavity.
▪ Most membranes consist of epithelial & CT.
2 MAJOR Categories:
▪ Mucous Membrane
▪ Serous Membrane
Serous Membrane:
▪ Consist of simple squamous epithelium resting
on a delicate layer of loose CT.
▪ Major cavities of the body are lined by serous
membrane (lungs, peritoneal cavity).
Function: Secretion, protect
Mucous Membrane:
▪ line the cavities that open to the outside of the
body (digestive, respiratory & reproductive).
Function: protection, absorption, secretion
Serous Membrane are named according to their
location:
▪ Pleural Membrane -associated with the lungs
▪ Pericardial Membrane -associated with the heart
▪ Peritoneal Membrane -associated with the
abdomino-pelvic cavity
When the suffix “itis” is added to the name of the
structure it means that the structure is inflamed.
 e.g. Pericarditis ▪ involves replacement of the injured tissue with
Peritonitis cells of the same type, leaving little or no
evidence of the previous injury.
INFLAMMATION ▪ Normal function is usually restored.
▪ Occurs when tissue are damage. ▪ is limited to tissues with cells that are able to
▪ Invasion of the tissues by microorganisms that undergo mitosis.
trigger a local response. REPLACEMENT:
▪ a new type of tissue develops that eventually
causes scar production and the loss of some
CARDINAL SIGNS tissue production.
▪ Rubor = Redness
▪ Tumor= Swelling FACTORS THAT AFFECT WOUND HEALING
▪ Calor = Heat ▪ Malnutrition
▪ Dolor = Pain ▪ Blood flow & O2 delivery
▪ Impaired inflammatory & Immune response
ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ▪ Infection
▪ Characterized by rapid onset and the resolution
of the tissue changes & damage in a short
period.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Results when the agent responsible for an injury is
not removed or something else interferes with the
process of healing.
May last for weeks, months or even years.

Characteristics:
1. there is an infiltration by the mononuclear cells
(macrophages & lymphocytes) instead of the influx of
the neutrophils commonly seen in acute
inflammation.
2. involves in the proliferation of fibroblast instead of
exudates.

TISSUE REPAIR
Is the substitution of the viable cells for dead cells
which can occur by:
- Regeneration
- Replacement.

REGENERATION: