Competencies:

 Describe the common features of the four types of tissues

 Explain the functions of the four types of tissues
 
Overview: Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial - Tightly packed cells with minimal matrix (Extracellular Matrix - Fluid
outside/surrounding the cells)
2. Connective Tissue - contains cells, protein fibers and ground substance (Different types of
protein fibers)
3. Muscle Tissue - composed of cells that may be cylindrical or spindle shaped; contain
contractile proteins (myofilaments – contraction of tissues and allows movement)
4. Nervous Tissue - contains neurons and glial cells
 
EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Tightly packed
o Only allows certain materials to move across it
 Consistently regenerates from the epithelial stem cells
 Function: to line organs, protective barrier, substance secretion, substance absorption
 usually exposed to abrasions
 Always connected to a basement membranes
o Base counting of the basal layer
 Secretes the following:
o Oil
o Sebum
o Sweat
o Cerumen
 
Mechanism of secretion
 M - mucus

CLASSIFICATIONS:
I. Surface
 According to cellular shape
 According to number of layers
 SHAPE
- Cuboidal
- Squamous
 LAYERS
- Simple
- Pseudostratified
o Keratinized/transitional
II. Grandular
 Location
- Intraepithelial
- Extraepithelial
NOTE:
 R-epithelial
- Always has a basal layer
 o Count layers according to basal membrane
 Always to a basement membrane
o Apical
 Exhibits polarity
o Lateral
 To the side

 
TYPES OF TISSUE: EPITHELIUM
 Epi - upon; Thele - Nipple
 Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells
 Contains little to no extra cellular matrix between its cells
 
CHARACTERISTICS: EPITHELIUM
 Cellularity
o composed of almost entirely packed cells. There is minimal extracellular matrix between
the cells
o the type of cell that makes us the epidermis as a tissue
 Polarity
o an epithelium has an apical surface that is exposed to the external environment or
internal body space
 Allows the material to protect itself
 Materials from the body lumen are allowed to pass through
 Avascularity
o all epithelial tissues lack blood vessels ( but still gets nutrients from the body)
 Extensive innervation epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in the environment (can
easily detect foreign material)
 Active Transport requires energy
o Transport across a semi-permeable membrane
 Passive Transport does not require energy
o Its nutrition is derived from diffusion of materials from its underlying tissues
 High Regeneration capacity can undergo cell division frequently
o Usually exposed to abrasions
o Needs to undergo mitotic cell division
 
FUNCTIONS: EPITHELIUM
 Physical Protection
o protect both external and internal surfaces
 Selective Permeability
o All substances that enter or leave the body must pass through an epithelium
 Secretions
o some epithelial cells are specialized to produce and release secretions. These cells form
glands.
o Ex. mammary gland
 Sensations
o are innervated by sensory nerve ending to detect or respond to stimulus
 
FOUND IN our skin, lining of the kidneys, intestines, esophagus, respiratory tract
 
CLASSIFICATION BY CELL LAYERS: EPITHELIUM
 Simple epithelium
o one layer of epithelial cells.
o All cells are in contact with the basement membrane
o How to identify
 Locate the basement membrane (point of attachment)
 See the nucleus is similarly aligned
o Types:
 Simple squamous
 Simple cuboidal
 Simple columnar
 Pseudostratified Epithelium
o appears layered because the cell's nuclei are distributed at different levels between the
apical and basal surfaces
 only has one layer
o different from simple:
 the nucleus is not arranged similarly
o Questions:
 What if the cell has multiple nuclei, can it still be identified as pseudo stratified
 YES
 It can have more than one nucleus as long as it is still connected to the
basement membrane
o Found in the same layer as the simple epithelium
 Stratified Epithelium
o Contains two or more layers with the basal layer in direct contact with the basement
membrane
o Keratinized
 A type of stratified epithelium that contains numerous layers of squamous cells,
called keratinocytes, in which the superficial layer of cells is keratinized
 Basically produces keratin
o Transitional
 Made of cells that can readily change shape from polyhedral to more flattened,
depending upon the degree to which the epithelium is stretched.
 Can be stretched or extended
 Rigid
 Ex. bladder
 
CLASSIFICATION BY CELL SHAPE: EPITHELIUM
 Squamous - flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape (e. buccal)
 Cuboidal - Cube-like, are about as tall as they are wide
 Columnar - Column-like , made up of cells that are slender and taller than they are wide
(rounder edges)

OVERVIEW: CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Connective Tissue - is the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissues
  Derived from mesenchyme
o undifferentiated tissue (stem cell)
o Ability to differentiate/specialize into different tissues
 
FUNCTIONS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Support
o Structural and Mechanical
 Packing
o Fills spaces, Shape to the organ
 Storage
o Adipose Tissue: Energy
o Essentially contains energy
 Transport
o Medium for nutrients and metabolic wastes
 Repair
o Fibroblasts: matrix and fibers
 Defense Cells Phagocytosis or antibodies
 
 Three Basic Components: Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
 The ground substance and protein fibers make up the extracellular matrix
 
CELLS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Contains two classes of cells: resident cells and wandering cells
 Resident cells
o are stationary cells that are permanently housed within the connective tissues
o Fibroblasts - a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous
cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body
 Secretes Collagen
 Collagen proteins strengthens/maintains the integrity of the tissue
 Responsible for Fiber Production
 Cytoplasmic processes that give rise to the fibers that make up the connective tissue
o Adipocytes - are the major energy storage sites in the body, and they also have critical
endocrine functions (make up the adipose tissue)
 Also known as fat cells
 Appear in small clusters
 Fat Cells - appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper
 Function: Store Lipid, appears as empty space, incapable of cell division
 Has insulation function
 Can expand based on the amount of lipids it contains
 Globular

o Mesenchymal - type of embryonic stem cell within connective tissue

 Undifferentiated Cells
 Capable of undergoing specialization
 Differentiating into different cells
 Stellate in shape
 Pluripotinent cell
  Can Give rise to new cells
 Ex. tearing of tendon – the MESENCHYMAL can differentiate and undergo
cell division (none of 2 daughter cells will maintain its mesenchymal
identity, but the other will differentiate into another cell
 When a mesenchyme goes through cell division, one cell remains mesenchymal, but
the other will specialize in whatever is needed to repair the damage
o Fixed Macrophage - relatively large, irregular shaped cells that are derived from a type of
white blood cell called monocyte
 Cell-Eating/Killing
 Is fixed
 A permanent resident of the connective tissue
 Bacteriophage
 Type of cell that can do cell eating
 
 Wandering cells
o continuously move throughout the connective tissue proper and are components of the
immune system
o Mast cells - are small, mobile cells that are usually found close to blood vessels
 Secretes Heparin
 inhibits blood clotting
 Secretes Histamine
 Allergic Reactions are immune system reactions
 Too much histamine can lead to anaphylactic shock
 Dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow that has an
immunoregulatory function
o Plasma Cells - B-lymphocytes
 B-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that protects the body and are
activated by exposure to foreign bodies
 Produce antibodies
o Leukocytes - also migrate through the blood vessel walls into the connective tissues
 All of the wandering cells have immune system functions
 
PROTEIN FIBERS: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Supports and strengthen the tissue
1. Collagen fibers
 produces collagen
 Are unbranched "cable-like" long protein fibers that are strong, flexible and
resistant to stretching
 Stronger than steel
 Comprises 25% of the bodies protein
 More than 25 types are present
 Allows your body to withstand other forces
 Looks like bacon
 Sythesized by:
 Chondroblasts: in collagen
 Osteoblasts: in bone
 Smooth Muscle: in blood vessels
 Ondotoblasts: in the tooth
 2. Reticular fibers - spiral shaped
 Contains the same subunits found in collagen, but are combined differently
 These fibers form a branching interwoven framework that is tough and
flexible
 Looks like an interwoven fabric/framework; Corned Beef
3. Elastic fibers - spider nets
 Contains the protein elastin
 These fibers branch and rejoin, and appear wavy
 These fibers stretch and recoil easily
 Looks like thread
 
GROUND SUBSTANCE: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Non-cellular material produced by the connective tissue cells
 Within these substance reside the connective tissue cells and protein fibers
 Gel-like
 Are the fluid of the connective tissue
 
CATEGORIES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Loose Connective Tissues
o Are made up of the following three fibers: collagen fibers, reticular fibers,
and elastic fibers
o Works to hold organs in place and is made up of extract
 Areolar Tissue - It is present under the skin and supports epithelium. It
supports the organs present in the abdominal cavity, fills the space
between muscle fibers and wraps around blood and lymph vessels
 Adipose Tissue - Present under thhe skin and store fat. Acts as a shock
absorber and helps in maintaning body temperature in colder
environment. The white adipose tissue prtects the kidney and are also
found at the back of the eye, in the hump of camels, blubber of whales,
and humans. The brown adipose tissue is found in animals.
o Reticular Connective Tissue - it is made up of reticular fibers. It supports the
internal framework of organs such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen.

 Dense Connective Tissues – closely packed

o Are made up of the following three fibers: collagen fibers, reticular fibers,
and elastic fibers
o Exists
o Regular - Tissues are arranged parallel to each other; allows for both
strength and flexibility; mostly found in tendons and ligaments
o Irregular
 
 Specialized Connective Tissues