Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; But nobody could discover
what the infinitely little

might be............Russell, Bertrand
Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x  a when,

im f (a  h) =

im

f (a + h) = Finite
h0 h0
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a. Also note that if L.H.L. &
R.H.L. are both tending towards '  ' or ‘–’, then it is said to be infinite limit.
Remember, ‘x  a’ means that x is approaching to ‘a’ but not equal to ‘a’.
Fundamental theorems on limits :

Let im f (x) = and im g (x) = m. If  & m are finite, then:
xa xa
(A) im { f (x) ± g (x) } =  ± m

xa
(B) im { f(x). g(x) } = . m

xa
f (x)
(C) im = , provided m  0
xa g (x) m
(D) im k f(x) = k im f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

xa xa
 
(E) im f (g(x)) = f  im g (x)  = f (m); provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.
xa
 xa 
Example # 1 : Evaluate the following limits : -

(i) im (x + 2) (ii) im cos (sin x)
x 2 x 0
Solution : (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by im (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4

x 2
(ii) im cos (sin x) = cos

x 0
 imsin x  = cos 0 = 1
x 0
Self practice problems
Evaluate the following limits : -

x2  4
(1) im x(x – 1) (2) im
x 2 x 2 x2
Ans. (1) 2 (2) 2
Indeterminate forms :
0 
If on putting x = a in f(x), any one of , ,0 , º, 0º,1form is obtained, then the limit
0 
has an indeterminate form. All the above forms are interchangeable, i.e. we can change one form to
other by suitable substitutions etc.
In such cases im f(x) may exist.
x a
Limits, Continuity & Derivability
x2  4
Consider f(x) = . Here im x2 – 4 = 0 and im x – 2 = 0
x2 x 2 x 2
0
 im f(x) has an indeterminate form of the type
x 2 0
nx
im has an indeterminate form of type .
x  x
im (1 + x)1/x is an indeterminate form of the type 1
x 0
NOTE :
(i) +=
(ii)  x  = 
a
(iii) = 0, if a is finite.

(iv) is not defined for any a  R.
x [x 2 ]
(v) im is an indeterminate form whereas im is not an indeterminate form
x 0 x x 0 x2
(where [.] represents greatest integer function) Students may remember these forms along with
tending to zero
the prefix ‘tending to’ i.e. is an indeterminate form where as
tending to zero
exactly zero
is not an indeterminate form, its value is zero.
tending to zero
Similarly (tending to one)tending to  is indeterminate form whereas (exactly one)tending to 

is not an
indeterminate form, its value is one.
To evaluate a limit, we must always put the value where ' x ' is approaching to in the function. If we get a
determinate form, then that value becomes the limit otherwise if an indeterminate form comes, we have
to remove the indeterminancy, once the indeterminancy is removed the limit can be evaluated by
putting the value of x, where it is approaching.
Methods of removing indeterminancy
Basic methods of removing indeterminancy are
(A) Factorisation (B) Rationalisation
(C) Using standard limits (D) Substitution
(E) Expansion of functions.
Factorisation method : -
We can cancel out the factors which are leading to indeterminancy and find the limit of the remaining
expression.
x 2  2x  3
Example # 2 im
x 3 x 2  4x  3
x 2  2x  3 (x  3)(x  1)
Solution : im 2 = im =2
x 3 x  4x  3 x 3 (x  3)(x  1)
Rationalisation method :-
We can rationalise the irrational expression in numerator or denominator or in both to remove the
indeterminancy.
Example # 3 : Evaluate :
3  8x  1 x
(i) im (ii) im
x 1
5  24x  1 x 0
1 x  1 x
3  8x  1  9  8x  1  5  24x  1 5
Solution : (i) im = im =
x 1
5  24x  1 x 1
3  8x  1  25  24x  1 9
(ii) The form of the given limit is when x  0. Rationalising the

numerator, we get
x  x 1 x  1 x 
im = im   
x 1
1 x  1 x x 1
 1  x  1  x 1  x  1  x 
 x ( 1 x  1 x )   x ( 1 x  1 x )   1 x  1 x  2
= im   = xim   = xim  = =1
x 1
 (1  x)  (1  x)  1
 2x  1
 2  2

1  (sin x)1/ 3 x h  x
(3) im (4) im
x
 1  (sin x)2 / 3 h 0 h
2
x b  ab x
(5) im (6) im
x a x 2  a2 x 0
4 x  x
1 1 1
Ans. (3) (4) (5) (6) 0
2 2 x 4a a  b
Standard limits :
sin x tan x
(a) (i) im = im =1 [ Where x is measured in radians ]
x0 x x0 x
tan1 x sin1 x
(ii) im = im =1
x0 x x0 x
1 1
(iii) im (1  x) x = e ; im (1  ax) x  ea
x 0
x0
x x
 1 im  1  a   ea
(iv) im  1   = e ; im x  
x0
 x x0
 x 
ex  1 ax  1
(v) im =1 ; im = logea = na ,a > 0
x0 x x0 x
n(1  x)
(vi) im =1
x0 x
xn  an
(vii) im = nan – 1
x a xa
(b) If f(x)  0, when x  a, then
sin f(x)
(i) im =1 (ii) im cos f(x) = 1
x a f(x) x a
tan f(x) ef ( x )  1
(iii) im =1 (iv) im =1
x a f(x) x a f(x)
bf ( x )  1 n(1  f(x))
(v) im = n b, (b > 0) (vi) im =1
x a f(x) x a f(x)
1
(vii) im (1  f(x)) f ( x)  e
x a
(c) im f(x) = A > 0 and im (x) = B(a finite quantity), then im [f(x)](x) = AB.
x a x a x a
(1  x)n  1
Example # 4 : Evaluate : im
x 0 x
(1  x)n  1 (1  x)n  1
Solution : im = im =n
x 0 x x  a (1  x)  1
3x  1
2x  1
x 0
3x  1 3x  1 1 n3
Solution : im x = im . x =
x 0
2 1 x 0 x 2 1 n2
x
1  cos3x
x 0
x2
2
 3x 
3 sin
1  cos3x 1  2  9
Solution : im = im .   =
x 0
x2 x 0 2
 3x  2
 2 
sin2 x
x 0 sin 4x.tan x
2
 sin x 
x2  
sin2 x  x  1
Solution : im = im =
x 0 sin 4x.tan x x  0  sin 4x  tan x  4
4x   x  x
 4x  
Example # 8 : Evaluate : im (1 + 2x)1/x
x 0
2
im .x
x 0x
Solution : im (1 + 2x) = e 1/x
= e2.
x 0
ex  ey x(e x  1)
(i) im (ii) im
xy xy x 0 1  cos x
x y
e e
x y
e (ey
 1)
Solution : (i) im = im = ey
xy xy xy xy
 
x(e x  1) x(e x  1) 1  ex  1 x2 
(ii) im
x  0 1  cos x
= im = . im  . =2
x 0 x 2 x 0
 x x
2sin2 sin2 
2  2 
sin7x 8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
(7) im (8) im 8 
1– cos – cos  cos cos 
x0 3x x0 x  2 4 2 4 
1  sin2x 5x  9x
(9) im (10) im
x
   4x x 0 x
4
b
(11) im (1 + a2)x sin , where a  0
x  (1  a2 )x
7 1 5
Ans. (7) (8) (9) does not exist (10) n (11) b
3 32 9
Use of substitution in solving limit problems

Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert im f(x) into im f(a + h) or im f(a – h) according as
x a h 0 h 0
need of the problem. (here h is approaching to zero.)
cos x  sin x
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x 
cos x  sin x 1 1  tan x 
Solution : im = im . Put x= +h
x

4
cosx  2  2sin x  x

4
2 1  2 sin x 4

 x  h0
4
  1  tan h 2 tan h
1  tan   h  1
1 4  = im 1 1  tan h 1 1  tan h
im = im
h 0
2 1  2 sin    h  h 0
2 1  sin h  cos h h 0
2 2sin2 h  2sin h cos h
4 
  2 2 2
tanh
2
1 2 tan h 1 1 h 1
= im = im
h 0
2 2sin h sin h  cos h  (1  tanh) h 0
2 sin h (1  tanh)
2  2 2  2 sin h  cos h 
h  2 2 
2
2 1
= . = 2
1 2
Limits using expansion

x n a x 2 n2a x3 n3a
(a) ax  1     ........., a  0
1! 2! 3!
x x 2 x3
(b) ex 1     ......
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(c) n (1+x) = x     ........., for  1  x  1
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
(d) sin x  x     .....
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
(e) cos x  1     .....
2! 4! 6!
x3 2x5
(f) tan x = x    ......
3 15
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(g) for |x| < 1, n  R; (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1 . 2 1 . 2 . 3
 
1
x 11 2
(h) (1  x) x
= e 1   x  ............. 
 2 24 
tan x  x
Example # 11: Evaluate : im
x3 x0
x3 2 5
x  x  ....  x
tan x  x 3 15 1
Solution : im 3
= im 3
=
x0 x x  0 x 3
14  x  4  2
im
x2 x2
1 1 1
Solution :
14  x  4 2
=
14  x  4  16 4 =
1 1
1
. 16 4 =
1
im im
x2 x2 x2 14  x   16 4 32
x2
n(1  x)   sin x 
Example # 13 : If im 2 = 1 then find .
x0
x tan2 x 2
 x 2 x3   x3 x5  x2
x2  x    .....     x    .....  
n(1  x)   sin x  2 3   3! 5!  2
im    
2 = 1
Solution : im =
x0
x tan2 x x0
tan x2 2
x3 . 2
x
  = –1
1
e  (1  x) x
x0 tan x
 x 
1
e  e  1   ...... 
e  (1  x) x  2  = im x e
Solution : im = im × =
x0 tan x x0 tan x x0 tan x 2
ex   cos x  e x

Example # 15 : Find the values of  + 2 + 3 if im =2
x 0 x tan x
ex   cos x  e x
Solution : im =2 .....(1)
x 0 x tan x
at x 0 numerator must be equal to zero
  –+=0  =+ .....(2)
ex  (   ) cos x  e x
From (1) & (2), im =2
x 0 tan x
x2
x
 x x 2
x 3   x2 x 4   x x2 x3 
 1     ......  – (   )  1    ......     1     ...... 
 1! 2! 3!   2! 4!   1! 2! 3! 
  im   
2
  =2
x 0
x
2  (   ) x 
x   (   )  (   )  ..... 
 im  x 3!  =2
x 0
x2
Since R.H.S is finite,

0  2  0  ....
 –=0  = , then =2   = 1 then  = 1
1
From (2), =+=1+1=2
So,  + 2 + 3 = 8
Limit when x 

In these types of problems we usually cancel out the greatest power of x common in numerator and
1
denominator both. Also sometime when x , we use to substitute y = and in this case y  0+.
x
cos x
x  x
cos x
Solution : im =0
x  x
1
Example # 17: Evaluate im x.tan
x  x
1
tan
1 x =1
Solution : im x.tan = im
x  x x  1
x
4x  3
x  x8
3
4
4x  3 x = 4.
Solution : im  im
x  x  8 x  8
1
x
4x 2  8
Example # 19 : Evaluate im
7x  x5  1
x 
4 8
 5
4x 2  8 x 3
x
Solution : im = im =0
x 
7x  x5  1 x   7  1  1
x x5
x8
x  
4x 2  x  1
Solution : Replace x by –t
8
1 
t  8 t 1
im = im =–
t  t  2
4t  t  1
2 1 1
4  2
t t
Some important notes :
nx x xn
(i) im =0 (ii) im =0 (iii) im =0
x  x x  ex x  ex
 nx 
n
(iv) im =0 (v) im x(nx)n = 0

x  x x  0
As x  , n x increases much slower than any (positive) power of x where as e x increases much faster
than any (positive) power of x.
(vi) im (1  h)n = 0 and im (1 + h)n  where h  0+.
n n
x10  7x 2  1
x 
ex
x10  7x 2  1
Solution : im =0
x 
ex
Limits of form 1, 00, 0
0
(A) All these forms can be converted into form in the following ways
0
(a) If x  1, y  , then z = (x)y is of 1 form
  n z = y n x
nx  0  1
  n z = form  As y     0 and x  1  nx  0
1  0  y
y
(b) If x  0, y  0, then z = xy is of (00) form
y 0 
   n z = y n x   n z =  0 form 
1  
nx
(c) If x   , y  0, then z = xy is of ()0 form
y 0 
   n z = y n x  0 form   n z =
1  
nx
(B) (1) type of problems can be solved by the following method
1
(a) im (1  x) x
=e
x 0
(b) im [f(x)] g(x)

; where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a
x a
(f (x) 1) g(x)
 
1
{ f ( x ) 1} . g( x )
im[f (x) 1] g(x)
= im 1  f(x)  1
f ( x ) 1 1
= im  [1  (f(x)  1) ] f (x) 1  = exa
x a x a  
 
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
Example # 22 : Evaluate im  2 
x  
x 3
Solution : Since it is in the form of 1
 x2  1 
 x 1
2
  x2  1  x2  3  2 
 2  = exp  lim 
x2  3
 x 1    = e –4
x 3
x 
   
Example # 23 : Evaluate im (tan x)tan 2x


x
4
2 tan x
im (tan x 1) tan2x im(tan x 1)
  1 tan2 x
x x

Solution : Since it is in the form of 1 so im (tan x) tan 2x
=e 4
= e 4

x
4
tan  / 4
2 1
1(1 tan  / 4)
= e = e–1 =
e
x
tan
 a 2a
Example # 24 : Evaluate im  2  
x a
 x
x
tan
 a 2a
Solution : im  2   put x=a+h
x a
 x
  h   h 
tan    cot   h  h 
 h   2 2a   h   2a  im  cot . 1
2a  a h
 1
 im  1    im  1   = eh0 
h 0
 (a  h)  h 0
 ah
 h  2a
 
im   2a  . 
h0  h  a  h 2
 tan  –
  e  2a 
= e 
Example # 25 : Evaluate im (tanx)tanx
x 0
Solution : Let y = im (tanx)tanx

x 0
1
n
n y = im tanx n tanx = im – tan x = 0, as 1  y=1
x 0 x  0 1 tan x
tan x
Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem:

Suppose that f(x)  g(x)  h(x) for all x in some open interval containing a,
except possibly at x = a itself. Suppose also that
h
g
im f(x) = = im h(x), f
xa xa
Then im g(x) = .
xa
[x]  [4x]  [7x]  ....  (3n  2)x 

Example # 26 : Evaluate im , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
n
n2
Solution : We know that, x – 1 < [x]  x
4x – 1 < [4x]  4x
7x – 1 < [7x]  7x
. . .
. . .
(3n – 2)x – 1 < [(3n – 2)x]  (3n – 2)x
 (x + 4x + 7x + .... + (3n – 2)x) – n < [x] + [4x] + .....
+[(3n – 2)x]  (x + 4x + .... + nx)
n

n n
 (3n – 1)x – n < [(3r  2)x]   (3n – 1)x
2 r 1
2
n  3n  1 1 [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] n  3n  1

 im 2
x– < im  im x
n 2 n n n
n2 n 2 n2
3x [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] 3x
 < im 2

2 n   2
n
[x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] 3x
 im =
n
n2 2
Continuity & Derivability :
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c)
xc
i.e. f is continuous at x = c
if Limit

f(c  h) = Limit

f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0 h 0
If a function f (x) is continuous at x = c, the graph of f (x) at the corresponding point ( c, f (c)) will not be
broken. But if f (x) is discontinuous at x = c, the graph will be broken when x = c
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

((i), (ii) and (iii) are discontinuous at x = c)
((iv) is continuous at x = c)
A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons :
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist i.e. Limit

f(x)  Limit

f (x) [figure (i)]
xc xc xc
(ii) f (x) is not defined at x = c [figure (ii)]
(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c) [figure (iii)]

xc
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.

cos2x , x  1
Example # 27 : If f(x) =  , then find whether f(x) is continuous or not at x = 1, where
 [x] , x 1
[ . ] is greatest integer function.
cos2x , x  1
Solution : f(x) = 
 [x] , x 1
For continuity at x = 1, we determine f(1) , lim– f(x) and lim f(x).
x 1 x 1
Now, f(1) = [1] = 1

lim– f(x) = lim– cos 2x = cos 2 = 1
x 1 x 1
and lim f(x) = lim [x] = 1

x 1 x 1
so f(1) = lim– f(x) = lim f(x) = 1

x 1 x 1
 f(x) is continuous at x = 1
Self practice problems :

(12) If possible find value of  for which f(x) is continuous at x =
2
 1  sin x 
 1  cos 2x , x
2

 
f(x) =  , x
 2
 (2x  )2 
 , x
 tan2x 2
(13) Find the values of p and q such that the function


 x  p sin x ; 0  4x  
  
f(x)   2x cot x  q ;   4x  2 is continuous at x = and x =
 p 4 2
 cos 2x  qsin x ; 2  4x  4 
 2
 
Ans. (12) discontinuous (13) p= ,q=
3 2 12
Theorems on continuity :
(i) If f & g are two functions which are continuous at x = c, then the functions defined by:
F1(x) = f(x)  g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x), K is any real number ; F 3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at
f(x)
x = c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x = c.
g(x)
(ii) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a, then the product function 
(x) = f(x). g(x) may or may not be continuous but sum or difference function (x) = f(x)  g(x)
will necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
sin x x  0
e.g. f (x) = x & g(x) = 
0 x0
(iii) If f (x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
 1 , x0
e.g. f (x) = g(x) = 
 1 , x  0
and atmost one out of f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) is continuous at x = a.

Example # 28 : If f(x) = [sin(x–1)] – {sin(x–1)}. Comment on continuity of f(x) at x = 1
2
(where [ . ] denotes G.I.F. and { . } denotes fractional part function).
Solution : f(x) = [sin (x – 1)] – {sin (x – 1)}
Let g(x) = [ sin (x – 1)] + {sin (x – 1)} = sin (x – 1)

which is continuous at x = +1
2

as [sin (x – 1)] and { sin (x – 1)} both are discontinuous at x = +1
2

 At most one of f(x) or g(x) can be continuous at x = +1
2

As g(x) is continuous at x = + 1, therefore, f(x) must be discontinuous
2
 
Alternatively, check the continuity of f(x) by evaluating lim f(x) and f.   1

x  1
2
2 
Continuity of composite functions :
If f is continuous at x = c and g is continuous at x = f(c), then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at
x sin x
x = c. eg. f(x) = 2 & g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0, hence the composite function
x 2
x sin x
(gof) (x) = 2 will also be continuous at x = 0.
x 2
Self practice problem :
 1
1  8x 3 , x  0 (2x  1) , x  0
3
 
(14) f(x)   1 , x0 and g(x)   1 , x0
4x 2 – 1 , x  0 
  2x  1 , x  0

Then define fog (x) and comment on the continuity of gof(x) at x = 1/2
16x  7 ; x  0

Ans. [ fog(x)   3 ; x  0 and gof(x) is discontinous at x = 1/2]
 8x  3 ; x  0

Continuity in an Interval :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a, b).
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [ a, b ] if:
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b),
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit

f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity and
x a
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit


f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity.
x b
(c) All Polynomial functions, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential and Logarithmic functions are
continuous at every point of their respective domains.
On the basis of above facts continuity of a function should be checked at the following points
(i) Continuity of a function should be checked at the points where definition of a function
changes.
(ii) Continuity of {f(x)} and [f(x)] should be checked at all points where f(x) becomes integer.
(iii) Continuity of sgn (f(x)) should be checked at the points where f(x) = 0 (if f(x) = 0 in any
open interval containing a, then x = a is not a point of discontinuity)
(iv) In case of composite function f(g(x)) continuity should be checked at all possible points of
discontinuity of g(x) and at the points where g(x) = c, where x = c is a possible point of
discontinuity of f(x).
 [2x] 0  x 1
Example # 29: If f(x)   , where { . } represents fractional part function and
{3x} sgn(–x) 1  x  2
[ . ] is greatest integer function, then comment on the continuity of function in the interval [0, 2].
Solution : The given function is
 1
 0 0x
2

 1 1
 x 1
 2

3(1– x) 1  x  4
f(x)   3
 4 5
 4 – 3x x
 3 3
 5
 5 – 3x x2
 3
 0 x2
so discontinous at x = 1/2 , 1,4/3, 5/3, 2
x3 1
Example # 30 : If f(x) = and g(x) = , then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog (x).
x 1 x3
x3
Solution : f(x) =
x 1
f(x) is a rational function it must be continuous in its domain
and f is not defined at x = 1
 f is discontinuous at x = 1
1
g(x) =
x3
g(x) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in its domain and g is not defined at
x=3
 g is discontinuous at x = 3
Now fog (x) will be discontinuous at
(i) x=3 (point of discontinuity of g(x))
(ii) g(x) = 1 (when g(x) = point of discontinuity of f(x))
1
if g(x) = 1  =1  x=4
x3
 discontinuity of fog(x) should be checked at x = 3 and x = 4
at x = 3
1
1
fog (x) = x  3
1
1
x3
fog (3) is not defined
1
1
x  3 1 x  3
lim fog (x) = lim = lim = 1  fog (x) is discontinuous at x = 3
x 3 x 3 1 x 2 1  x  3
1
x3
fog (4) = not defined
lim fog (x) = 
x 4
lim fog (x) = –  fog (x) i s discontinuous at x = 4.

x  4

  1
[ n x] . sgn   x    ; 1  x  3
(15) If f(x) =   2  . Find the pointswhere the continuity of f(x),
 2
3  x  3.5
 {x } ;
should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} fractional part function.
3 5
Ans. { 1, , , e, 3 , 10 , 11 , 12 ,3.5 }
2 2
Intermediate value theorem :
A function f which is continuous in a,b possesses the following properties:
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the
equation f(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
Example # 31: Prove that the equation 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
will have real and distinct roots.
Solution : 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
f(x) = 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4 (x + 1) (x – 4)
f(–1) = + ve
f(1) = –ve –1 1 2 4
f(2) = –ve
f(4) = +ve
hence 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
have real and distinct roots
(16) If f(x) = xnx – 2, then show that f(x) = 0 has exactly one root in the interval 1, e).
1 
Example # 32: Let f(x) = Lim , then find f   and also comment on the continuity at x = 0
n  1  nsin x
2
4
1
Solution : Let f(x) = lim
n  1  nsin2 x
 1 1
f   = lim = lim =0
 
4 n   n   1
1  n . sin 2
1 n  
4 2
Now
1 1  1 
f(0) = lim = = 1  lim f(x) = lim  lim  =0
n  n . sin2 (0)  1 1 0 x 0 x  0 n  1  n sin2 x
 
{here sin2x is very small quantity but not zero and very small quantity when multiplied with 
  becomes }
 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
1
(17) If f(x) = Lim (1 + x)n. Comment on the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 and explain Lim (1  x) x  e .
n  x 0
Ans. Discontinous (non-removable)
Example # 33: f(x) = minimum (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2discuss the continuity of this function at x= 
Solution : f(x) = minimum (2 + cos t, 0  t  x), 0  x  2
2  cos x 0  x  
f(x)  
 1   x  2
y
x
which is continuous at x =    

f(x)
x


Differentiability of a function at a point :

 (i) The right hand derivative of f (x) at x = a denoted by f (a+) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
R.H.D. = f (a+) = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h  0 h
(ii) The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by
f (a–) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
L.H.D. = f  (a– ) = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h  0 h
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if f (a+) = f  (a–) = finite
f (a  h)  f (a)
By definition f (a) = Limit
h  0 h
2x  3 , x  1
Example # 34 : Comment on the differentiability of f(x) =  2 at x = 1.
4x – 1 , x  1
f(1  h)  f(1)
Solution : R.H.D. = f (1+)= Limit =8
h  0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)
L.H.D. = f(1–)= Limit =2
h  0 h
As L.H.D.  R.H.D. Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
 ax  b , x  1
Example # 35: If f(x) =  3 , then find a and b so that f(x) become differentiable at x = –1.
ax  x  2b , x  1
Solution : –a + b = –a – 1 + 2b using continuity
 b=1
 a , x  1
f' (x) = 
3ax  1 , x  1
2
1
a = 3a + 1  a=–
2
 3
[sin x], x 1
Example # 36 : If f(x) =  2 , then comment on the derivability at x = 1,
 2{x}  1, x 1

where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.
 3 
f(1  h)  f(1) sin 2 (1  h)  1
Solution : f(1–) = lim = lim   = 0
h0 h h0 h
f(1  h)  f(1) 2{1  h}  1  1 2h

f(1+) = lim = lim = lim =2
h0 h h  0 h h  0 h
 f(1+)  f(1–)
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Self Practice Problems :
  2x  x
   2 , x  3
 3  3
(18) If f(x) =  , then comment on the continuity and differentiable at
 x  3 , x  3
  3 
x = 3, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.

 x sin1 1/ x, x  0
(19) If f(x) =  , then comment on the derivability of f(x) at x = 0.

 0 , x0
Ans. (18) Discontinuous and non-differentiable at x = 3

(19) non-differentiable at x = 0
Concept of tangent and its association with derivability :

 Tangent :- The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a chord or a secant.
f(a  h)  f(a)
slope of the line joining (a,f(a)) and (a + h, f(a + h)) =
h
f(a  h)  f(a)
Slope of tangent at P = f(a) = Lim
h 0 h
The tangent to the graph of a continuous function f at the point P(a, f(a)) is
(i) the line through P with slope f(a) if f(a) exists ;
(ii) the line x = a if L.H.D. and R.H.D. both are either or – .
If neither (i) nor (ii) holds then the graph of f does not have a tangent at the point P.
In case (i) the equation of tangent is y – f(a) = f(a) (x – a).
In case (ii) it is x = a
Note : (i) tangent is also defined as the line joining two infinitesimally close points on a curve.
(ii) A function is said to be derivable at x = a if there exist a tangent of finite slope at that point.
f(a+) = f(a–) = finite value
(iii) y = x3 has x-axis as tangent at origin.

(iv) y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D.  R.H.D.

Example # 37 : Find the equation of tangent to y = (x)1/3 at x = 1 and x = 0.
Solution : At x = 1 Here f(x) = (x)1/3
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3  1 1
L.H.D = f(1–) = lim = lim =
h0 h h0 h 3
f(1  h)  f(1) (1  h)1/ 3  1 1
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim = lim =
h0 h h0 h 3
1
As R.H.D. = L.H.D. =
3
1 1
  slope of tangent =  y – f(1) = (x – 1)
3 3
1
y–1= (x – 1)
3
 3y – x = 2 is tangent to y = x1/3at (1, 1)
At x = 0
(0  h)1/ 3  0
L.H.D. = f(0–) = lim =+
h0 h
(0  h)1/ 3  0
R.H.D. = f(0+) = lim =+
h 0 h
As L.H.D. and R.H.D are infinite.y = f(x) will have a vertical tangent at origin.
  x = 0 is the tangent to y = x 1/3 at origin.
(20) If possible find the equation of tangent to the following curves at the given points.
(i) y = x3 + 3x2 + 28x +1 at x = 0.
(ii) y = (x – 8)2/3 at x = 8.
Ans. (i) y = 28x + 1 (ii) x=8
Relation between differentiability & continuity:
 (i) If f (a) exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a.
 (ii) If f(x) is differentiable at every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that
domain.
Note : The converse of the above result is not true i.e. "If 'f' is continuous at x = a, then 'f' is differentiable at
x = a is not true.
e.g. the functions f(x) =  x  2  is continuous at x = 2 but not differentiable at x = 2.
If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) =  and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m.

Case - 
If  = m = some finite value, then the function f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.
Case - 
if   m = but both have some finite value, then the function f(x) is non differentiable but it is continuous.
Case - 
If at least one of the  or m is infinite, then the function is non differentiable but we can not say about
continuity of f(x).
(i) (ii) (iii)

continuous and differentiable continuous but not differentiable neither continuous nor differentiable
Example # 38 : If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, prove that it will be continuous at x = a.
f(a  h)  f(a)
Solution : f(a+) = lim =
h 0 h
lim [f(a+h) – f(a)] = h
h 0
as h  0 and  is finite, then lim f(a + h) – f(a) = 0

h 0
 lim f (a + h) = f(a).
h 0
Similarly lim [f(a – h)– f(a)] = – h  lim f(a – h) = f(a)

h 0 h 0
 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

h 0 h 0
Hence, f(x) is continuous.
  x2 sgn[x]  {x  4} , 2  x  2

Example # 39 :  If f(x) = , comment on the continuity and differentiability
   sin(x  ) | x  3 |, 2  x  6

of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function, at x = 1, 2.
Solution : Continuity at x = 1
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn[x] + {x – 4}) = 1 + 
x 1 x 1
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4})

x  1 x 1
=1 sgn (0) + 1 +  = 1 + 
  f(1) = 1 + 
  L.H.L = R.H.L = f(1). Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Now for differentiability,
f(1  h)  f(1)
R.H.D. = f(1+) = lim
h 0 h
  (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  {1  h  4}  1  
= lim
h 0 h
(1  h)  h  1
2
1  h2  2h  h  1 h2  3h
= lim = lim = lim =3
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
f(1  h)  f(1)   (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  1  h  1  
and L.H.D. = f(1–) = lim = lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
 f(1 )  f(1 ).
+ –
Hence f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1.

Now at x=2
lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4}) = + 4 . 1 + 1 = 5 + 
x 2 x 2
lim f(x) = lim (+ sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + + sin 2

x 2 x 2
Hence L.H.L  R.H.L

Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and then f(x) also be non differentaible at
x = 2.
Self Practice Problem :
 e[ x]  | x | 1 
  x0
(21) If f(x) =  [x]  {2x}  , comment on the continuity at x = 0 and differentiability at

 1/ 2 x0
x = 0, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function.
Ans. discontinuous hence non-differentiable at x = 0
Differentiability of sum, product & composition of functions :
(i) If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a, then the functions f(x)  g(x), f(x). g(x) will also be
differentiable at x = a & if g (a)  0, then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a
e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x2.
(iii) If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
(iv) If f(x) & g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a, then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be
a differentiable function. e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
Example # 40 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x + |x|.
Solution :
Non-differentiable at x = 0.
Example # 41 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|

 x2 , x  0
Solution :  f(x) =  2
 x , x  0
Differentiable at x = 0
Example # 42 : If f(x) is differentiable and g(x) is differentiable, then prove that f(x) . g(x) will be differentiable.
Solution : Given, f(x) is differentiable
f(a  h)  f(a)
i.e. lim = f(a)
h0 h
g(x) is differentiable
g(a  h)  g(a)
i.e. lim = g(a)
h0 h
let p(x) = f(x) . g(x)
p(a  h)  p(a) f(a  h).g(a  h)  f(a).g(a)
Now, lim = lim
h0 h h  0 h
f(a  h)g(a  h)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a  h).g(a)  f(a).g(a)
= lim
h0 h
 f(a  h) (g (a  h)  g(a)) g (a)(f(a h)  f(a)) 
= lim   
h0  h h 
 g(a  h)  g(a) f(a  h)  f(a) 
= lim  f(a  h).  g(a). 
h0  h h 
= f(a) . g(a) + g(a) f(a) = p(a)
Hence p(x) is differentiable.
 2x  1
 , x0
Example # 43 : If f(x) =  2 then comment on the continuity and differentiability of g(x) by
2x  4x , x  0

drawing the graph of f(|x|) and, |f(x)| and hence comment on the continuity and differentiability
of g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|.
Solution :
2 x
–1
–2
Graph of f(|x|) and |f(x)|

y=f(|x|) y=|f(x)|
2
1
–2 2 x 2 x
–2 –2
If f(|x|) and |f(x)| are continous, then g(x) is continuous. At x = 0 f(|x|) is continuous, and |f(x)| is
discontinuous therefore g(x) is discontineous at x = 0.
 g(x) is non differentiable at x = 0, 2 (find the reason yourself).
Differentiability over an Interval :
 f (x) is said to be differentiable over an open interval if it is differentiable at each point of the interval and
f(x) is said to be differentiable over a closed interval [a, b] if:
(i) for the points a and b, f (a+) and f (b–) exist finitely
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c+) & f(c–) exist finitely and are equal.
All polynomial, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric (inverse trigonometric not included) functions
are differentiable in their domain.
2x
Graph of y = sin–1 Graph of y = sin–1 x.
1  x2
Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1 Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1
Note : Derivability should be checked at following points

(i) At all points where continuity is required to be checked.
(ii) At the critical points of modulus and inverse trigonometric function.
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
  3 2
Example # 44 : If f(x) =  , find those points at which continuity and
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1
 x 1
 4
 

 3  2

differentiability should be checked, where [ . ] is greatest integer function and {.} is fractional
part function. Also check the continuity and differentaibility of f(x) at x = 1/2.
  7 1
 2x   [sin2x] , 0x
  3 2
Solution : f(x) = 
 [4x]   x   .sgn  2x  4  , 1
 x 1
 4
 

 3  2

The points, where we should check the continuity and
1 1 1 2 3
differentiability are x = 0, , , , , ,1
4 3 2 3 4
At x = 1/2
 7
L.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim 2x   [sin 2x] = 0
1 1  3
x x
2 2
 4
R.H.L. = lim f(x) = lim [4x] sgn 2x   = 2(– 1) = – 2
x
1
x
1  3 
2 2
  L.H.L  R.H.L. hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1/2 and hence it is non diffferentiable
at x = 1/2.
Self Practice Problems:
 x  1  1  x 
(22) If f(x) =    , –3  x  5, then draw its graph and comment on the continuity and
 2   2 
differentiability of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function.

 | 4x  6x  3 | ,
2
–2  x  1
(23) If f(x) =  , then draw the graph of f(x) and comment on the
 [x  2x] 1  x  0
2
 ,
differentiability and continuity of f(x), where [ . ] is greatest integer function.
Ans. (22) f(x) is discontinuous at x = –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 hence non-differentiable.
(23) f(x) is discontinuous at x = –1, 0 & non differentiable at x = –1, 0.
Problems of finding functions satisfying given conditions :
Example # 45: If f(x) is a function satisfies the relation for all x, y  R, f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) and if f(0) = 3 and
function is differentiable every where, then find f(x).
f(x  2h)  f(x) f(x)  f(2h)  f(x)  f(0)

Solution : f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 0)
h 0 2h h 0 2h
f(2h)  f(0)
= lim
h 0 2h
= f(0)  f(x) = 3   f (x) 
dx  3 dx
f(x) = 3x + c
  f(0) = 2.0 + c as f(0) = 0
   c=0   f(x) = 3x
Example # 46 : f(x + ) = f(x) . f()  x,   R and f(x) is a differentiable function and f(0) = 1/3, f(x)  0 for
any x. Find f(x)
Solution : f(x) is a differentiable function
f(x  h)  f(x) f(x).f(h)  f(x).f(0)
 f(x) = lim = lim ( f(0) = 1)
h 0 h h  0 h
f(x).(f(h)  f(0)) f (x) 1
= lim
h 0 h
= f(x). f(0) = f(x)  f(x) = f(x)  
f(x)
dx =
3
dx 
x x
  n f(x) = + c n 1 = 0 + c  c = 0 n f(x) = f(x) = ex/3
3 3
xy
Example # 47 : 3f   = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R and f(0) = 4 and f(0) = 2 and function is differentiable for
 3 
all x, then find f(x).
 3x  3h   3x  3.0 
f f
f(x  h)  f(x) 3   
= lim  
3
Solution : f(x) = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
f(3h)  f(0)
= lim = f(x) = 2
h 0 3h
f '(x) = 2  f(x) = 2x + c c = 4 f(x) = 2x + 4
Self Practice Problem:

x
(24) f   = f(x) – f(y)  x , y  R+ and f(1) = 1 , then show that f(x) = nx.
y
Result of Some Known Functional Equation :-
Let x, y are independent variables and f(x) is differentiable function in its domain :
(i) If f(xy) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R+, then f(x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0.
(ii) If f(xy) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = xk, k  R
(iii) If f(x + y) = f (x). f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = akx.
(iv) If f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y)  x, y  R, then f(x) = kx,
where k is a constant in all four parts.
 1  1
Example # 48 : If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} and f(2) =9,
x x
then find f (3)
Solution : f(x) = 1 ± xn
As f(2) = 9  f(x) = 1 + x3
Hence f(3) = 1 + 33 = 28
 1  1
(25) If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} and
x x
f(3) = – 8, then find f(4)
f(x)
(26) If f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all real x, y and f(0)  0, then prove that the function, g(x) = is
1  f 2 (x)
an even function.
Ans. (25) – 15
f(  9h)  f(  h2 )

Example # 49 : Evaluate lim , if f() = 2
h 0 h
 f(  9h)  f(  h2 ) 
 .( 9h  h ) = lim
2
Solution :  lim  f'() . (–9 – h) = 2 × –9 = –18
h 0 
 ( 9h  h2
)h 
h 0

(27) If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then prove that f(x) ± g(x) will be differentiable.
f(3  h)  f(3  sinh)
(28) If f(3) = 12, then find the value of lim .
h 0
h.tan2h
Ans. (28) 2
 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Definition of LHL/RHL and Indeterminate forms
A-1. Examine the graph of y = f(x) as shown and evaluate the following limits :
(i) im f(x) (ii) im f(x) (iii) im f(x) (iv) im f(x)

x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1.99
(v) im f(x)
x  3
A-2. Evaluate the following limits :

(i) im (x + sin x) (ii) im (tan x – 2x) (iii) im x cos x
x 2 x 3 3
x
4
ex
(iv) im xx (v) im
x 5 x 1 sin x
A-3. Evaluate the following limits,

where [ . ] represents greatest integer function and { . } represents fractional part function
x
(i) im [sin x] (ii) im   (iii) im sgn [tan x]
x

2
x 2
2 x 
(iv) im sin–1 (n x)

x 1
 x 1 , x 1
A-4. (i) If f(x) =  , evaluate im f(x).
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
 x , x 1
(ii) Let f(x) =  , if im f(x) exist, then find value of .
2x  3 , x 1 x 1
x2  2 , x  2  2x , x  1
A-5. If f(x) =  and g(x) =  , evaluate im f (g(x)).
 1 x , x  2 3  x , x  1 x 1
A-6. Which of the followings are indeterminate forms. Also state the type.
[x]
(i) im , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function
x 0 x
(ii) im x2  1 – x (iii) im  (tan x)tan2x

x  
x  
2
1
(iv) im ,
x 1
x nx
where { . } denotes the fractional part function
SECTION (B) : Evaluation of limits of form 0/0, /,  – , 0 × , Use of L-Hospital

Rule & Expansion
B-1. Evaluate each of the following limits, if exists
x3  3x  1 4x3  x 2  2x  5
(i) im (ii) im
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 6  5x3  2x  4
a  2x  3x
(iii) im ,a0
x a
3a  x  2 x
B-2. Evaluate the following limits, if exists

1  cos 4x 3 sin x  cos x
(i) im (ii) im
x 0 1  cos5x  
x
x
6
6
tan3x  2x (a  x)2 sin(a  x)  a2 sina
(iii) im (iv) im
x 0 3x  sin2 x x 0 x
(v) im
ebx  eax
, where 0 < a < b (vi) im
x e 2 x
 e2 
x 0 x 1  cos x
x 0
n(1  3x) n (2  x)  n 0.5

(vii) im (viii) im
x 0 3x  1 x0 x
1  cos 2x
xn  2n 2
(ix) Find n  N, if im = 80. (x) im
x 2 x2 x  0 x
( n (1  x)  n2)(3.4 x 1  3x)
(xi) im 1 1
x 1
[(7  x) 3  (1  3x) 2 ].sin(x  1)
B-3. Evaluate the following limits.

 1 2 x  n3  2n2  1  3 n4  1
(i) im  2  2  ....  2  (ii) im , nN
x 
x x x  n   4
n6  6n5  2  5 n7  3n3  1
 
x 5 tan  12   3 | x |2  7
(iii) im
x 
 x 2  8x  x  (iv) im
x  
 x 
| x |3  7 | x |  8
B-4. Evaluate the following limits.

5 5
 2 2
 (x  2) 2  (a  2) 2
(i) im   x  1 3 – (x – 1)3  (ii) im
x  
 
x a x a
(iii)
x
im cos  x 1  cos  x
 
1
 (x  1) (x  2) (x  3) (x  4)  
4
(iv) im x
x  
 
B-5. Evaluate the following limits using expansions :

1 1 tan2 x
ex  1  sin x 
(x  2)  (15x  2)
2 5
2
(i) im 1
(ii) im
x 2 x 0 x3
(7x  2) 4  x
a  bsin x  cos x  cex

B-6 If im exists, find the values of a, b, c. Also find the limit
x 0 x3
B-7. Find the values of a and b so that:

1  a x sin x  b cos x
(i) im may have a finite limit.
x0 x4
(ii) im
x
 x 4  ax3  3x2  bx  2  x 4  2x3  cx2  3x  d  =4
axex  b n (1  x)  cxe x
(iii) im  2
x0 x 2 sin x
 n 1  x  1
(1 x)
B-8. Find the following limit using expansion im   :

x0  x2 x
 
(cos )x  (sin )x  cos 2   

B-9. Prove that im = cos4  n (cos )  sin4  n (sin ),  0 , 
x4 x4  2 
tan(a  2h)  2tan(a  h)  tana

B10. Find the value of lim .
h 0 h2
x n x
SECTION (C) : Limit of form 00 , 0 , 1 , im , im , Sandwitch theorem and
x  ex x  x
Miscellaneous problems on limits.
C-1 Evaluate the following limits :

im  x 
x2
(i) (ii) im (tan x)cosx
x 0 
x
2
(iii) im ([x])1–x , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function

x 1
(iv) im etanx


x
2
C-2. Evaluate the following limits :

x
 1  2x 
(i) im (tan x)tan2x (ii) im  
x

4
x 
 1  3x 
x 1
sec
   x
im 1  nx 
2
(iii) (iv) im  tan   x  
x 1 x 0
 4 
C-3 
If im 1  ax  bx 2
x 1
 x 1
= e3 , then find conditions on a, b and c.
C-4. Evaluate following limits :

 n x  xn 
x n 1  x  e x sin  x 
(i) im   (ii) im e 
x  n x x  xn
[1 . 2x]  [2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]

C-5. Evaluate im , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function.
n  n3
x 2n  1
C-6. If f(x) = im ,nN find range of f(x).
n   x 2n  1
Section (D) : Continuity at a point

 sin (a  1) x  sin x
 x for x  0

D-1. Determine the values of a, b & c for which the function f (x) =  c for x  0
 (x  bx2 )1/2  x1/2
 for x  0
 b x3/2
is continuous at x = 0.
 1  sin3 x , x  /2
 3 cos2 x

D-2. Find the values of ' a ' & ' b ' so that the function, f (x) =  a , x   / 2 is continuous at
 b (1  sin x)
 , x  /2
 (   2 x)
2
x = /2.
D-3. If f(x) = {x} & g(x) = [x] (where {. } & [.] denotes the fractional part and the integral part functions
respectively), then discuss the continuity of :
(i) h(x) = f(x). g(x) at x = 1 and 2 (ii) h(x) = f(x) + g(x) at x = 1
(iii) h(x) = f(x) – g(x) at x = 1 (iv) h(x) = g(x) + f(x) at x = 1 and 2
 f(x)
, x3
D-4. Suppose that f(x) = x3  3x2  4x + 12 and h(x) =  x  3 , then

 K , x3
(a) find all zeros of f
(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
sin3x  A sin 2x  B sin x

D-5. If f(x) = (x  0) is continuous at x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f (0).
x5
D6. If graph of function y = f(x) is
2
1
0 1 2 3
and graph of function
y = g(x)is
1 2
then discuss the continuity of f(x) g(x) at x = 1 and x = 2.
Section (E) : Continuity in an interval, Continuity of composite functions, IMVT
E-1. Find interval for which the function given by the following expressions are continuous :
3x  7 1 x2
(i) f(x) = 2 (ii) f(x) = –
x  5x  6 | x | 1 2
x2  1  x 
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = tan  
1  sin2 x  2 
E-2. If f(x) = x + { x} + [x], where [ . ] is the integral part & { . } is the fractional part function. Discuss the
continuity of f in ( 2, 2). Also find nature of each discontinuity.
x2  1
E-3. If f(x) = and g(x) = tan x, then discuss the continuity of fog (x).
x2  1
1  x , 0  x  2
E-4. Let f(x) =  . Determine the composite function g(x) = f (f(x)) & hence find the point
3  x , 2  x  3
of discontinuity of g , if any.
3 1
E-5. Find the point of discontinuity of y = f(u), where f(u) = and u = .
2u  5u – 3
2
x  2
x3 7
E-6. Show that the function f(x) = – sin  x + 3 takes the value within the interval
4 3
[–2, 2].
1 5
E-7. If g(x) = (|x – 1| + |4x – 11|) [x2 – 2x – 2], then find the number of point of discontinuity of g(x) in  , 
2 2
{where [.] denotes GIF}
Section (F) : Derivability at a point
F-1. Test the continuity & differentiability of the function defined as under at x = 1 & x = 2.
 x ; x  1

f (x) =  2  x ; 1  x  2
 2  3 x  x 2 ; x  2



 1 for    x  0
 
F-2. A function f is defined as follows: f(x) =  1  sin x for 0  x 
 2
  
2

2   x  for  x  
  2  2
Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x = 0 & x = /2.
F-3. Prove that f (x) = |x| cos x is not differentiable at x = 0
F-4. Show that the function f (x) =  x  

 xm sin 1 ; x  0

is,

0 ; x  0
(i) differentiable at x = 0, if m > 1.
(ii) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, if 0 < m  1.
(iii) neither continuous nor differentiable, if m  0.
Examine the differentiability of f (x) = 1  e x at x = 0.

2
F-5.
 a x 2  b if | x |  1

F-6. If f(x) =  1 is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
 | x | if | x |  1

Section (G) : Derivability in an interval
G-1. Draw a graph of the function, y = [x] + |1  x| , 1  x  3. Determine the points, if any, where this
function is not differentiable, where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function.
 1
 x  ; 0  x  1
G-2. Discuss the continuity & derivability of f (x) =  2
 x . [x] ; 1 x  2

where [ x ] indicates the greatest integer x.
G-3. Discuss continuity and differentiability of y = f(x) in [–2, 5] where [.] denotes GIF & {.} denotes FPF
 [x] , x  [–2, 0]
 {x} , x  (0, 2)

 x2
f(x) =  , x  [2, 3)
 4
 1
 , x  [3, 5]
 log4 (x  3)
  x2 
G-4. Check differentiability of f(x) = sgn (x2/3) + cos  2 
+ |x – 1|5/3 in [–2, 2] where [.] denotes GIF.
  1  x 
G-5. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of h(x) = f(x) g(x) in (0, 3) if
 | x  1|  | x  2 |
 , x  (0, 1)
 2
e e
x

f(x) = {where [.] denot GIF} and g(x) =  | x  1|  | x  2 | , x  [1, 2)
[x]  1  3 | x  1|  | x  2 |
  
, x  [2, 3)
 2
Section (H) : Functional equations and Miscellaneous

7
H-1. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y  R and f(1) = 2, then 
r 1
f(r) is :
f(1  cos x)  f(2)

H-2. If f(2) = 4 then, evaluate lim ..
x 0 tan2 x
H-3. Let a function f : R  R be given by f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y  R and f(x)  0 for any x  R. If the
function f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, show that f(x) = f(0) f(x) for all x  R. Also, determine f(x).
 1  1
H-4. Let f(x) be a polynomial function satisfying the relation f(x). f   = f(x) + f    x  R – {0} and
x x
f(3) = –26. Determine f(1).
H-5. Let function f(x) satisfying the relation f(x + y)+ f(x – y) = 2f(x).f(y), then prove that it is even function
H-6. Let f(x) be a bounded function. L1 = im (f(x) – f(x)) and L2 = im f(x) where  > 0. If L1, L2 both
x   x  
L
exist and L1 = L, then prove that L2 = – .

H-7. Let R be the set of real numbers and f: RR be such that for all x & y in R
|f(x) – f(y)|  |x – y|3. Prove that f(x) is constant.
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Definition of LHL/RHL and Indeterminate forms
A-1. im sin1 ((sec x)) is equal to

x0

(A) (B) 1 (C) zero (D) none of these
2
A-2. Consider the following statements :

[x]
S1 : im is an indeterminate form (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function).
x  0 x
sin (3 x )
S2 : im =0
x   3x
x – sin x
S3 : im does not exist.
x  x  cos2 x
(n  2) !  (n  1) !
S4 : im (n  N) =0
n (n  3) !
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
(A) FTFT (B) FTTT (C) FTFF (D) TTFT
A-3. im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) does not exist
cos1(cos x)
A4. lim 1
is equal to :
x 0 sin (sin x)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) Does not exist
SECTION (B) : Evaluation of limits of form 0/0, /,  – , 0 × , Use of L-Hospital

Rule & Expansion
(x3  27) n (x  2)
B-1. im is equal to
x 3 (x 2  9)
(A)  8 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D)  9
(4 x  1)3
B-2. im is equal to
x 0 x  x2 
sin   n  1  
p  3 
(A) 9 p (n 4) (B) 3 p (n 4)3 (C) 12 p (n 4)3 (D) 27 p (n 4)2
B-3. im

sin e x  2  1  is equal to
x2 n (x  1)
(A) 0 (B)  1 (C) 2 (D) 1
sin  n(1  x)

B-4. The value of im is equal to
x  0 n(1  sin x)
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
2 4
1  cos2(x  1)
B-5. im
x 1 x 1
(A) exists and it equals 2
(B) exists and it equals  2
(C) does not exist because x  1 
 (D) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit.
3
1  x 2  4 1  2x
B-6. The value of lim is equal to
x 0 x  x2
1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –
2 2
2  1  cos x
B-7. The value of lim is equal to
x 0 sin2 x
2 2  2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 8 8
cos1 (1  x)
B-8. im  is equal to
x  0 x
1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2
 100 
  xk   100
im  
k 1
B-9. is equal to
x 1 x 1
(A) 0 (B) 5050 (C) 4550 (D)  5050
1
x 3 sin  x  1
B-10. im x is equal to
x x2  x  1
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) none of these
2
 1
x 2 sin  
B-11. im  x  is equal to
x   
9x  x  1
2
1 1
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D) does not exist
3 3
5n  1  3n  22n
B-12. im , n N is equal to
n   5n  2n  32n  3
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) zero

     
B-13. im n cos   sin   , n N is equal to:
n  
 4n   4n 
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
3 4 6
 
x  2 
B-14. im   is equal to (where [ . ] represents greatest integer function)
 cos x 
x 
 
2
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) does not exist
3n  ( 1)n
B-15. im is equal to (n  N)
n  4n  ( 1)n
3 3 3
(A) – (B) – if n is even ; if n is odd
4 4 4
3
(C) not exist if n is even ; – if n is odd (D) 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd
4
 2 1 
B16. lim   is equal to :
x 1 1  x 2
 x  1 
1 1
(A) (B) – (C) –1 (D) Does not exist
2 2
  1 
B-17. im  x  x 2 n 1   is equal to :
x 
  x  
1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 3
x2
–
e 2
– cos x
B-18. im is equal to
x0 x 3 sin x
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 8
sin(6x 2 )
B-19. im is equal to
x  0 ncos(2x 2  x)
(A) 12 (B)  12 (C) 6 (D)  6
sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sina

B-20. lim is equal to :
h 0 h3
(A) cosa (B) –cosa (C) sina (D) sina cosa
x n x
SECTION (C) : Limit of form 00 , 0 , 1 , x 
im x
, x 
im , Sandwitch theorem and
e x
Miscellaneous problems on limits.
x 1
 x  2
C-1. im   is equal to
x
 x  2
(A) e4 (B) e 4 (C) e2 (D) none of these
 
5
C-2. im  1  tan2 x x
is equal to
x  0
(A) e5 (B) e2 (C) e (D) none of these

1
C-3. The value of im (1  [x]) n (tan x) is equal to (where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function)

x
4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e1
x
 x 2  2x  1 
C-4. im  2  is equal to
x
 x  4x  2 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) e2 (D) e
1
C-5. The limiting value of (cos x) sin x at x = 0 is:
(A) 1 (B) e (C) 0 (D) none of these
 x 
tan  
 a  2a 
C-6. im  2   is equal to
xa
 x
a 2a 2
  
  
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) 1
n
 x 
C-7. im  cos  is
n 
 n
 x2 x2
 x2 2 x2 2
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e
C-8. If [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, then im

n
1
n4
 [13 x]  [23 x]  ...  [n3 x]  is
equal to
x x x x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 4
Section (D) : Continuity at a point

cos(sin x)  cos x
D-1. A function f(x) is defined as below f(x) = , x  0 and f(0) = a
x2
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 if 'a' equals
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
 1
D-2. Let f(x) =  x   [x] , when – 2  x  2. where [ . ] represents greatest integer function. Then
 2 
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = – 1 (D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
D-3.

log
The function f(x) is defined by f(x) =  (4x 3)
x 2  2x  5 , if 4 
3  x  1 or
 x  1

 4 , if x  1
(A) is continuous at x = 1
(B) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1 + ) does not exist though f(1  ) exists
(C) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1  ) does not exist though f(1 + ) exists
(D) is discontinuous since neither f(1  ) nor f(1 + ) exists.
 
D-4. If f(x) = x sin   x  2[x]   , then f(x)is {where [.] denotes GIF}
2 
(A) Discontinuous at x = 2 (B) Discontinuous at x = 1
(C) Continuous at x = 1 (D) Continuous at x = 3
Section (E) : Continuity in an interval, Continuity of composite functions, IMVT
 (1  p x)  (1  p x)
 x , 1  x  0
E-1. f (x) =  is continuous in the interval [  1, 1 ], then ' p' is
 2x  1 , 0  x 1
 x  2
equal to:
(A)  1 (B)  1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
E-2. Let f(x) = Sgn(x) and g(x) = x (x2 – 5x + 6). The function f(g(x)) is discontinuous at
(A) infinitely many points (B) exactly one point
(C) exactly three points (D) no point
1 1
E-3. If y = where t = , then the number of points of discontinuities of y = f(x), x  R is
t t2
2
x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
E-4. The equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has

(A) no solution in [0, /4] (B) at least one real solution in [0, /4]
(C) two real solution in [0, /4] (D) None of these
Section (F) : Derivability at a point
F-1. If f(x) = x  
x  x  1 , then indicate the correct alternative(s):
(A) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(D) none
 x(3e1/ x  4)
 , x0
F-2. If f(x) =  2  e1/ x , then f(x) is
 x0
 0 ,
(A) continuous as well differentiable at x = 0
(B) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) neither differentiable at x = 0 nor continuous at x = 0
(D) none of these
x
F-3. If f(x) = be a real valued function, then
x 1 x
(A) f(x) is continuous, but f(0) does not exist (B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 (D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
F-4. The function f(x) = sin1 (cos x) is :

(A) discontinuous at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0
(C) differentiable at x = 0 (D) none of these
 x  {x}  x sin{x} for x  0

F-5. If f(x) =  , where { . } denotes the fractional part function, then:
0 for x  0
(A) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0 (B) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 2 (D) none of these.
   [x] 2[  x]   5 
   x  
log a [x]  [  x] x  a  for x  0 ; a  1
F-6.

Given f(x) =  a
   1 
  
x 
 3 a 
  
 0 for x  0
where [.] represents the integral part function, then:
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0
(C) the differentiability of 'f' at x = 0 depends on the value of a
(D) f is continuous & differentiable at x = 0 and for a = e only.
 x2  1
 , 0  x  2
x2  1

 1 x3  x2 , 2  x  3
F-7. If f (x) = 
4
( ) , then:

9
4  x  4  2  x  , 3  x  4

(A) f (x) is differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (B) f (x) is non-differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3
(C) f (x) is differentiable at x = 3 but not at x = 2 (D) f (x) is differentiable at x = 2 but not at x = 3.
Section (G) : Derivability in an interval

x
G-1. The set of all points where the function f(x) = is differentiable is:
1 |x|
(A) (  ) (B) [ 0, ) (C) ( , 0)  (0, ) (D) (0, )
G-2. If f (x) is differentiable everywhere, then :

(A) f  is differentiable everywhere
2
(B) f is differentiable everywhere
(C) f f is not differentiable at some point (D) f + f is differentiable everywhere
G-3. Let f (x) be defined in [ 2 , 2] by

f (x) = 

max 4  x 2 ,

1  x2 ,  2  x  0
, then f (x) :
 
 min 4  x 2 , 1  x2 , 0  x  2
(A) is continuous at all points (B) is not continuous at more than one point .
(C) is not differentiable only at one point (D) is not differentiable at more than one point
G-4. The number of points at which the function f(x) = max. {a  x, a + x, b},   < x < , 0 < a < b cannot be
differentiable is:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) none of these
max f(t), 0  t  x, 0  x  1
G-5. Let f(x) = x – x2 and g(x) =  , then in the interval [0, )
 sin x , x  1
(A) g(x) is everywhere continuous except at two points
(B) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at two points
(C) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at x = 1
(D) none of these
G-6. Consider the following statements :
S1 : Number of points where f(x) = | x sgn (1 – x2) | is non-differentiable is 3.

 
a sin 2 (x  1) , x  0
S2 : Defined f(x) =  , In order that f(x) be continuous at x = 0, 'a' should be
 tan x  sin x , x  0
 x3
1
equal to
2
S3 : The set of all points, where the function 3
x 2 | x | is differentiable is (–, 0)  (0, )
1
S4 : Number of points where f(x) = is non-differentiable in the interval (0, 3) is 3.
sin–1(sin x)
(A) TTTF (B) TTTT (C) FTTF (D) TFTT
G-7. Consider the following statements :

sin (  [x  ])
S1 : Let f(x) = , where [ . ] stands for the greatest integer function. Then f(x) is
1  [x]2
discontinuous at x = n + , n 
S2 : The function f(x) = p[x + 1] + q [x – 1], (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) is
continuous at x = 1 if p + q = 0
S3 : Let f(x) = |[x] x| for – 1  x  2, where [.] is greatest integer function, then f is not differentiable
at x = 2.
S4 : If f(x) takes only rational values for all real x and is continuous, then f(10) = 10.
(A) FTTT (B) TTTF (C) FTTF (D) FFTF
G-8. For what triplets of real numbers (a, b, c) with a 0 the function

 x , x  1
f(x) =  is differentiable for all real x?
2
ax  bx  c , otherwise

(A) {(a, 12a, a)  a  R, a 0 }
(B) {(a, 12a, c)  a, c  R, a 0 }
(C) {(a, b, c)  a, b, c  R, a + b + c =1 }
(D) {(a, 12a, 0)  a  R, a 0}
Section (H) : Functional Equations and Miscellaneous
f(2h  2  h2 )  f(2)
H-1. Given that f(2) = 6 and f(1) = 4, then lim =
h 0 f(h  h2  1)  f(1)
(A) does not exist (B) is equal to –3/2 (C) is equal to 3/2 (D) is equal to 3
10
H-2. If f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y),  x & y  N and f(1) = 2, then the value of  f(n) is
n 1
(A) 2036 (B) 2046 (C) 2056 (D) 2066
H-3. If f(1) = 1 and f(n + 1) = 2f(n) + 1 if n  1, then f(n) is equal to

(A) 2n + 1 (B) 2n (C) 2n – 1 (D) 2n–1 – 1
  1
x = x + x 2 (x  0), then f(x) is equal to
H-4. If y = f(x) satisfies the condition f x  1 2
(A)  x2  2 (B)  x2  2
(C) x – 2, x  R – {0}
2 (D) x2  2, |x|  [2, )
H-5. A function f : R  R satisfies the condition x2 f(x) + f(1  x) = 2x  x4. Then f(x) is:
(A) – x2 – 1 (B) – x2 + 1 (C) x2  1 (D) – x4  1
H-6. If f: R  R be a differentiable function, such that f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy  x, y  R. then
(A) f(1) = f(0) + 1 (B) f(1) = f(0) – 1 (C) f(0) = f(1) + 2 (D) f(0) = f(1) – 2
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Let [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
Column – I Column – II
(A) If P(x) = [2 cos x], x  [–, ], then P(x) (p) is discontinuous at exactly 7 points
(B) If Q(x) = [2 sin x], x  [–, ], then Q(x) (q) is discontinuous at exactly 4 points
  
(C) If R(x) = [2 tan x/2], x    ,  , then R(x) (r) is non differentiable at some points
 2 2 
 x  
(D) If S(x) = 3cosec  , x   , 2 , then S(x) (s) is continuous at infinitely many values
 3 2 
2. Column – I Column – II
(A) f(x) = |x3| is (p) continuous in (–1, 1)
(B) f(x) = | x | is (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
(C) f(x) = |sin–1 x| is (r) differentiable in (0, 1)
(D) f(x) = cos–1 |x| is (s) not differentiable atleast at one point in (–1, 1)
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

 | x |3  x  3 
1. im      (a < 0), where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
x a  a  a  

is equal to
(A) a 2 1 (B) – a 2 – 1 (C) a 2 (D) – a 2
x x x x x
2. im cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 .......cos n is equal to (x 0)
n   2 2 2 2 2
sin x x
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) (D)
x sin x
  nsin    n tan   
3. im          , where [.] represents greatest integer function and n N, is equal to
0
     
(A) 2n (B) 2n + 1 (C) 2n – 1 (D) does not exist
im  1  e x sin x 
4.
x0     , where [] represents greatest integer function, is equal to
x 

(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) log 2 1

(3  2) (D) does not exist
cos (sin x)  cos x

5. The value of im is equal to
x 0 x4
tan x 1 sin x  x 1
(A) im 3
(B) (C) im 3
(D)
x 0 x 6 x 0 x 3
sin x – (sin x)sin x

6. The value of im is
x 
 1– sin x  n sin x
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) /2
7. The value of

x 
im tan2 x
  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  
sin2 x  6 sin x  2 is equal to:
2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 11 12 8
1
8. If  and  be the roots of equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then im 1  ax 2  bx  c  x   is equal to
x
(A) a ( ) (B) n |a ( | (C) ea(  ) (D) ea| |
 n 
   
1 1
n
e x  2x ex
 3x ex


9. im   , n  N, is equal to
x  xn
2 3
(A) 0 (B) n   (C) n   (D) none of these
3 2
10.



im im
exp x  n 1 
ay
x   
exp  x



b y  
n 1  x   
 
is equal to
y 0 x  y 
 
 
(A) a + b (B) a  b (C) b  a (D)  (a + b)
 2x x
11. The graph of the function f(x) = im  cot 1 2  is
t 0   t 
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
12. Let [x] denote the integral part of x  R and g(x) = x  [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function with f(0) =
f(1), then the function h(x) = f(g(x)) :
(A) has finitely many discontinuities (B) is continuous on R
(C) is discontinuous at some x = c (D) is a constant function.

 a(1  x sin x)  bcos x  5
 x0
x2

13. Let f(x) =  3 x0
 1/ x
   cx  dx 3  
  1   x2
  x0
   
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then find (a – b – c + ed)
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) –6 (D) 2
x 2 if x is irrational
14. Let f(x) =  , then:
1 if x is rational
(A) f(x) is discontinuous for all x (B) discontinuous for all x except at x = 0
(C) discontinuous for all x except at x = 1 or  1 (D) none of these
15. A point (x, y), where function f(x) = [sin [x]] in (0, 2) is not continuous, is ([.] denotes greatest
integer  x).
(A) (3, 0) (B) (2, 0) (C) (1, 0) (D) (4, –1)
 (1  sin x)t  1
16. The function f defined by f(x) = lim   . is
 (1  sin x)  1
t t
(A) everywhere continuous (B) discontinuous at all integer values of x

(C) continuous at x = 0 (D) none of these
  1
 x  1  x sin x  , x  0
  
  1
17. If f(x) =   x  1  x sin  , x  0 , then f(x) is
  x
 0 , x0


(A) continuous as well as diff. at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0, but not diff. at = 0
(C) neither continuous at x = 0 nor diff. at x = 0 (D) none of these
18. The functions defined by f(x) = max {x2, (x  1)2, 2x (1  x)}, 0  x  1

(A) is differentiable for all x
(B) is differentiable for all x except at one point
(C) is differentiable for all x except at two points
(D) is not differentiable at more than two points.
19. [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If f(x) = [x] [sin x] in (1,1), then f(x) is:
(A) continuous at x = 0 (B) continuous in (1, 0)
(C) differentiable in (1,1) (D) none
20. Let f(x) = [n + p sin x], x  (0, ), n  Z, p is a prime number and [x] is greatest integer less than or
equal to x. The number of points at which f(x) is not differentiable is
(A) p (B) p – 1 (C) 2p + 1 (D) 2p – 1
1
21. Let f: R  R be any function and g (x) = . Then g is
f(x)
(A) onto if f is onto (B) one-one if f is one-one
(C) continuous if f is continuous (D) differentiable if f is differentiable
max f (t) for 0  t  x for 0  x  1

22. Let f(x) = x3  x2 + x + 1 and g(x) =,  then:
 3 x  x for 1  x  2
2
(A) g(x) is continuous & derivable at x = 1

(B) g(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = 1
(C) g(x) is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
(D) g(x) is derivable but not continuous at x = 1
 x  y  f(x)  f(y)
23. Let f : R  R be a function such that f  = , f(0) = 0 and f(0) = 3, then
 3  3
f(x)
(A) is differentiable in R
x
(B) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable in R
(C) f(x) is continuous in R
(D) f(x) is bounded in R
 x  y  4  2(f(x)  f(y))
24. If a differentiable function f satisfies f  =  x, y  R, then f(x) is equal to
 3  3
1 2 8 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 7 7
PART-II: NUMERICAL VALUE QUESTIONS
INSTRUCTION :
 The answer to each question is NUMERICAL VALUE with two digit integer and decimal upto two digit.
 If the numerical value has more than two decimal places truncate/round-off the value to TWO decimal
placed.
sin1(1  {x}) . cos1(1  {x})

 lim f (x)   lim f (x )
2 2
1. Let f(x) = , then value of is
2{x} (1  {x}) x 0 
x 0 
(where {.} denotes the fractional part function)

  1  1
 x sin    sin  2  , x  0  3 lim f ( x ) 
2. Let f (x) =  x x  , then value of e x   is
0  
 , x 0
(where [ . ] represent greatest integer function)
 1  cos x cos2x 1  cos3 x  3cos2 x  3cos x 

3. im   30 3  is equal to
x 0  cos x  63 
 x2 
im f(x) exists and is finite and nonzero and im  f(x)  3f(x)  1  = 3 then value of e xim f ( x) is
4. If x x  f 2 (x) 


12x  1/ 3 , x  1  x 1 , x  0
5. If f(x) =  , g(x) =  2 and h(x) = |x|,
 2x  2 , x  1  x  1 , x  0
2
then value of im f(g(h(x))) is

x 0
sin x , x  n , n  0, 1, 2,........

6. If f(x) = 
2 , otherwise
x2  5 / 4 , x  0 , 2

and g(x) = 4 , x0 , then value of im g (f(x)) is
5 x 0
 , x  2
 1 1 1 1 
7. im     .............   is equal to
n  n 2
n 1
2
n 2
2
n  2n 
2
 1
8. The value of lim x 2  2  is (where [.] denotes G..F.)
x 0 x 
 sin 1 x  tan1 x 94x tan1( 2  1) 

9. im    is equal to
x  0  3 sin x 
 x 
im x3 (a + b)
10. If x 0 = 1, then the value of where a > 0, is
a  x (bx  sin x) 2
n
 7  

5
11. If f(x) =  x     x  4(  1)  , then im f(0) is equal to
1    n  

 ( 1)[ x ]
2
if x0

12. Let f(x) =  1 . Then im f(x) + im f(x) equals (where [ . ] represents greatest
 n
im if x0 x 0  x 0
 4  xn
integer function)
1
e  1  x  x
13. The value of lim is
x 0 tan x
nx
e n x  en x  2 cos  k x2
14. If im 2 exists and finite (n, k  N), then the least
x  0 (sin x  tan x)
value of 4k + n  2 is :
12 n  22 (n 1)  32 (n  2)  .....  n2 . 1 a
15. If im = then value of a 3 + b 3 iswhere a and b are
n 1  2  3  ......  n
3 3 3 3
b
coprime numbers
n98 1
16. If im = , then the value of x equals
n 
n  (n  1)
x x
99
17. If  be the sum of all possible point of discontinuity and  be the sum of all possible

 4 x  5 [x] for x  1
point of nondifferentiability of f(x) =  in [0, 2] then value of  is
 cos  x 
 for x  1
(where [x] is the greatest integer not greater than x)
 2x 2  12x  16 , 4  x  2

18. If f(x) = 2 | x | , 2  x  1 , then the maximum length of interval for which f(|x|)

 4x  x  2 , 1  x  13
2
is continuous is
1  sin xn (sin x)  

19. Let f(x) = . , x  . The value of f   so that the function
(   2 x)2
n (1  2  4x  4x 2 ) 2 2

is continuous at x = is  and ||  = 1 where   N then find product of all possible
2
values of    
 
(sin x  cos x)
cosecx
 x0
, 2


 x0
 a
20. If the function f(x) defined as f(x) =  ,

 1 2 3
 ex  ex  ex 
 1 3
, 0x
 ae 2  x  be 1 x 2
19 17
is continuous at x = 0 , then the value of loge1/ 7 a + b is :
3 4
21. The number of points of non differentiability of the function

f (x) = |sin x| + sin |x| in [ –8, 8] is
 sin [x 2 ] 
  ax3  b , 0  x  1
22. If f (x) =  x 2  3x  8 is differentiable in [0 , 2] , then the value of a + b + 10 is
 2cos  x  tan1 x , 1  x  2

 x 2 e2( x 1) for 0  x  1

23. If f(x) =  is differentiable at x = 1
a sgn (x  1) cos (2x  2)  bx for 1  x  2
2
then a 3 + b 3 + 10 =
{ex }n  1
24. Number of points of non-differentiability of f(x) = lim in interval [0, 1] is  then value of
n  {e x } n  1
  
where {.} represents fractional part function
2
25. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. The number of integral points
in [–1, 1] where f(x) = [x sin x] is differentiable are
2f(x)  3f(2x)  f(4x)
26. Let f(x) be continuous at x = 0 and f (0) = 4 then value of lim is
x 0 x2
27. Let f : R  R is a function satisfying f(10 – x) = f(x) and f(2 – x ) = f(2 +x), x R. If f(0) = 101, then the
minimum possible number of values of x satisfying f(x) = 101 for x [0,30] is
n
28. Find the natural number 'a' for which  f(a  k)
k 1
= 2048(2n – 1), where the function ‘f’ satisfies the
relation f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all natural numbers x & y and further f(1) = 2
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

x 2  9x  20
1. Let f(x) = (where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x),
x  [x]
then
(A) im f(x) = 0 (B) im f(x) = 1

x5 x  5
(C) im f(x) does not exist (D) none of these

x5
cos2  cos2x
2. If f(x) = , then
x2  | x |
(A) im f(x) = 2 sin 2 (B) im f(x) = 2 sin 2
x 1 x 1
(C) im f(x) = 2 cos 2 (D) im f(x) = 2 cos 2

x 1 x 1
x(1  acos x)  bsin x 1  acos x b sin x

3. If  = im = im – im , where   R, then
x  0 x3 x  0 x2 x 0 x3
(A) (a, b) = (–1, 0) (B) a & b are any real numbers
1
(C)  = 0 (D)  =
2
| x  |
4. Let f(x) = , then
sin x
(A) f(–  ) =  1 (B) f(–  ) = 1
(C) im f(x) does not exist (D) im f(x) does not exist
x   x
 2x
1  , 0  x  1
5. Let f(x) =  a , if im f(x) exists, then value of a is :
x 1

 ax, 1  x  2
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) – 2
ax 2  bx  c
6. Let ,  be the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where 1 <  <  and xim
x = 1, then
0 ax 2  bx  c
which of the following statements can be correct
(A) a > 0 and x0 < 1 (B) a > 0 and x0 > 
(C) a < 0 and  < x0 <  (D) a < 0 and x0 < 1
a0 xm  a1xm1  .....  ak xmk

7. Let  (x) = , where a0  0, b0  0 and m, n  N, then which of the following
b0 xn  b1xn1  ....  b xn
statements is/are correct.
(A) If m > n then, im  (x) is equal to 0 

x 0
a0
(B) If m = n then, im  (x) is equal to 
x 0 b0
a0
(C) If m < n and n – m is even, > 0, then im  (x) is equal to 
b0 x 0
a0
(D) If m < n and n – m is even, < 0, then im  (x) is equal to – 
b0 x 0
8. Given a real valued function f such that

 tan2 [x]
 2 , x0
 (x  [x] )
2


f(x) = 
1 , x0


 {x} cot {x}, x  0
where [.] represents greatest integer function and {.} represents fractional part function, then
 
2
(A) im f(x) = 1 (B) im f(x) = cot1 (C) cot–1 im f(x) = 1 (D) im f(x) = 0
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
x2  2
9. If f(x) = , then
3x  6
1 1 1 1
(A) im f(x) = – (B) im f(x) = (C) im f(x) = (D) im f(x) = –
x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3
sin 2x  a sin x
10. If im = p (finite), then
x0 x3
(A) a = – 2 (B) a = – 1 (C) p = – 2 (D) p = – 1
(ax  1)n
11. im is equal to
x   xn  A
(A) a n if n  N (B)  if n  Z – & a = A = 0
1
(C) if n = 0 (D) a n if n  Z – , A = 0 & a  0
1 A
12. If  = im (sin x  1 – sin x ) and m = im [sin x  1 – sin x ], where [.] denotes the greatest
x x
integer function, then :

(A)  = 0 (B) m = 0 (C) m is undefined (D)  is undefined
13. If f(x) = | x |sin x , then

(A) im f(x) = 1 (B) im f(x) = 1
x0 x0
(C) im f(x) = 1 (D) limit does not exist at x = 0

x0
1
14. If im  cos x  a sin bx  x = e2 , then the possible values of ' a ' & ' b ' are :
x  0
(A) a = 1 , b = 2 (B) a = 2 , b = 1 (C) a = 3, b = 2/3 (D) a = 2/3 , b = 3

2
15. If
x0
im 1  ax  bx  2 x
= e3, then possible values of a and b is/are :
3 1 3 3 3
(A) a = 3, b = 0 (B) a = ,b= (C) a = ,b= (D) a = ,b=0
2 2 2 2 2
16. im log x sin x is equal to

x  0 sin
2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) lim x sin x (D) lim (tan x)sin x

x 0 x 0
xn
17. im = 0, n  integer number, is true for
x   ex
(A) no value of n (B) all values of n

(C) negative values of n (D) positive values of n
log (x  2)  x 2n sin x
18. If f (x) = Limit (n  N), then
n x 2n  1
(A) lim f(x) = –sin1 (B) lim f(x) = log3
x 1 x 1
log3  sin1
(C) lim f(x) = sin1 (D) f(1) =
x 1 2
19. Which of the following function(s) defined below has/have single point continuity.
 1 if x  Q  x if x  Q
(A) f(x) =  (B) g(x) = 
0 if x  Q 1 x if x  Q
 x if x  Q  x ;fn x  Q
(C) h(x) =  (D) k(x) = 
0 if x  Q   x ;fn x  Q
 | x3| , x  1

20. The function f(x) =  x2   3x   13  is:
        , x 1
 4   2   4 
(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) differentiable at x = 1

(C) continuous at x = 3 (D) differentiable at x = 3
1
21. If f(x) = x – 1, then on the interval [0, ]
2
1 1
(A) tan (f(x)) and are both continuous (B) tan (f(x)) and are both discontinuous
f(x) f(x)
1
(C) tan (f(x)) and f–1 (x) are both continuous (D) tan (f(x)) is continuous but is not.
f(x)
0 , x
22. Let f(x) and g(x) be defined by f(x) = [x] and g(x) =  2 (where [ . ] denotes the greatest
x , x  R  
integer function), then
(A) lim g(x) exists, but g is not continuous at x = 1
x 1
(B) lim f(x) does not exist and f is not continuous at x = 1

x 1
(C) gof is continuous for all x
(D) fog is continuous for all x
23. Let f(x) = [x] + x  [x] , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
(A) f(x) is continuous on R+ (B) f(x) is continuous on R
(C) f(x) is continuous on R –  (D) discontinuous at x = 1
24. The points at which the function, f(x) = x  0.5 + x  1 + tan x does not have a derivative in the
interval (0, 2) are:
(A) 1 (B) /2 (C) p/4 (D) 1/2
25. f(x) = (sin-1x)². cos (1/x) if x 0; f(0) = 0, f(x) is:

(A) continuous no where in 1  x  1 (B) continuous everywhere in 1  x  1
(C) differentiable no where in 1  x  1 (D) differentiable everywhere in 1 < x < 1
n
26. If f(x) = a0 + a
k 1
k | x |k , where ai s are real constants, then f(x) is
(A) continuous at x = 0 for all ai (B) differentiable at x = 0 for all ai  R

(C) differentiable at x = 0 for all a2k – 1=0 (D) none of these
27. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(0) = 1 and for any x, y  R, f(xy + 1) = f(x) f(y) – f(y) – x + 2.
Then f is
(A) one-one (B) onto (C) many one (D) into
28. Suppose that f is a differentiable function with the property that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy and
1
lim f(h) = 3
h 0 h
where [.] represents greatest integer function, then

(A) f is a linear function (B) 2f(1) =  lim(1  2x)1/ x 
 x 0 
x2
(C) f(x) = 3x + (D) f ’(1) = 4
2
29. Let ‘f’ be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant ‘a’
1
 f(x)   f(x)  holds for all x. Then f(x) is periodic function with period
2
the equation f(x  a) 
2
equal to
(A) 2 a (B) 4 a (C) 6 a (D) 8 a
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension # 1
sin x  aex  be x  c n (1  x)
Consider f(x) = , where a, b, c are real numbers.
x3
1. If im f(x) is finite, then the value of a + b + c is
X  0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) – 2
2. If im f(x) = (finite), then the value of  is

X  0
1 1
(A) – 2 (B) – (C) – 1 (D) –
2 3
3. Using the values of a, b, c as found in Q.No. 1 or Q. No.2 above, the value of im x f(x) is
x 0
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) – (D) 2
2 2
Comprehension # 2
If both Lim f(x) and Lim f(x) exist finitely and are equal , then the function f is said to have removable
x c x c
discontinuity at x = c
If both the limits i.e. Lim f(x) and Lim f(x) exist finitely and are not equal, then the function f is said to
x c x c
have non-removable discontinuity at x = c and in this case | Lim f(x) – Lim f(x) | is called jump of the
x c x c
discontinuity.
4. Which of the following function has non-removable discontinuity at the origin ?

1  1  | sin x | 
(A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = x sin (C) f(x) = (D) f(x) = cos  
n |x| x 1  2 cot x
 x 
5. Which of the following function not defined at x = 0 has removable discontinuity at the origin ?
1
1 –1
1 ex  1 1
(A) f(x) = 1
(B) f(x) = tan (C) f(x) = 1
(D) f(x) =
1  2x x ex  1 n |x|
 1 
 tan (tan x) ; x
6. If f(x) = 
4 , then jump of discontinuity is
  [x]  1 
; x
 4
(where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
   
(A) – 1 (B) + 1 (C) 1 – (D) – 1 –
4 4 4 4
Comprehension # 3
 x g(x) , x0
Let f(x) =  , where g(t) = lim (1 + a tan x)t/x, a is positive constant, then
 x  ax  x , x  0
2 3 x  0
7. If a is even prime number, then g(2) =

(A) e2 (B) e3 (C) e4 (D) none of these
8. Set of all values of a for which function f(x) is continuous at x = 0

(A) (–1, 10) (B) (–, ) (C) (0, ) (D) none of these
9. If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then a     

(A) (–5, –1) (B) (–10, 3) (C) (0, ) (D) none of these
Comprehension # 4
Let f : R  R be a function defined as,

1  | x | , | x |  1
f(x) =  and g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1),  x  R. Then
 0 , | x | 1
10. The value of g(x) is :

 0 , x  3  0 , x  2
2  x , 3  x  1 2  x , 2  x  1
 
  x , 1  x  0   x , 1  x  0
(A) g(x)   (B) g(x)  
 x , 0  x 1  x , 0  x 1
2  x , 1  x  3 2  x , 1 x  2
 
 0 , x3  0 , x2
 0 , x0
2  x , 0  x 1

  x , 1 x  2
(C) g(x)   (D) none of these
 x , 2x3
2  x , 3x4

 0 , 4x
11. The function g(x) is continuous for, x 

(A) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (B) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C) R (D) none of these
12. The function g(x) is differentiable for, x 

(A) R (B) R – {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (C) R – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (D) none of these
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
1
1. If lim 1  xln(1  b2 ) x = 2b sin2 , b > 0 and   (–, ], then the value of  is
x 0  
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
   
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) ±
4 3 6 2
2. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y),  x, y  R. If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(A) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
(B) f(x) is continuous  x  R
(C) f(x) is constant x  R
(D) f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
  
 x  2 , x
2

 
3*. If f(x) =  cos x ,   x  0 , then [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
 2
 x 1 , 0  x 1
 n x x 1
 ,

(A) f(x) is continuous at x = – (B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
2
3
(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 (D) f(x) is differentiable at x = –
2
bx
4. Let f : (0, 1)  R be defined by f(x) = , where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then
1  bx
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
1
(A) f is not invertible on (0, 1) (B) f  f–1 on (0, 1) and f(b) =
f (0)
1
(C) f = f–1 on (0, 1) and f(b) = (D) f–1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
f (0)
 x2  x  1 
5. If lim   ax  b  = 4, then [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
x 
 x  1 
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = –4
(C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
6. Let (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation  3


1  a – 1 x2    
1 a – 1 x  6
1 a – 1   0 where
a > –1. Then lim (a) and lim (a) are [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (3, –1), 66]
a 0 a 0
5 1 7 9
(A) – and 1 (B) – and –1 (C) – and 2 (D) – and 3
2 2 2 2
 2 
 x cos , x0
7. Let f(x) =  x , x  R , then f is
0, x0

(A) differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2 [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
(B) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
(C) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(D) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2
8*. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let function f : R  R be given by
a  sin  x, for x  [2n, 2n  1]
f(x) =  n , for all integers n.
 bn  cos x, for x  (2n  1, 2n)
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for all n ? [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
(A) an–1 – b n–1 = 0 (B) an – bn = 1 (C) an – b n+1 = 1 (D) an–1 – bn = –1
9*. For every pair of continuous functions f, g:[0, 1]  R such that

max {f(x) : x  [0,1]} = max {g(x) : x [0, 1]}, [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
the correct statement(s) is (are) :
(A) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(B) (f(c))2 + f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(C) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(D) (f(c))2 = (g(c))2 for some c  [0, 1]
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a 1 x 1
10. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which lim    is
x 1
 x  sin(x  1)  1  4
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
11. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be respectively given by f(x) = |x| + 1 and g(x) = x 2 + 1.

max {f(x),g(x)} if x  0,

Define h : R  R by h(x)   The number of points at which h(x) is
 min {f(x),g(x)} if x  0.

not differentiable is [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
12. Let f 1 : R  R, f 2 : [0, )  R,f 3 : R  R and f 4 : R  [0, ) be defined by

| x | if x0 ,
f 1 (x) =  x
e if x0 ;
f 2 (x) = x ;
2
sin x if x  0,  f (f (x)) if x  0 ,
f 3 (x) =  and f 4 (x) =  2 1
 x if x0 f2 (f1(x)) – 1 if x  0
List I List II
P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
R. f2o f1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
P Q R S
(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 1 3 2 4
13*. Let g: R  R be a differentiable function with g(0) = 0, g'(0) = 0 and g'(1)  0. Let
 x
 g(x), x  0
f(x) = | x | and h(x) = e|x| for all x  R. Let (foh)(x) denote f(h(x)) and (hof)(x) denote h(f(x)).
 0, x0

Then which of the following is(are) true?
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, –2)/ 88]
(A) f is differentiable at x = 0 (B) h is differentiable at x = 0
(C) foh is differentiable at x = 0 (D) hof is differentiable at x = 0
π π  
14*. Let f(x) = sin  sin  sinx   for all x  R and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Let (fog) (x) dentoe f(g(x))
6 2  2
and (gof) (x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of the following is(are)true?
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, –2)/ 88]
 1 1  1 1
(A) Range of f is   ,  (B) Range of fog is   , 
 2 2  2 2
f(x) π
(C) lim  (D) There is an x  R such that (gof)(x) = 1
x 0 g(x) 6
 ecos( n ) – e 
15. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If lim    –  e  , then m
0   m  2 n
 
the value of is [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-2 (4, 0) / 80]
16. Let f : R  R , g : R  R and h : R  R be differentiable functions such that f(x) = x 3 + 3x + 2,

g(f(x)) = x and h(g(g(x))) = x for all x  R. Then [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (4, –2)/62]
1
(A) g'(2) = (B) h'(1) = 666 (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
15
x 2 sin(x)
17. Let ,   R be such that lim  1 . Then 6( + ) equals
x 0 x – sin x
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1, (3, 0)/62]
 1   1 
18. Let f :  , 2  R and g :  2 , 2  R be functions defined by f(x) = [x – 3] and
2
 2   
g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x – 7| f(x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y for y  R. Then
 1 
(A) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in  , 2 [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (4, –2)/62]
 2 
 1 
(B) f is discontinuous exactly at four point in  , 2
 2 
 1 
(C) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in   , 2 
 2 
 1 
(D) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in   , 2  .
 2 
19. Let a, b  R and f : R  R be defined by f(x) = a cos (|x3 –x|) + b|x| sin(|x3 +x|). Then f is
(A) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (4, –2)/62]
(B) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0
(C) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0
(D) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
20. Let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equals to x. Then, at which of the following point(s) the
function f(x) = x cos((x + [x])) is discontinuous ? [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(4, –2)/61]
(A) x = – 1 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 0 (D) x = 2
1  x(1 | 1  x |)  1 
21*. Let f (x) =
| 1 x |
cos   for x  1. Then [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(4, –2)/61]
 1 x 
(A) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (B) limx 1 f (x) does not exist
(C) limx 1 f (x) = 0 (D) limx 1 f (x) does not exist
22. For any positive integer n, define f n : (0, )  R as

 

1
fn(x) = n
j1
tan1   for all x  (0, ). [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/61]
 1  (x  j)(x  j  1) 
  
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1 x assumes values in   ,  )
 2 2
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ?
5
(A)  tan (f (0))  55
j1
2
j
10
(B)  (1 f (0))sec (f (0))  10
j1
j
2
j
1
(C) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan(fn (x)) 
x  n
(D) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec 2 (fn (x))  1
x 
  
  
23. Let f1 : R  R, f2 : ,   ,   R , f3 :  1,e 2  2   R and f4: RR be functions defined by
 2 2  
 
 2 
(i) f1  x   sin  1  e x  [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, –1)/60]
 
 | sin x |
 if x0
(ii) f2  x    tan1 x , where the inverse trigonometric function tan–1 x assumes values in
 1 x0
 if
  
  2 , 2 
(iii) f3(x) = [sin(loge(x+2))], where for t  R, [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t,
 x2 sin 1 
   if x  0
(iv) f4 (x)   0  x 
 if x  0

LIST-I LIST-II
(P) The function f1 is (1) NOT continuous at x =0
(Q) The function f2 is (2) continuous at x = 0 and NOT differentiable at x = 0
(R) The function f3 is (3) differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is NOT continuous
at x = 0
(S) The function f4 is (4) differentiable at x= 0 and its derivative is continuous at x= 0
The correct option is:
(A) P → 2; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 4 (B) P → 4; Q → 1; R → 2; S → 3
(C) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 3 (D) P → 2; Q → 1; R → 4; S → 3
24. Let f : R  R be a function we say that f has

f (h)  f (0)
PROPERTY 1 if lim exist and is finite and
h0 |h|
f (h)  f (0)
PROPERTY 2 if lim exist and is finite.
h2 h0
Then which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2 ,(4, –1)/62]
(A) f(x) = x2/3 has property 1 (B) f(x) = sin x has property 2
(C) f(x) = |x| has property 1 (D) f(x) = x|x| has property 2
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

f(3x) f(2x)
1. Let f : R  R be a positive increasing function with lim = 1. Then lim .
x  f(x) x  f(x)
[AIEEE– 2010, (8, –2), 144]

2 3
(1) (2) (3) 3 (4) 1
3 2
 1  cos {2(x  2)} 

2. lim   [AIEEE–2011, , (4, –1), 120]
x 2  x2 
 
1
(1) does not exist (2) equals 2 (3) equals – 2 (4) equals
2
(f(x))2  9
3. Let f: R  [0, ) be such that lim f(x) exists and lim 0 [AIEEE– 2011, II,(4, –1), 120]
x 5 x 5
| x 5|
Then lim f(x) equals :
x 5
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
 sin(p  1)x  sin x

 , x0
 x
4. The value of p and q for which the function f(x) =  q , x  0 is continuous for all x in

 xx  x
2
, x0
 x3 / 2
R, are : [AIEEE 2011, I,(4, –1), 120]
1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3
(1) p = , q = – (2) p = , q = (3) p = – , q = (4) p = , q =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 1
sin , If x  0
5. Define F(x) as the product of two real functions f 1(x) = x, x R, and f2(x) =  x
 0 , If x  0
as follows :
f (x) . f2 (x) , If x  0
F(x) =  1 [AIEEE 2011, ,(4, –1), 120]
 0 , If x  0
Statement - 1 : F(x) is continuous on R.
Statement - 2 : f1(x) and f2(x) are continuous on R.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
x 2 f(a)  a2 f(x)
6. If function f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then lim is : [AIEEE 2011, ,(4, –1), 120]
x a x a
(1) –a2f ’(a) (2) af(a) – a2f ’ (a) (3) 2af(a) – a2f ’ (a) (4) 2af(a) + a2f ’ (a)
 2x  1 
7. If f : R  R is a function defined by f(x) = [x] cos   , where[x] denotes the greatest integer
 2 
function, then f is : [AIEEE- 2012, (4, –1), 120]
(1) continuous for every real x.
(2) discontinuous only at x = 0.
(3) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x.
(4) continuous only at x = 0.
8. Consider the function, f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5|, x  R . [AIEEE- 2012, (4, –1), 120]
Statement-1 : f(4) = 0
Statement-2 : f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in (2, 5) and f(2) = f(5).
(1) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)

9. lim is equal to [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
x 0 x tan4x
1 1
(1) – (2) (3) 1 (4) 2
4 2
sin(  cos2 x)
10. lim is equal to : [JEE(Main)2014,(4, – 1), 120]
x 0 x2
(1) – (2)  (3) /2 (4) 1
(1– cos2x)(3  cos x)

11. lim is equal to [JEE(Main)2015,(4, – 1), 120]
x 0 x tan4x
1
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4)
2
k x  1 , 0  x  3

12. If the function g(x) =  is differentiable, then the value of k+ m is;
 mx  2 , 3  x  5

[JEE(Main)2015,(4, – 1), 120]
16 10
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 4
5 3
1
13. Let p = lim 1  tan2 x
x 0 
  2x then log p is equal to: [JEE(Main)2016,(4, – 1), 120]
1 1
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4) 2
2 4
14. For x  R, f(x) = |log2 – sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then [JEE(Main)2016,(4, – 1), 120]
(1) g(0) = cos(log2)
(2) g(0) = –cos(log2)
(3) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g(0) = –sin(log2)
(4) g is not differentiable at x = 0
cot x – cos x
15. lim equals [JEE(Main)2017,(4, – 1), 120]
x
 (  – 2x )3
2
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
24 16 8 4
  1  2  15  
16. For each tR let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then lim x        ......    
x 0
   
x x  x 
[JEE(Main)2018,(4, – 1), 120]
(1) is equal to 120 (2) does not exist (in R) (3) is equal to 0 (4) is equal to 15
17. Let S = {t  R : f(x) = |x – |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| is not differentiable at t.} Then the set S is equal to :
[JEE(Main)2018,(4, – 1), 120]
(1) {} (2) {0, } (3)  (an empty set) (4) {0}
1 1 y 4  2
18. lim [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
y 0
y4
1 1
(1) exists and equals (2) exists and equals
2 2 2 2 ( 2  1)
1
(3) exists and equals (4) does not exist
4 2
19. For each tR, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then ,
 
(1 | x |  sin | 1  x |)sin  [1  x] 
lim  2  [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
x 1 | 1  x | [1  x]
(1) does not exist (2) equals 1 (3) equals –1 (4) equals 0
– 1, – 2  x  0
20. Let f(x) =  2 and g(x) = |f(x)| + f(|x|). Then, in the interval (–2, 2), g is :
x – 1, 0  x  2
(1) not differentiable at two point (2) not continuous
(3) not differentiable at one point (4) differentiable at all points
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 x  [x], 1  x  1 
 
21. Let f : [–1, 3]  R be defined as f x   x  x , 1  x  2 
 x  [x], 2  x  3 
 
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (08-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than equal to t. Then, f is discontinuous at :
(1) only three points (2) four or more points
(3) only two points (4) only one point
x  2 sin x
22. lim is : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
x 0
x  2 sin x  1 – sin 2 x – x  1
2
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 6

23. Let f : R  R be differentiable at c  R and f(c) = 0. If g(x) = |f(x)|, then at x = c, g is :
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) not differentiable (2) differentiable if f(c) = 0
(3) not differentiable if f (c) = 0 (4) differentiable if f(c) 0
24. Let S be the set of points where the function, f(x) = |2 – |x – 3||, xR, is not differentiable. Then
 f (f (x)) is equal to ______
xS
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (07-01-20),P-1 (4, 0), 120]
 sin(a  2)x  sin x

 ; x0
 x
25. If f(x) =  b ; x0
 ( x  3 x 2 )1/ 3  x1/ 3
 ; x0
 x4 / 3
is continuous at x = 0, then a + 2b is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2020, Online (09-01-20),P-1 (4, –1), 120]
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) –2 (4) –1
4
26. Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t and lim x    A . Then the function, f(x) = [x2] sin(x) is
x 0  x 
discontinuous, when x is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2020, Online (09-01-20),P-2 (4, –1), 120]
(1) A (2) A 1 (3) A5 (4) A  21
EXERCISE - 1
PART – I
Section (A) :
A-1. (i) Limit does not exist (ii) 3 (iii) 3 (iv) 3 (v) 3
3 3
A-2. (i) 2 + sin 2 (ii) tan 3 – 23 (iii) cos (iv) 55
4 4
e
(v)
sin1
A-3. (i) 0 (ii) Limit does not exist (iii) Limit does not exist (iv) 0
A-4. (i) Limit does not exist (ii)  = –2 A-5. 6
A-6. (i) No (ii) No (iii) Yes, 0 form (iv) No
SECTION (B) :
3 12 2
B-1. (i) – (ii) (iii)
2 19 3 3
16 1
B-2. (i) (ii) 2 (iii) (iv) 2a sina + a2 cos a (v) (b – a) (vi) 2e2
25 3
3 1 9 4
(vii) (viii) (ix) 5 (x) limit does not exist. (xi)  n
n3 2 4 e
1 1
B-3. (i) (ii) 1 (iii)  (iv) 
2 
3
5 2 1
B-4. (i) 0 (ii)  a  2 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 5/2 B-5. (i) – (ii)
2 25 3
1
B-6 a = 2, b = 1, c = –1 and limit = –
3
1
B-7. (i) a= ,b=1 (ii) a = 2, b  R, c = 5, d  R (iii) a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
2
1
B-8. B10. 2(sec2a)tana
2
SECTION (C) :
C-1 (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 0
2

–1 
C-2. (i) e (ii) 0 (iii) e (iv) e2
C-3 a + b = 0 and bc = 3
 n x
x n 1  x 
C-4. (i) im   1 (ii) 1 C-5.
x
C-6. {–1, 0, 1}
x  n x 3
Section (D) :
3 1 1
D-1. a= , b  0, c = D-2. a= ,b=4
2 2 2
D-3. (i) continuous at x = 1 (ii) continuous
(iii) discontinuous (iv) continuous at x = 1, 2
D-4. (a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K=5 (c) even D-5. A =  4, B = 5, f(0) = 1
D6. Continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2
Section (E) :
E-1. (i) x  R – {2, 3} (ii) x  R – {– 1, 1}
(iii) xR (iv) x  R – {(2n + 1), n }
 
E-2. discontinuous at all integral values in ( 2, 2) E-3. discontinuous at n ± , (2n + 1) , n
4 2
E-4. g(x) = 2 + x ; 0  x  1,
= 2  x ; 1 < x  2,
= 4  x ; 2 < x  3,
g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
7
E-5. – , – 2, 0 E-7. 2
3
Section (F) :
F-1. continuous at both points but differentiable only at x = 2
F-2. continuous but not differentiable at x = 0; differentiable & continuous at x = /2
F-5. not differentiable at x = 0 F-6. a = 1/2, b = 3/2
Section (G) :
G-1. f is not derivable at all integral values in 1 < x  3
G-2. f is continuous but not derivable at x = 1/2, f is neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 1 & x = 2
G-3. discontinuous and non-differentiable at –1, 0, 1, 3, 4
G-4. Differentiable in [–2, 2] G-5. Continuos everwhere in (0, 3) but non differentiable at x= 2
Section (H) :
H-1. 56 H-2. –2 H-3. f(x) = exf(0)  x  R H-4. –3
PART - II
Section (A)
A-1. (D) A-2. (A) A-3. (C) A4. (C)
SECTION (B) :
B-1. (C) B-2. (B) B-3. (D) B-4. (D) B-5. (D) B-6. (A) B-7. (D)
B-8. (B) B-9. (B) B-10. (C) B-11. (B) B-12. (D) B-13. (B) B-14. (C)
B-15. (A) B16. (A) B-17. (A) B-18. (C) B-19. (B) B-20. (B)
SECTION (C) :
C-1. (A) C-2. (A) C-3. (B) C-4. (C) C-5. (A) C-6. (C) C-7. (B)
C-8. (D)
Section (D) :
D-1. (A) D-2. (D) D-3. (D) D-4. (B)
Section (E) :
E-1. (B) E-2. (C) E-3. (C) E-4. (B)
Section (F) :
F-1. (B) F-2. (B) F-3. (B) F-4. (B) F-5. (D) F-6. (B) F-7. (B)
Section (G) :
G-1. (A) G-2. (B) G-3. (D) G-4. (B) G-5. (C) G-6. (A) G-7. (C)
G-8. (A)
Section (H) :
H-1. (D) H-2. (B) H-3. (C) H-4. (D) H-5. (B) H-6. (D)
PART - III
1. (A)  (p, r, s), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (q, r, s), (D)  (r, s)
2. (A)  (p, q, r), (B)  (p, r, s), (C)  (p, r, s), (D)  (p, r, s)
EXERCISE - 2
PART – I
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (C)

8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (C)
15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (B) 20. (D) 21. (B)
22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (D)
PART-II
1. 03.70 2. 20.00 3. 16.50 4. 02.71 or 02.72 5. 11.66 or 11.67
6. 01.25 7. 02.00 8. 01.00 9. 12.25 10. 18.50 11. 08.75
12. 01.25 13. 01.35 or 01.36 14. 21.00 15. 28.00 16. 99.00
17. 16.62 18. 26.00 19. 36.00 20. 48.58 21. 15.00 22. 11.14
23. 17.00 24. 28.50 25. 03.00 26. 12.00 27. 11.00 28. 10.00
PART - III
1. (ABC) 2. (AB) 3. (AD) 4. (ABCD) 5. (BC) 6. (ABC)
7. (ABCD) 8. (BCD) 9. (AB) 10. (AD) 11. (ABCD) 12. (AC)
13. (ABC) 14. (ABCD) 15. (BCD) 16. (AD) 17. (BCD) 18. (ABD)
19. (BCD) 20. (ABC) 21. (CD) 22. (ABC) 23. (ABC) 24. (ABD)
25. (BD) 26. (AC) 27. (AB) 28. (BCD) 29. (ABCD)
PART - IV
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (C)
8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (B)
EXERCISE - 3
PART – I
1. (D) 2. (B, C, D) or (B,C) 3*. (ABCD) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8*. (BD) 9*. (AD) 10. (0) 11. (3) 12. (D) 13*. (AD)
14*. (ABC) 15. 2 16. (BC) 17. 7 18. (BC) 19. (AB) 20. (ABD)
21*. (CD) 22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (AC)
PART - II
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (1)
8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (2) 11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (1)
15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (3)
22. (3) 23. (2) 24. 3 25. (2) 26. (2)

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1– cos(a1x) . cos (a2 x). cos (a3 x).......cos(an x)
1. Evaluate : im , where a1, a2, a3, ...... , anR.
x 0 x2
x
2. f1 (x) =  10
2
fn (x) = f1 (fn–1 (x)) n2
then evaluate lim fn(x)
n 
x
f1 (x) =  10
2
fn (x) = f1 (fn–1 (x)) n2
3. Let f : R  R be a real function. The function f is derivable and there exists nN and p R such that
im xn f(x) = p, then evaluate im (xn+1.f(x)).
x  x 
n
x 
4. Let <xn> denotes a sequence, x1 = 1, xn 1 = xn2  1 , then evaluate im  n 1 
n 
 xn 
 1 2 3 n 
5. Evaluate im  2  2  2  .......  2 
n 
 n 1 n  2 n  3 n n
6. Evaluate : im x3
x  x2  1  x 4  x 2 
loge  loge x 
7. Evaluate im
x  x
e
8. Evaluate im loge  sin  4m  1 x  , where m,n Z

loge  sin  4n  1 x 

x
2
n
x x
9. f(x) =  tan 2 .sec 2
r 1
r r 1
r, n  N
 x   x n   x 
loge  f(x)  tan n    f(x)  tan n  sin  tan  
  2   2    2  
 lim x
n

n
 x  4
 1   f(x)  tan n 
g(x) =   2 


 
 k x
4
 
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function and domain of g(x) is  0, 
 2
find 'k' for which g(x) is continuous at x = /4
n1 nx 
x
10. Evaluate im e
x (e1 )
x  e1
23  1 33  1 n3  1 2
11. Let Pn = . ........... . Prove that im Pn = .
2  1 3  1
3 3
n  1
3 n   3
12. Verify the following limits

1
1   
 x
1  x  x
sec 2   a2
1
     2 – bx 
im   = e– 2 –
b2
(i) (ii) im  sin2   = e
x0  
 e  x0
  2  ax  
 
x sinn x
13. f(x) = im . Find domain and range of f(x), where n  N.
n   sinn x  1
1
 a x  a2 x x
14. Evaluate im  1x  where a1, a2, b1 and b2 are positive numbers
x 0 
 b1  b2
x

 p q 
15. Evaluate im   q 
where p, q  N
 1 x 1 x 
x 1 p
n
 
16. If f(n, ) =  1  tan
r 1
2
im f (n,) = g(), then find the value im of g()
 and n
2r   0
1  4cos2 x 
17. Find the value of lim   2
x  (x  )  2  cos x 

18. im xa
x 
 3
x 1  3
x 1  2 3

x   ,   0 then find the value of a + 
(1  sin x)n  log x

19. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = lim
n  2  (1  sin x)n
 
 1– a x  xa x . na
 , x0
 x 2ax
20. If g(x) =  k , x0
 (2a)x – x n 2a  1
 , x0
 x2
(where a > 0) , then find ‘a’ and g(0) so that g(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 cos1(2x 1  x 2 ) 1
 x
 1 2
x
 2
21. f(x) = 

 1
 k x
 2
1
Then find ‘k’ if possible for which function is continuous at x =
2
22. Find the value of f(0) so that the function

cos1(1  {x} 2 )sin1(1  {x})
f(x) = ,x0
{x}  {x}3
({x} denotes fractional part of x) becomes continuous at x = 0
 1  x2
  e x 
2
x
23. Let f be a continuous function on R such that f   = sine , then find the value of
 4x  x 1
2
f(0).
24. Examine the continuity at x = 0 of the sum function of the infinite series:
x x x
   ..............  .
x 1 (x  1)(2x  1) (2x  1)(3x  1)
25. If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] such that f(a) = b and f(b) = a, then prove that there exists at least one c 
(a, b) such that f(c) = c.
26. If f(x . y) = f(x). f(y) for all x, y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x except
possibly at x = 0. Given f(1)  0.
xn f(x)  h(x)  1
27. g(x) = im , x1
n 2xn  3x  3
sin2 (  2x )
g(1) = im be a continous function at x = 1, then find the value of 4g(1) + 2 f(1) – h(1),
loge sec(  2x )
x 1
assume that f(x) and h(x) are continuous at x = 1
28. If f(x) = x2 – 2|x|, then test the derivability of g(x) in the interval [–2, 3], where
min.{f(t); –2  t  x} , –2  x  0
g(x) = 
max. {f(t); 0  t  x} , 0  x  3
29. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) = [x] + {x} 2 and also draw its graph. Where [.] and {.}
denote the greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively.
 x
1 | x | ; | x |  1

30. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) = 
 x ;| x| 1
1 | x |
 
 
cos2n (m! x)  1  
31. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) =  lim  lim  ,
n  m  cos2n (m! x)  1
 
 
(where m, n  N) at rational and irrational points.
  2[x]  
32. Given f(x) = cos1  sgn    , where sgn ( ) denotes the signum function and [ . ] denotes the
  3x  [x]  
greatest integer function. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f (x) at x = ± 1.
33. Discuss the continuity on 0  x  1 & differentiability at x = 0 for the function.

1 1 1
f(x) = x sin sin where x  0, x  & f(0) = f (1/r) = 0, r = 1, 2, 3,.......
x 1 r
x sin
x
34. Let f be a function such that f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  x > 0 , y > 0 . If f(1 + x) = 1 + x (1+g(x)) ,
f(x)
where lim g(x) = 0 . Find  dx
x 0 f '(x)
35. Let f : R+  R satisfies the equation

f(xy) = exy – x – y (ey f(x) + ex f(y)) x , y  R+
If f ’ (1) = e , then find f(x) .
36. Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero such that
f(x + y3) = f(x) + (f(y))3  x, y  R and f ’(0)  0, then find f(10)
 1  2 (1  2x)
37. Determine a function f satisfying the functional relation f(x) + f   = .
1  x  x (1  x)
38. If f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) = 2 + f (x) . f (y) , for all real values of x and y and f (x) is a polynomial function
with f (4) = 17 and f(1)  1, then find the value of f (5) .
p k
k(k – 1)
39. If | f(p + q) – f(q)| 
q
for all p and q  Q+, show that | f(2 ) – f(2 ) | 
i 1
k i
40. The function f : R  R satisfies x + f(x) = f(f(x)) for every xR. Find all solutions of the equation
f(f(x)) = 0.
41. If 2f (x) = f(xy) + f(x/y) x, y R+, f(1) = 0 and f(1) = 1, find f(x).
f(x)  1
42. If f(x × f(y)) =  x, y  R , y  0, then prove that f(x) . f   = 1
y x
43. Find the period of f(x) satisfying the condition :

(i) f(x + p) = 1 + {1 – 3 f(x) + 3 f2(x) – f3 (x)}1/3, p > 0
(ii) f(x – 1) + f(x + 3) = f(x + 1) + f(x + 5)
44. Let f(x) is defined only for x  (0, 5) and defined as f2 (x) = 1 x  (0, 5). Function f(x) is continuous for
all x  (0, 5) – {1, 2, 3, 4} (at x = 1, 2, 3, 4 f(x) may or may not be continuous). Find the number of
possible function f(x) if it is discontinuous at
(i) One integral points in (0, 5) (ii) two integral points in (0, 5)
(iii) three integral points in (0, 5) (iv) four integral points in (0, 5)
45. Let f(x) is increasing and double differentiable function everywhere such that f(x) = x has 3 distinct root
,  and ( <  < ). h(x) = lim  f(f(....(f(x))) 
n
n times
(i) If f”(x) > 0 x  (–, ) and f”(x) < 0  x  (, ) and f”() = 0, then find h(x)
(ii) If f(x)  x x  (–, ] and f(x)  x  x  [,) then find h(x)
n
1 1 1
a
2
1. i 2. 20 3. –np 4. e 5. 6.
2 i 1 2 4 2
 4m  1
2
7. 0 8. 9. k=0 10. 0
 4n  1
2
     
13. Domain = R – 2k  , k  Z  , Range = {0}  k  , k  Z 
 2   4 
a1a2 pq 13
14. 15. 16. 1 17. 0 18.
b1b2 2 9
19. f(x) is discontinuous at integral multiples of 
1 1
20. , (n 2)2 22. no value of f(0) 23. 1 24. Discontinuous
2 8
27. 5 28. discontinuous at x = 0 and not differentiable at x = 0, 2
29. f(x) is continuous and non-differentiable for integral points
30. At x = 0 differentiable and at x = ±1 discontinuous
31. discontinuous and non-differentiable
32. f is continuous & derivable at x =  1 but f is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
x2
33. continuous in 0  x  1 & not differentiable at x = 0 34. c
2
x 1
35. f(x) = exn|x| 36. f(10) = 10 37. 38. 26 41. f(x) = log(x)
x 1
43. (i) 2p (ii) 8 44. (i) 24 (ii) 108 (iii) 216 (iv) 162
 , x  ( , )  , x  ( , ]
 
45. (i) h(x) =   , x (ii) h(x) =   , (,  )
  , x  (, )  , [ , )
 

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; But nobody could discover

what the infinitely little

Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x  a when,

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

Fundamental theorems on limits :

(A) im { f (x) ± g (x) } =  ± m

(B) im { f(x). g(x) } = . m

(D) im k f(x) = k im f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

Example # 1 : Evaluate the following limits : -

Solution : (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by im (x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4

(ii) im cos (sin x) = cos

Self practice problems

Evaluate the following limits : -

Similarly (tending to one)tending to  is indeterminate form whereas (exactly one)tending to 

(ii) The form of the given limit is when x  0. Rationalising the

Self practice problems

Use of substitution in solving limit problems

Limits using expansion

ex   cos x  e x

Since R.H.S is finite,

Limit when x 

(iv) im =0 (v) im x(nx)n = 0

(b) im [f(x)] g(x)

Example # 23 : Evaluate im (tan x)tan 2x

Solution : Let y = im (tanx)tanx

Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem:

[x]  [4x]  [7x]  ....  (3n  2)x 

n  3n  1 1 [x]  [4x]  ....  [(3n  2)x] n  3n  1

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(ii) f (x) is not defined at x = c [figure (ii)]

(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c) [figure (iii)]

Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.

Now, f(1) = [1] = 1

and lim f(x) = lim [x] = 1

so f(1) = lim– f(x) = lim f(x) = 1

Self practice problems :

(13) Find the values of p and q such that the function

(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit

lim fog (x) = –  fog (x) i s discontinuous at x = 4.

Self practice problem :

Solution : 3(x – 1) (x – 2) + 4(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0

Differentiability of a function at a point :

f(1  h)  f(1) 2{1  h}  1  1 2h

Self Practice Problems :

Ans. (18) Discontinuous and non-differentiable at x = 3

Concept of tangent and its association with derivability :

(iv) y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D.  R.H.D.

If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) =  and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m.

(i) (ii) (iii)

as h  0 and  is finite, then lim f(a + h) – f(a) = 0

Similarly lim [f(a – h)– f(a)] = – h  lim f(a – h) = f(a)

 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

Hence, f(x) is continuous.

lim f(x) = lim ( + x2 sgn [x] + {x – 4})

Hence f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1.

lim f(x) = lim (+ sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + + sin 2

Hence L.H.L  R.H.L

Example # 40 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x + |x|.

Example # 41 : Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|

Graph of f(|x|) and |f(x)|

Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1 Non differentiable at x = 1 & x = – 1

Note : Derivability should be checked at following points

f(x  2h)  f(x) f(x)  f(2h)  f(x)  f(0)