Resistors in

Circuits
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
● Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery),

switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters

and voltmeters; and
● Solve problems involving the calculation of currents and

potential difference in circuits consisting of batteries, resistors

and capacitors.
● Evaluate the equivalent resistance, current, and voltage in a

given network of resistors connected in series and/or parallel

RESISTORS
are passive two-terminal electrical components that
implement electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. The
resistance value or range of carbon resistors in particular can
be decoded using their color bands. Resistors are a common
electrical component in a circuit and can be arranged in
different combinations such as series, parallel, or a
combination of both. Different combinations of resistors will
result to a different analysis and computation
OHM’S LAW

describes the relationships between the Voltage (V),

Current (I), and Resistance (R).

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
 TOOLS USED TO MEASURE V,I AND R
Ammeter - is a measuring instrument used to measure the
current in a circuit.

Ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures

electrical resistance.

Voltmeter - is an instrument used for measuring electric

potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

Multitester - is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical

properties. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and
current, in which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
Resistors
in
Series
RESISTORS IN SERIES

The total voltage The total current flowing The total resistance of all
across the entire through the entire series the resistors in the entire
series circuit is the circuit is constant or series circuit is the sum of
sum of all the voltage equal with the current the resistance of all the
across each resistor. passing through each resistors.
resistor.

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
 EXAMPLE 1
Findthefollowing: 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt) 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3
TotalCurrent (It)
Current on each resistor
Voltage across each resistor
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

Total Voltage (Vt) Total Current (It) Current on each Voltage across each
𝑉𝑇 resistor resistor
𝑉𝑇 = 9𝑉 𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇 𝐼1 = 0.45𝐴 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Total Resistance (Rt)
9𝑉 𝑉1 = 0.45𝐴 9𝛀 = 4.05𝑉
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼2 = 0.45𝐴
20𝛀 𝑉2 = 0.45𝐴 7𝛀 = 3.15𝑉
𝑅𝑇 =9 𝛀 +7𝛀 + 4𝛀
𝐼3 = 0.45𝐴
𝑅𝑇 = 20𝛀 𝐼𝑇 = 0.45𝐴 𝑉3 = 0.45𝐴 4𝛀 = 1.8𝑉
Resistors
in
Parallel
RESISTORS IN Parallel
The total voltage across
the entire parallel circuit
is constant or equal with
all the individual
voltages across each
resistor.
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
The total current flowing
through the entire parallel
circuit is the sum of all the
currents across all the
resistors.
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
The total resistance of all the
resistors in the entire parallel
circuit is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the
resistance of all the resistors.
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
 EXAMPLE 2
Findthefollowing: 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt) 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
TotalCurrent (It)
1 1 1 1
Voltage across each resistor = + +
Current on each resistor 𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Total Voltage (Vt) Total Current (It) Voltage across each Current on each
resistor resistor
𝑉𝑇 = 9𝑉 𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑉
𝑅𝑇 𝑉 = 9𝑉 𝐼=
Total Resistance (Rt) 𝑅
1 1 1 1 9𝑉 𝑉1 = 9𝑉 9𝑉 9𝑉
= + + 𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇 9 𝛀 7 𝛀 4𝛀 1.98𝛀 𝐼1 = = 1𝐴 𝐼2 = = 1.29𝐴
𝑉2 = 9𝑉 9𝛀 7𝛀
1 1 1 1
= + + 9𝑉
𝑅𝑇 9 𝛀 7 𝛀 4𝛀 𝐼𝑇 = 4.55𝐴 𝐼3 = = 2.25𝐴
𝑉3 = 9𝑉 4𝛀
𝑅𝑇 = 1.98𝛀
EXAMPLE 3 Findthefollowing:
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt)
TotalCurrent (It)
Voltage across each resistor
Current on each resistor
EXAMPLE 4
Findthefollowing:
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt)
TotalCurrent (It)
Voltage across each resistor
Current on each resistor
EXAMPLE 5 Findthefollowing:
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt)
TotalCurrent (It)
Voltage across each resistor
Current on each resistor
EXAMPLE 6
Findthefollowing:
Total Voltage(Vt)
Total Resistance (Rt)
TotalCurrent (It)
Voltage across each resistor
Current on each resistor