The Five Rs of

Note-Taking
1.Record
2.Reduce
3.Recite
4.Reflect
5.Review
 Fig. 1.0
https://byjus.com/physics/layers-of-the-earth/
LAYERS OF THE EARTH AND THE PANGAEA

SCI10 - Q1 - LESSON 1
01.
02.
03.
VALUES
Fig. 2.0 Layers of the Earth unlabeled: 
 Earth

consists of

outer
Crust Mantle inner core Some evidence of
core
Continental Drift:
make up • shape and fit of
continents
broken into
lithosphere tectonic plates • similarities in fossils
• similarities in rock types
move due to
asthenosphere
Driving forces: Resisting Forces:
> slab pull > slab resistance
> slab auction > collisional resistance
> ridge push > transform fault
> mantle resistance
Fig. 3.0 Concept Map 1 convection > drag force
LAYERS OF EARTH
What does the inner Earth look like?
Fig. 4.0 Categories in Classifying the Different Layers of the
Earth 
FIG. 5.0

COMPOSITION LAYERS OF EARTH

CRUST
Outermost layer of the Earth
Thinnest among the layer (makes 
up 1% of the total volume of the 
Earth.
FIG. 5.0

COMPOSITION LAYERS OF EARTH

MANTLE
• A semi-solid (asphalt-like consistency),
rocky layer.
• Thickest layer (2900 km thick).
Comprises 80% of Earth’s total mass.
• Temperature ranges from 1000°C (near
the crust) to 3700°C (near the core)
• Made of Ferro-Magnesium Silicate
rocks
FIG. 5.0

COMPOSITION LAYERS OF EARTH

CORE
•Deepest and hottest layer
•Found about 2900 Km
   below Earth’s surface.
•Formed during “iron
   catastrophe”
•Has two distinct layers:
   Outer Core and Inner Core
 Physical Layers
of the Earth

LITHOSPHERE
• Rocky outer part of
the Earth.
• Made up of the brittle
Crust and rigid top part
layer of the
upper mantle
Fig. 6.0 Physical
• Coolest and most rigid
Layers of the Earth​ part of the Earth
 Table 1.0 PROPERTIES OF CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST
PARAMETERS CONTINENTAL  PLATES OCEANINC PLATES
Granitic, light, and Basaltic, heavier, and
COMPOSTION composed of aluminum composed of
Magnesium silicates
DENSITY 2.7 g/cm3 2.9 g/cm3

THICKNESS 25 to 70km 7 to 10 km
Take a long time to Constantly renewed;
create but are rarely oldest or less than 200
AGE
destroyed; 3.8 to 4 billion million years old
years old
COVERAGE 71% of Earth’s surface 29% of Earth’s surface
Fig. 7.0 Continental and Oceanic Crust vertical
 Physical Layers
of the Earth

ASTHENOSPHERE
• Made up of the lower
portion of the upper part
of the mantle
• Denser and Weaker layer
than mesosphere
• More ductile compared
Fig. 6.0 Physical
to Lithosphere and
Layers of the Earth​ Mesosphere
 Physical Layers
of the Earth

MESOSPHERE
• Also known as Lower
Mantle or Mesospheric
Mantle
• Although hotter than its
upper mantle layers,
Mesosphere is
Fig. 6.0 Physical mostly solid.
Layers of the Earth​
Physical Layers
of the Earth

Outer core
• composed of mostly
iron and nickel that
lies above Earth's solid
inner core and below
its mantle.
• This is also referred to
as the "liquid core".
Physical Layers
of the Earth
Inner core
• The Earth's inner core is the
Earth's innermost part.
• It is primarily a solid ball
with a radius of about
1,220 km.
• It is composed of an
iron–nickel alloy and some
light elements.
Table 2.0 Simple Comparison between
Inner and Outer Core

Outer Core Inner Core

Liquid Solid

Iron and Nickel Iron

Produces the
Stabilizes the
Earth’s Magnetic
magnetic field
Field
Fig. 8.0 Magnetic field representation on the
Earth's Core
CONVECTION
CURRENTS IN
THE MANTLE
FIGURE 9.0
V.E. 2.0 Convection currents in the Mantle 
FIGURE 10.0 The Layers of the Earth and their boundaries
Mohorovičić
discontinuity -

Fig. 11.0
Interfaces   between
layers of the Earth
How do the
lithosphere and
asthenosphere
differ from each
other?  
MAPPING THE 
INNER EARTH
SCI-10 Q1 L2
Have you ever wondered how scientists were able to map the interior of
Earth even if they have not visited its inner, deeper layers?
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
 SEISMIC WAVES
Waves of energy that is usually produced when a tectonic plate release enormous amount of energy as it breaks.
SEISMOMETER
SEISMOGRAPH
SEISMOGRAM
 Types of Seismic Waves

 Body Waves -  is  a type of seismic waves

that can pass through all the different layers
of the Earth.
 Two types:
 P-Waves
 S-Waves

 Surface Waves  - is a type of wave that is

only able to travel through the surface
of the Earth
 Two types:
 Love Waves
 Rayleigh Waves
 P-wave

In P or compressional waves, the 
vibration of the rock is in the 
direction of propagation. P waves 
travel fastest and are the first to 
arrive from the earthquake. ​

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

 S-wave

In S or shear
waves, rock oscillates 
perpendicular to the 
direction of wave 
propagation.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

 L-wave or Love wave

A Love wave is a surface wave

having a horizontal motion that is
transverse (or perpendicular) to
the wave
progression.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

 Rayleigh wave

It is a seismic
surface wave
causing the ground
to shake in
an elliptical motion,
with no transverse,
or perpendicular,
motion.​
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
 PROBLEM
OBSERVATION
PROBEX
 EXPLAIN
Activity 
References

 Chris Johnson, M. D. (2021, February 15). Geosciences Libretext. Retrieved

from LibreTexts libraries:
https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction
_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/02%3A_Plate_T
ectonics/2.02%3A_Layers_of_the_Earth

 Pavico, J. M., Ramos, A. C., Bayqueen, A., & Sylverio, A. (2019). Exploring
Life through Science (Second Edition, Vol. 10). Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc.