Name : Jericho Hyansalem Wicaksono

NRP : 5019201004
Course : Ship Maintenance
Lecturer : Ir. Dwi Priyanta, MSE
Assignment : Workbook 1 – Descriptive Statistics & Probability
1. The mean tensile strength of a synthetic fiber is an important quality characteristic
that is of interest to the manufacturer. A random sample of 16 specimens is selected,
and their tensile strengths are determined. Determine mean, median, mode, range,
standard deviation as well as variance of the random sample.

Answer:
 Mean:
16
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = � 𝑥𝑥1→16
16
1

Hence, the mean is:

797.83
𝑥𝑥̅ =
16
𝑥𝑥̅ = 49.86 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
 Median:
Median is the middle value when the samples are arranged in increasing or decreasing
order.
Smallest to Highest order:
Spec. 12 11 7 10 1 9 3 6 15 8 14 16 4 13 2 5
Str. 46.94 47.90 48.00 48.10 48.89 49.20 49.29 49.72 49.86 49.96 50.75 51.57 51.66 51.76 52.07 52.16

Because the samples are even number, the median will be:
49.72+49.86
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =
2

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 49.79 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

 Mode:
Mode is the value that occurs most often in a set of samples. However, because the given
sample does not have repeated or same values, this dataset has no mode for a measure of
 central tendency. Hence, in this manner, there is NO MODE from the sample. But, The
mode of a continuous probability distribution is the point at which the probability density
function attains its maximum value. If so, then the mode of the given sample is:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 52.16 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
 Range:
Range is the difference between largest and smallest values, which the largest value is the
5th specimen with strength of 52.16 psi and the smallest value is the 12th specimen with
strength of 46.94 psi. Hence, the range is:
52.16 − 46.94 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) = 5.22 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
 Standard Deviation:

𝑛𝑛
1
𝑆𝑆 = � �(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
1

16
1
𝑆𝑆 = � �(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
15
1

The square distance form the mean of each value needs to be calculated, which can be
calculated as:
(48.89 − 49.86)2 = 0.9494
(52.07 − 49.86)2 = 4.8648
(49.29 − 49.86)2 = 0.3299
(51.66 − 49.86)2 = 3.2243
(52.16 − 49.86)2 = 5.2699
(49.72 − 49.86)2 = 0.0208
(48.00 − 49.86)2 = 3.4759
(49.96 − 49.86)2 = 0.0091
(49.20 − 49.86)2 = 0.4414
(48.10 − 49.86)2 = 3.1130
(47.90 − 49.86)2 = 3.8588
(46.94 − 49.86)2 = 8.5520
(51.76 − 49.86)2 = 3.5934
 (50.75 − 49.86)2 = 0.7843
(49.86 − 49.86)2 = 0.0000
(51.57 − 49.86)2 = 2.9092
After that. Summate all those values, and we will obtain the total value of = 41.3962.
Hence, the standard deviation will be:

41.3962
𝑆𝑆 = �
15

𝑆𝑆 = 1.661248
 Random Sample Variation:
Random sample variation is the square of the standard deviation. Hence, the random
sample variation can be determined as:
𝑛𝑛
1
𝑆𝑆 2 = �(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
1
41.3962
𝑆𝑆 2 =
15
𝑆𝑆 2 = 2.759746
(Note: All the calculation above ALSO has been calculated, other than manually, with excel
formula. It can be seen in: Workbook 1 - Jericho Hyansalem Wicaksono - Ship Maintenance.xlsx)

2. The stem and leaf is one of pictorial statistics that useful for identifying whether there
are any outliers data, and the general shape of the distribution. Plot the data
presented in example 1 using stem-and-leaf.
Answer:
A continuous data distribution's form and range can be shown by stem and leaf
plots. These graphs resemble histograms but display numbers rather than bars. It's a useful
tool, especially for exploratory data analysis. They can assist you in determining your
distribution's skewness, central tendency, variability, and outliers. Stemplots are another
name for stem and leaf plots.
Divide each data point into a stem and leaf value to create a stem and leaf plot. The
data points are divided into groups by the stem values. With the exception of the last
number, which is the leaf, a data point's stem value comprises all of its digits. If the data
 set is decimals, then the stem will be until the second end of the decimal and the leaf will
be the most end of the decimal. Hence, by using this method, the sample from example 1
can be shown as below.
Stem Leaf
46.9 4
47.9 0
48.0 0
48.1 0
48.8 9
49.2 09
49.7 2
49.8 6
49.9 6
50.7 5
51.5 7
51.6 6
51.7 6
52.0 7
52.1 6

3. A box plot displays three quartiles, the minimum, and the maximum of the data on a
rectangular box, aligned horizontally and vertically. The box encloses the
interquartile range with the left (or lower) line at the first quartile Q1 and the right
(or upper) line at the third quartile Q3. A line is drawn through the box at the second
quartile Q2. A line at either and either end extends to the extreme values. Plot the data
presented in example 1 using the box plot.
Answer:
 The basis for a box plot is to display data based on a five-number summary. This means
showing:
• Minimum value: the lowest data point in the data set, excluding any outliers.

• Maximum value: the highest data point in the data set, excluding outliers.

• Median: the middle value in the data set

• First, or Lower, quartile: this is the median of the lower half of the values in the data

set.
• Third, or Upper, quartile: the median of the upper half of the data set’s values

4. The same compressor is manufactured at three plants. Plant 1 makes 70% of the
requirement and plant 2 makes 20%. From plant 1, 90% of compressors meet
particular standard, from plant 2 only 80%, whereas from plant 3 the percentage of
unit produced up to standard is 95%. Determine :
a. How many compressors will be up to standard out of every 100 purchased by
customers?
Answer:
Suppose the 3 plants manufactured total of 100 compressors and all of them are
purchased by customers. Every 100 of these compressors that are manufactured and
purchased by customers, each has its own success rate (%) of meet the particular
standard. That means, plant 1 will manufacture 70 compressors, plant 2 will
manufacture 20 compressors, and plant 3 will manufacture the rest of the
compressors which is 10 compressors. However, looking at each of the plant’s
success rate of meeting the particular standard for the compressors, every 100
compressors manufactured and purchased by the customers will only has 88 of
compressors meet the particular standard.

Manufacture Success
Success (%)
(Amount) (Amount)
Plant 1 70 90% 63
Plant 2 20 80% 16
Plant 3 10 95% 9.5
Total 100 88.5
b. Given that the purchased compressor is up to standard, what is the probability
that it was made in plant 2?
Answer:
 Based on the given situation, it can be seen that the Bayes’ Theorem might
be used to solve this question. Bayes' Theorem states that the conditional
probability of an event, based on the occurrence of another event, is equal
to the likelihood of the second event given the first event multiplied by the
probability of the first event.
Plant 1 produces 70% of the compressors P(A) = 70% = 0.7
Plant 2 produces 20% of the compressors P(B) = 20% = 0.2
Plant 3 produces 10% of the compressors P(C) = 10% = 0.1

Let S = compressor of particular standard

The compressors manufactured by plant 1, probability of them meet
particular standard: P(S|A) = 90% = 0.9
The compressors manufactured by plant 2, probability of them meet
particular standard: P(S|B) = 80% = 0.8
The compressors manufactured by plant 3, probability of them meet
particular standard: P(S|C) = 95% = 0.95

Given the compressors that meet particular standard are being manufactured
by plant 2, the probability of it is:
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) × 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐵𝐵)
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝑆𝑆) =
{𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) × 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐴𝐴)} + {𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) × 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐵𝐵)} + {𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶) × 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐶𝐶)}
0.2 × 0.8
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝑆𝑆) =
{0.7 × 0.9} + {0.2 × 0.8} + {0.1 × 0.95}
0.16
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝑆𝑆) =
0.63 + 0.16 + 0.095
0.16
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝑆𝑆) =
0.885
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝑆𝑆) = 0.18079 = 18.08%
  By using my own logic:
Plant 1 produces 70% of the compressors.
Plant 2 produces 20% of the compressors.
Plant 3 produces 10% of the compressors.

Compressors of plant 1 is 90% meet the standard.

Compressors of plant 2 is 80% meet the standard.
Compressors of plant 3 is 95% meet the standard.

Standard Complied Compressors from plant 1 are 0.7 × 0.9 = 0.63 of the total
(63% of total).
Standard Complied Compressors from plant 2 are 0.2 × 0.8 = 0.16 of the total
(16% of total).
Standard Complied Compressors from plant 3 are 0.1 × 0.95 = 0.095 of the total
(9.5% of total).

Total standard complied compressors from all 3 plants are = 0.63+0.16+0.095 =

0.885 of the total (88.5 % of the total)

Probability that the standard complied compressors comes from plant 1 =

0.63/0.885 = 0.711864406779661 (around 71.12% probability)
Probability that the standard complied compressors comes from plant 2 =
0.16/0.885 = 0.180790960451977 (around 18.08% probability)
Probability that the standard complied compressors comes from plant 3 =
0.095/0.885 = 0.107344632768362 (around 10.73% probability)

And the sum of the standard complied probabilities from these three plants =
0.711864406779661 + 0.180790960451977 + 0.107344632768362 = 1 as it should
be.
 Hence, it is safe to conclude that the probability of the purchased compressor is up
to standard was made in plant 2 is around 18.08% probability

5. A system consists of 17 different components, of which one, component K, has been

identified as the keystone component. The probability that the keystone component is
good is 0.95. If the keystone component is good, then the system succeeds with a
probability 0.9. If not, then the probability of system success drop to 0.8. What is the
probability of system success?
Answer:
Below is the simplified version I write:
If Component K Good (probability 0.95), System Success (probability 0.9)
If Component K Bad (probability 0.05), System Success (probability 0.8)
Based on this situation, it can be said that it is an application of conditional probability.
Hence, it can be solved using:
P(Z) = Probability of system success
P(S|A) = System success probability when K is good = 0.9
P(S|B) = System success probability when K is bad = 0.8
P(A) = Probability component K is good = 0.95
P(B) = Probability component K is bad = 0.05

𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐴𝐴). 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝑆𝑆|𝐵𝐵). 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)

𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍) = (0.9 × 0.95) + (0.8 × 0.05)
𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍) = 0.855 + 0.04
𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍) = 0.895
So, the probability of system success is 0.895 or 89.5% chance.