ASSIGNMENT - RESUME VIDEO

Jericho Hyansalem Wicaksono

5019201004
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

Department of Marine Engineering

Faculty of Marine Technology
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Introduction
Until this day, there are still many countries and area that are powered by steam power
plants. As the name suggests, a steam power plant is a plant that produces power with the
involvement of steam. A steam power plant consists of a boiler, steam turbine, generator, and
other auxiliaries. The steam here, which contain heat energy, is used to rotate the blade of the
steam turbine and generating mechanical energy, which used to rotate the shaft that is
connected to a generator, which then the generator produces electricity. However, it needs a
device to produce steam from water. This is the role of a boiler.

Boiler
In order for the plant to produce high pressured steam and generate energy, boilers are
employed in power plants. The Rankine cycle is the mechanism responsible for this effect. In
order to heat water into steam, the boiler uses fuel, such as coal, natural gas, or nuclear fuel.
In the boiler's combustion chamber, the fuel is burned. The water that is fed to the boiler
drum makes use of the heat energy produced when the fuel is burned. The energy from the
burning fuel is stored in the form of high pressurized and high temperature steam.

Figure 1. General Configuration of a Steam Boiler

(Source: www.researchgate.com)
The feed water enters the steam drum through both internal and furnace-surrounding
tubes, beginning the process of creating steam. Wet or saturated steam is the term used to
describe the steam produced in the steam drum. Since it has a lot of moisture, this steam
cannot be used directly. This steam must first be dried and heated with the aid of a
superheater placed inside the boiler in order to be useable. The steam can be given to other
systems once all of the moisture has been taken out of it. The energy from the fuel burning is
used for various other purposes, the main two are as follows:
 For heating feed water to produce steam
 For superheating the steam from the boiler drum
 There are two main types of boilers, which are:
- Water-tube boiler
- Fire-tube boiler
Both types have the exact opposite layout and design. While the feed water surrounds the hot
gases as they pass through the tubes in fire tube boilers, the hot gases pass through the tubes
in water tube boilers as the hot gases pass over them.

Water-tube Boiler

Figure 2. Water-tube Boiler Sketch

(Source: www.youtube.com)
In large steam power plants, the type of boiler commonly used is water-tube boiler.
Water-tube boiler, as the name suggests, is a boiler where water flows through the tubes and
fire surrounds them. Water-tube boiler is ideal for high pressure applications. By looking at
Figure 1 and Figure 2, water-tube boiler working mechanism can be analyzed. A unit called
“Economiser” is the first heat absorber. Highly pressurized water supplied by the feedwater
pump enters through this economiser. The economiser absorbs heat energy from the flue gas,
which then raises the temperature of the water. After that, the water flows into a steam drum
to the downcomers. Then it passes through the narrow tube section called the water wall. The
water experiences phase change (becoming steam) in this water wall. The steam that is
produced with a little bit some water droplets within, enters the steam drum again.
Actually, the steam drum is used for separating water droplets from the steam. This kind
of steam is called saturated steam. The steam needs to be superheated, because the greater the
temperature of the heat source, the more efficient the cycle. Therefore, by making the steam
temperature very high or to be superheated will result in a highly efficient power. However,
temperature increase has certain limitations, which is the turbine blade material cannot
withstand steam with high temperature up to 600 degrees celcius. So, a heat exchanger is
installed after the steam drum to superheat the steam to the maximum allowable limit, which
is around 550 degrees celsius. Superheating also reduces the moisture content in the steam.
The steam then is supplied to the turbine inlet.
Fire-tube Boiler
Fire-tube boilers are used for small scale applications. A water tube boiler's design
options include a cylindrical shell that is vertical, has a firebox in the base, water storage
space in the middle, and steam storage space in the upper segment. At the base of the firebox
is a firegrate, and the firebox itself is lit with coal. When using burned coal, an ash pit is
positioned at the bottom of the grate to collect the ash from the coal and, occasionally, it can
be separated. To raise the outside area of heating and improve the water flow, one or more
cross-tubes are flanged to the water space that is placed inside the box. The pinnacle of the
firebox is connected to a little chimney for expelling the waste outputs at a greater height.
The hand holes and manholes of the boiler's tubes and shell can both be used for cleaning.
The fire-tube boiler is designed to transfer hot gases using both cycle and a heat source.
These gases move via pipes that are connected to a water-filled drum. Through this process,
the hot gas is effectively transferred to the water, where it is effectively converted to steam.

Figure 3. Fire-tube Boiler Sketch

(Source: www.youtube.com)