Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture-09
Seismic Analysis RC Structures

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics
 Introduction
 Earthquake Design Philosophy
 Seismic Loading Criteria
 Analysis for Seismic Loads
 Approximate Lateral Load Analysis
 References

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Introduction
 Earth’s Interior

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Earthquake results from the sudden movement of

the tectonic plates in the earth’s crust.

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Introduction
 Effect of Earthquake
 The movement, taking place at the fault lines, causes
energy release which is transmitted through the earth in
the form of waves. These waves reach the structure
causing shaking.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction
 Seismic Events around the globe
 Mostly takes place at boundaries of Tectonic plates

Dots
represents an
earthquake

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Introduction
 Types of Waves Generated Due to Earthquake

Body Waves Surface Waves

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Displacement due to Earthquake

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Introduction

 Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

⚫ Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all three directions.

⚫ The structures designed for gravity loading (DL+LL) will be

normally safe against vertical component of ground shaking.

⚫ The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either adds to

or subtracts from the acceleration due to gravity.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

⚫ The structures are normally designed for horizontal shaking

to minimize the effect of damages due to earthquakes.

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Introduction

 Earthquake Types with respect to Depth of Focus

⚫ Shallow
⚫ Depth of focus varies between 0 and 70 km.

⚫ Deep
⚫ Depth of focus varies between 70 and 700 km.

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Introduction

 Earthquake characteristics with respect to distance

from epicenter 1.0 ≤ T ≤ 10 sec
1 Hz ≥ f ≥ 0.1 Hz

Near Field: 0 to 25 km
0.3 ≤ T ≤ 1.0 sec
Intermediate Field: 25 to 50 km 3.33 Hz ≥ f ≥ 1 Hz
Epicenter
Far Field: Beyond 50 km
0.05 ≤ T ≤ 0.3
20 Hz ≥ f ≥ 3.33 Hz
25 km

Low period & high

frequency field

Moderate period &

low frequency field

Large period & low

frequency field
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Introduction

 Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate

and far field earthquakes
⚫ The natural time period of a structure is its important characteristic
to predict behavior during an earthquake of certain time period
(Resonance phenomenon).

⚫ For a particular structure, the natural time period is a function of

mass and stiffness {T = 2p√(m/k)}

⚫ “T” can be roughly estimated from: T = 0.1 × number of stories

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate

and far field earthquakes

Medium rise
High rise Structure
Structure (upto 5 stories)
(Above 5 stories) Epicenter

Low rise
Structure
(upto 3 stories)

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Introduction

 Earthquake Recording

⚫ Seismograph
⚫ Using multiple seismographs
around the world, accurate
location of the epicenter of the
earthquake, as well as its
magnitude or size can be
determined.

⚫ Working of seismograph shown

in figure.

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Introduction

 Earthquake Recording

⚫ Richter Scale
⚫ In 1935, Charles Richter (US)
developed this scale.

⚫ The Richter scale is logarithmic,

So, a magnitude 5 Richter
measurement is ten times
greater than a magnitude 4;
while it is 10 x 10, or 100 times
greater than a magnitude 3
measurement.

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Introduction

 Earthquake Recording

⚫ Some of the famous

earthquake records

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Introduction

 Earthquake Occurrence

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Introduction

 Seismic Zones

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Importance of Architectural Features

⚫ The behavior of a building during
earthquakes depend critically on its overall
shape, size and geometry, in addition to
how the earthquake forces are carried to the
ground.

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Introduction

 Importance of Architectural Features

⚫ At the planning stage, architects and structural engineers must
work together to ensure that the unfavorable features are avoided
and a good building configuration is chosen.

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Introduction

 Other Undesirable Scenarios

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Introduction

 Soft Storey

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Earthquake Design Philosophy

Performance level

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Building Code of Pakistan

⚫ In Pakistan, the design criteria for earthquake loading are based

on design procedures presented in chapter 5, division II of
Building Code of Pakistan, seismic provision 2007 (BCP, SP
2007), which have been adopted from chapter 16, division II of
UBC-97 (Uniform Building Code), volume 2.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Lateral Force Determination Procedures

⚫ The total design seismic force imposed by an earthquake on
the structure at its base is referred to as base shear “V” in the
UBC-97.

⚫ The design seismic force can be determined based on:

⚫ Dynamic lateral force procedure [sec. 1631, UBC-97 or sec. 5.31, BCP-2007].

⚫ Static lateral force procedure [sec. 1630.2, UBC-97 or Sec. 5.30.2, BCP 2007],

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ UBC-97 section 1631 include information on dynamic lateral force
procedures that involve the use of:
⚫ Time history analysis.
⚫ Response spectrum analysis.
⚫ The details of these methods are presented in sections 1631.5
and 1631.6 of the UBC-97.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Time History Analysis (THA)

Lateral
Displacement

Ground
T
acceleration

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

a (ft/sec2) Response D
1

Peak
Ts1 = 0.3 sec Response
T
T
a (ft/sec2) Response
D2 (Ts1,D1)
(Ts2,D2)
T
Ts2 = 1.0 sec
T
(Ts3,D3)
a (ft/sec2) Response

D3
Structural
Time
T period
T
Ts3 = 2.0 sec

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

UBC-97 Response Spectrum Curve

(Acceleration vs. Time period)
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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ The total design base shear (V) in a given direction can be
determined from the following formula:

V = (CνI/RT) W
⚫ Where,
⚫ Cν = Seismic coefficient (Table 16-R of UBC-97).
⚫ I = Seismic importance factor (Table 16-K of UBC-97 )
⚫ R = numerical coefficient representative of inherent over strength and
global ductility capacity of lateral force-resisting systems (Table 16-N
or 16-P).
⚫ W = the total seismic dead load defined in Section 1630.1.1.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ The total design base need not exceed [ V = (2.5CaI/R) W ]
⚫ Where, Ca = Seismic coefficient (Table 16-Q of UBC-97)
⚫ The total design base shear shall not be less than [ V = 0.11CaIW ]

⚫ In addition for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall also not
be less [ V = (0.8ZNνI/R) W ]
⚫ Where, Nν = near source factor (Table 16-T of UBC-97);
Z = Seismic zone factor (Table 16-I of UBC-97)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 1: Find Site Specific details.
⚫ Step 2: Determine Seismic Coefficients
⚫ Step 3: Determine Seismic Importance factor “I”
⚫ Step 4: Determine “R” factor
⚫ Step 5: Determine structure’s time period
⚫ Step 6:Determine base shear “V” and apply code maximum and
minimum.
⚫ Step 7: Determine vertical distribution of “V”.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 1: Find Site Specific details.
⚫ Following list of data needs to be obtained:
⚫ Seismic Zone
⚫ Soil type
⚫ Past earthquake magnitude (required only for highest seismic zone).
⚫ Closest distance to known seismic source (required only for highest seismic
zone).

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 1: Site Specific details.
⚫ i. Seismic Zone

Source: BCP SP-2007

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 1: Find Site Specific details.
⚫ ii. Soil Type

⚫ As per UBC code, if soil type is not known, type SD shall be taken.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 1: Find Site Specific details.
⚫ iii. Past Earthquake magnitude: This is required only for seismic zone 4
to decide about seismic source type so that certain additional coefficients
can be determined.

⚫ iv. Distance to known seismic zone is also required to determine

additional coefficients for zone 4.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 2: Determination of Seismic Coefficients.
⚫ Cv:

⚫ Nv (required only for zone 4):

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 2: Determination of Seismic Coefficients.
⚫ Ca:

⚫ Na (required only for zone 4):

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 3: Determination of Seismic Importance Factor.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 4: Determination of “R” Factor.
⚫ R factor basically reduces base shear “V” to make the system
economical. However the structure will suffer some damage as explained
in the earthquake design philosophy.
⚫ R factor depends on overall structural response of the structure under
lateral loading.
⚫ For structures exhibiting good performance, R factor will be high.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 4: Determination of “R” Factor.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 5: Determination of structure’s time period.
⚫ Structural Period (By Method A, UBC 97): For all buildings, the value T
may be approximated from the following formula:
T = Ct (hn)3/4
⚫ Where,
⚫ Ct = 0.035 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames.

⚫ Ct = 0.030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically

braced frames.

⚫ Ct = 0.020 (0.0488) for all other buildings.

⚫ hn = Actual height (feet or meters) of the building above the base to the nth level.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 6: Determination of Base Shear (V).
⚫ Calculate base shear meeting the following criteria:
0.11CaIW ≤ V = (CνI/RT) W ≤ (2.5CaI/R) W

⚫ For zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than:
V = (0.8ZNνI/R) W

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

⚫ Steps for Calculation of “V”:
⚫ Step 7: Vertical Distribution of V to storeys.
⚫ The joint force at a particular level x of the structure is given as:
Fx = (V – Ft)ωxhx/∑ωihi (UBC sec. 1630.5)
{ i ranges from 1 to n, where n = number of stories }

⚫ Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in
addition to the Fx force at that level.
⚫ Ft = 0.07TV {for T > 0.7 sec}
⚫ Ft = 0 {for T ≤ 0.7 sec}

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure
 Example: Calculation of “V” for E-W interior frame of the given
structure. Structure is located in Peshawar. Soil type is stiff.

fc′ = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
SDL = Nil
LL = 144 psf

SDL = Nil 10 ft (floor to floor)

LL = 144 psf

SDL = Nil 10 ft
LL = 144 psf 20
ft Slab-Beam
20
10 ft ft Frame
20 Structure
ft
25 25 25 25
ft ft ft ft
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 E-W interior frame
4 spans @ 25′-0″
3 spans @ 20′-0″

l2 = 20′

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 1: Site specific details.

 i. Seismic Zone:

From seismic zoning map of

Pakistan, Peshawar lies in
seismic zone 2B (Z = 0.20)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 1: Site specific details.

 ii. Soil Type: Stiff soil is classified as SD (stiff soil).

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 1: Site specific details.

 iii. Past earthquake magnitude: Not determined as it required for zone

4 only.

 iv. Distance to known seismic zone: Not determined as it is required

for zone 4 only.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 2: Determination of Seismic Coefficients.
 For seismic zone 2B, only Ca and Cv determination is required.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 3: Determination of Seismic Importance Factor.

I = 1.00 (Standard Occupancy

Structures)

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 4: Determination of “R” Factor.

 R = 8.5 (Concrete SMRF)

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 5: Determination of Structure’s time period.

 By method A:

 T = Ct (hn)3/4

 Ct = 0.003; hn = 30 ft

 T = 0.003 × (30)3/4 = 0.384 sec

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 6: Determination of base shear (V).

 Base Shear (V) = {CvI/RT}W

 W (self weight of E-W interior frame + super imposed dead load)

= 613 kips

 25 % floor live load will also be added up (for warehouses, see

UBC sec.1630.1.1.)

 W = 613 + 0.25  0.144  20×(4×25) = 685 kips

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 6: Determination of base shear (V).

 V = {CvI/RT}W = {0.40  1.00/ (8.5  0.384)}  685 = 83.94 kips

 The total design base need not exceed the following:

V = (2.5CaI/R) W = {(2.5 × 0.28 × 1.00)/ (8.5)} × 685 = 56.41 kips,

 The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

V = 0.11CaIW = 0.11 × 0.28 × 1.00 × 685= 21.098 kips, O.K.

 Therefore, V = 56.41 kip (8 % of seismic weight W)

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example:
 Step 7: Vertical distribution of V to storeys.

 Fx = (V – Ft)ωxhx/∑ωihi

 ∑ωihi = 228 ×10 + 228×20 + 228×30 = 13680 kip

 F1 = (56.41 – 0) × 228 × 10/ {(13680)} = 9.402 kip

 Storey forces for other stories are given in table below:

Table Storey shears.
Level
hx (ft) wx (kip) wxhx (ft-kip) wxhx /(Swihi) Fx (kip)
x
3 30 228 6840 0.5 28.21
2 20 228 4560 0.33 18.61
1 10 228 2280 0.166 9.36
Swihi = 13680 Check SFx =V = 56.18 kip OK
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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

 Example (Storey Forces):
 Same forces will be obtained for other E-W interior frame because it has
same dimensions and loading conditions as of E-W interior frame
considered.

 Half values shall be applied to E-W exterior frames.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure Note: Base shear can

also be computed for
 Example (Storey Forces): complete structure and
then can be divided to
14.1 kips
different frames.
28.21 kips

9.3 kips 28.21 kips

18.61 kips 14.1 kips

4.68 kips 18.61 kips

9.36 kips 9.3 kips

9.36 kips
20 ft
4.68 kips
20 ft
20 ft
25 ft 25 ft 25 ft 25 ft

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Base Shear using UBC Response Spectra

Ca = 0.28
 Example:
Cv = 0.4
Ts = Cv/2.5Ca = 0.57 sec
To = 0.2Ts = 0.114 sec
Spectral
R = 8.5; W = 685 kips
Acceleration
(g’s) 2.5Ca = 0.7
Line at T = 0.384
sec Now, T of given structure = 0.384 sec
At T = 0.384 sec,

Cv/T
Spectral acceleration = 0.7g
V = W × (a/g)/R = 56 kips

Ca = 0.28
Base shear computed here is same as
computed using the static lateral force
procedure.
0.114 0.57 Period (sec)

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Seismic Loading Criteria

 Automated lateral force procedure of SAP2000

 Steps for the given 3D structure are shown next.

SAP2000 3D Model
(20ft × 15 ft) panels
Seismic Zone: 2B
Soil Type: SD
Method A used for time period calculation
Mass source: SDL only

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Seismic Loading Criteria

 Static Lateral Force Procedure

1. Automated Lateral Force Procedure of SAP2000

It is important to add SDL as Load for mass

source with 3rd option selected to avoid load to
be taken two times.

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Seismic Loading Criteria

1. Automated Lateral Force Procedure of SAP2000
 Static Lateral Force Procedure
 Case Study 2: Base shear calculation for E-W direction using
SAP2000 automated lateral load feature and comparison with
results of manually applied lateral loads.

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Analysis for Seismic Loads

 Methods of Seismic (lateral load) Analysis

 Exact: FEM using SAP 2000, etc.
 This method was demonstrated in previous example

 Approximate lateral load analysis:

 This will be discussed next

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 ACI Requirements on Lateral Load Analysis
 Unlike ACI 8.9 which allows separate floor analysis for
gravity loads, ACI R8.9 states that for lateral load analysis, a
full frame from top to bottom must be considered.

For Gravity Load For Lateral Load

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method
 This is a method used to estimate the effects of side sway
due to lateral forces acting on multistory building frame.
 This method is specialized form of point of inflection method.
Side sway (Δ)
F3

F2

F1

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method
 Prepositions:
1. The total horizontal shear in all columns of a given storey is equal and
opposite to the sum of all horizontal loads acting above that storey.

 This preposition follows from the requirement that horizontal

forces be in equilibrium at any level.
F3
H31 H32 H31 + H32 = F3

F2
H21 H22 H21 + H22 = F3 + F2

F1
H11 H12 H11+ H12 = F3 + F2 + F1

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method
 Prepositions:
2. The horizontal shear is the same in both exterior columns. The
horizontal shear in each interior column is twice that in exterior column.
 This preposition is due to the fact that interior columns are generally more rigid than
exterior columns (interior column with larger axial load will require larger cross section).

F3
H3 2H3 2H3
H3
6 H3 = F3 F2
or H3 = F3 /6 H2 2H2 2H2
H2
H3 = F3 / 2n
Where n= no. of bays F1
And 2H3 = F3 / n H1 2H1 2H1
H1

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method
 Prepositions:
3. The inflection points of all members (columns and beams) are located
midway between the joints except for bottom storey.

Point of
F3 Inflection

F2

Location of P.O.I depends on end restraints:

F1 2h/3 (restraints with more resistance to rotation)

2h/3
h/3 (restraints with less resistance to rotation)
At base (ideal hinge)
h/3

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 1: Location of points of inflection on frame using preposition 3.
F3

F2

F1

l1 l2 l3
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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 2: Determine column shears using proposition 1 and 2.
F3
H3ext=F3/2n H3int=F3/n H3int=F3/n H3ext=F3/2n

F2
H2ext=(F3 + F2)/2n H2int=(F3 + F2)/n H2int=(F3 + F2)/n H2ext=(F3 + F2)/2n

F1
H1ext=(F3 + F2 + F1)/2n H1int=(F3 + F2 + F1)/n H1int=(F3 + F2 + F1)/n H1ext=(F3 + F2 + F1)/2n

n = number of bays

l1 l2 l3
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3a: Determine column moments from statics.
F3
M3ext= H3exth/2 M3int= H3inth/2 M3int= H3inth/2 M3ext= H3exth/2

H3ext H3int H3int H3ext h

M3ext= H3exth/2 M3int= H3inth/2 M3int= H3inth/2 M3ext= H3exth/2
F2
M2ext= H2exth/2 M2int= H2inth/2 M2int= H2inth/2 M2ext= H2exth/2

H2ext H2int H2int H2ext h

M2ext= H2exth/2 M2int= H2inth/2 M2int= H2inth/2 M2ext= H2exth/2
F1
M1ext= H1exth/3 M1int= H1inth/3 M1int= H1inth/3 M1ext= H1exth/3
H1ext H1int H1int H1ext
h
M1ext= H1ext2h/3 M1int= H1int2h/3 M1int= H1int2h/3 M1ext= H1ext2h/3

l1 l2 l3
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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3b: Determine beam moments from statics.
⚫ Beam moments at a joint can be determined from equilibrium. The beam
moments to the left (MBL) and right (MBR) of a joint can be determined
from the following formulae:

⚫ MBL= ∑Mcol/m

⚫ MBR= ∑Mcol/m

⚫ Where,

⚫ m = # of connecting beams at a joint.

⚫ ∑Mcol = summation of column moments at a joint.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3b: Determine beam moments from statics.
MBL= M3ext/1 MBL= M3int/2
F3
MBR= M3int/2
M3ext M3int

M3int Note: The direction

of beam moment
F2 shall be opposite to
MBR= (M3int+M2int)/2 MBL= (M3int+M2int)/2 the direction of
M2int
column moment.

F1

l1 l2 l3
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3c: Determine beam shear from statics.
 As the point of inflection is assumed to lie at mid span, the beam shear
equals beam end moment divided by ½ beam span.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3c: Determine beam shear from statics.
F3
MBL MBR MBL MBR
PL=MBL/0.5l1 PR=MBR/0.5l1 PL=MBL/0.5l2 PR=MBR/0.5l2 PL PR

F2
PL PR PL PR PL PR

F1
PL PR PL PR PL PR

l1 l2 l3
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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3d: Determine column axial force from statics.
 For a segment (abc for example), the axial force shall be arithmetic
sum of beam shears within that segment, but in opposite direction.
 Axial force in lower storey shall be the sum of axial force in storey
under question plus the axial forces in all above stories.
a c
F3
PL PR b PL PR PR

F2
PL PR PL PR PL PR

F1
PL PR PL PR PL PR

l1 l2 l3
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method Analysis Steps
 Step 3d: Determine column axial force from statics.
F3
PL3 PR3+PL3
PL3 PR3 PL3 PR3 PL3 PR3

F2
PL3+PL2 Similarly all other
PL2 PR2 PL2 PR2 PL2 PR2 column axial
forces can be
determined
F1
PL1 PR1 PL1 PR1 PL1 PR1

PL3+PL2 +PL1

l1 l2 l3
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
Lateral load analysis for E-W Interior Frame of given 3D
structure by portal method and its comparison with SAP2000.
 The objective of this study is to check the level of accuracy of portal
method.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
Note: Zone 2B
 Given 3D structure. SDL = Nil
LL = 144 psf
fc′ = 4 ksi Slab = 7″
fy = 60 ksi
SDL = Nil
LL = 144 psf

SDL = Nil 10 ft (floor to floor)

LL = 144 psf

SDL = Nil 10 ft
LL = 144 psf 20 ft
Slab-Beam
20 ft
10 ft Frame
20 ft Structure
25 ft 25 ft 25 ft 25 ft
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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 E-W Interior Frame
F3 =28.21 kip

h=10 ft
F2 =18.61 kip

h=10 ft
F1 =9.36 kip

h=10 ft

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 1: Locate points of inflection.
F3 =28.21 kip

F2 =18.61 kip

F1 =9.36 kip

For
Hinge

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 2: Determine column shear. n=4
F3 =28.21 kip
H3ext=F3/2n H3int=F3/n
3.5 7.05 7.05 7.05 3.5
F2 =18.61 kip
H2ext=(F3 + F2)/2n H2int=(F3 + F2)/n

5.85 11.7 11.7 11.7

5.85
F1 =9.36 kip
H1ext=(F3 + F2 + F1)/2n H1int=(F3 + F2 + F1)/n

7.00 14.0 14.0 14.0 7.00

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
Portal Method  Step 2: Determine column shear (comparison with SAP).
SAP 3D

3.5 7.05 7.05

(4) (7) (7)

5.85 11.7 11.7

(7) (13) (12)

14.0 14.0
7.00
(13) (13)
(11)

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1) M = H ×h/2 (for all stories except bottom)
M = H × h (for bottom storey)

 Step 3a: Determine column moments.

F3 =
28.21 kip 17.5 35.25 35.25 35.25 17.5
3.5 7.05 7.05 7.05 3.5
17.5 35.25 35.25 35.25 17.5
F2 =
18.61 kip 29.3 58.5 58.5 58.5 29.3
5.85 11.7 11.7 11.7
5.85
F1 = 29.3 58.5 58.5 58.5 29.3
9.36 kip
70 140 140 140 70

7.00 14.0 14.0 14.0

7.00

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 3a: Determine column moments (comparison with SAP).
Portal Method 17.5 35.25 35.25
SAP 3D (28) (39) (37)

29.3 35.25 58.5 35.25 58.5

17.5 (45) (69) (65)
(33) (32)
(20)

29.3 70 58.5 140 58.5 140

(28) (111) (62) (133) (56) (129)

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1) MBL= ∑Mcol/m
MBR= ∑Mcol/m
 Step 3b: Determine beam moments.
17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
F3 =
28.21 kip
17.5 35.25 35.25 35.25 17.5
17.5 35.25 35.25 35.25 17.5
46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8
F2 =
18.61 kip
29.3 58.5 58.5 58.5 29.3
29.3 58.5 58.5 58.5 29.3
F1 = 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
9.36 kip

70 140 140 140 70

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 3b: Determine beam moments (comparison with SAP).
Portal Method 17.5 17.5
SAP 3D (16) (14)
17.5 17.5
(19) (14)

46.8 46.8
(41) (37)
46.8 46.8
(46) (37)

99 99
(81) (70)
99 99
(99) (68)

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1) PL= MBL/0.5l
PR= MBR/0.5l
 Step 3c: Determine beam shear.
17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
F3 =
28.21 kip
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8 46.8

F2 =
18.61 kip
3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74

F1 = 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
9.36 kip
7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 3c: Determine beam shear (comparison with SAP).
Portal Method
SAP 3D
1.4 1.4
(1.8) (1.5)

3.74 3.74
(4.4) (4)

7.92 7.92
(9) (7)

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Step 3d: Determine column axial loads.
F3 =
28.21 kip
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
1.4 0 0 0 1.4

F2 =
18.61 kip
3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74
0 0 0
5.14 5.14
F1 =
9.36 kip
7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92 7.92
0 0 0
13.06 13.06

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 1)

Portal Method
 Step 3d: Determine column axial loads (comparison with SAP).
SAP 3D

1.4 0 0
(2) (-0.5) (0)

5.14 0 0
(7) (-1.4) (0)

13.06 0 0
(17) (-4.4) (0)

l1=25 ft l2=25 ft l3=25 ft l4=25 ft

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load Analysis

 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Similar comparison for 20 × 15 ft structure is shown below:
Portal Method
16 31
SAP 3D
(16) (22)

26 52
(26) (38)
16 31
(13) (20)

61 123
(68) (77)
26 52
(19) (36)

l1=20 ft l2=20 ft l3=20 ft l4=20 ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load Analysis

 Portal Method (Case Study 1)
 Similar comparison for 20 × 15 ft structure is shown below:
Portal Method 16 16
SAP 3D (9) (8.5)
16 16
(12) (8)

41 41
(25) (22)
41 41
(29) (22)

87 87
(50) (43)
87 87
(64) (40)

l1=20 ft l2=20 ft l3=20 ft l4=20 ft

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Lateral Load Analysis of a frame corresponding to seismic
demand in seismic zones 1 to 4 using Portal Method.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)

fc′ = 3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf

SDL = 40 psf 10.5 ft (floor to floor)

LL = 60 psf

SDL = 40 psf 10.5 ft

LL = 60 psf 15 ft
Slab-Beam
15 ft
10.5 ft Frame
15 ft Structure
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Zone 1 (Bending moments)

Ca = 0.12
Cv = 0.18
R = 8.5
V = 20.04 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Zone 2A (Bending moments)

Ca = 0.22
Cv = 0.32
R = 8.5
V = 36.74 kips

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Zone 2B (Bending moments)

Ca = 0.28
Cv = 0.40
R = 8.5
V = 46.76 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Zone 3 (Bending moments)

Ca = 0.36
Cv = 0.54
R = 8.5
V = 60.11 kips

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 101

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Zone 4 (Bending moments)

Ca = 0.44
Cv = 0.64
R = 8.5
V = 73.47 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Comparison (Interior Negative Beam Moment)
Top

Intermediate

Bottom

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Approximate Lateral Load

Analysis
 Portal Method (Case Study 2)
 Comparison (Column Moment)

Top

Intermediate

Bottom

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References
 ACI 318-14

 UBC-97

 BCP SP-2007
Intermediate

 Earthquake tips from IITK.

Bottom

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The End

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