TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

CGE 3263

Module Leader:
E Twagirimana (P.E)
1
UR-CST/SoE/CEGE
Agaciro-Block, First Floor, M 116
 Chapter 1: Introduction
▪ Learning Objectives:

➢ At the end of this chapter, students should be able

to:

1. Understand what is Transportation Engineering:

2. Understand and Explain the existing modes of

transportation engineering and their differences

3. Recall about the materials for pavement construction

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

▪ Content:

1. Definition

2. Transportation modes

3. Brief Review on pavement materials

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1.1 Definition

❖ What is Transportation?

➢ Transportation is defined as the

movement of people and/or
goods or any other thing from
one place to another place by
any mode of transportation

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1.1 Definition (Contd)
❖ What is Transportation
Engineering?

➢ Transportation Engineering ➢ In order to provide safe,

is defined as the application efficient, rapid,
of technology and scientific comfortable, convenient,
principles to the planning, economical and
design, construction, environmentally
operation and management compatible movement of
of any mode of people and goods.
transportation.
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1.2 Transportation Modes
Road Transport

Land Transport

Rail Transport

Air Transport
Mode of
Transport
Water Transport Pipeline

Other Mode of Cable Transport

Transport (Ropeways)

6 Space Transport
 1.3 Review on Pavement materials

Unbound
Materials
As discussed in the previous
module of Highway
Engineering, pavement
construction materials are Pavement
generally divided into three Materials

main groups. Hydraulically Bituminous

Bound Bound
Materials Materials

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS

Unbound materials are all materials used in pavement

construction that do not have any binding material. Their
tensile strength is zero.

Unbound material performance in pavement depends on:

1. Shear Strength: The level of shear stresses the material can

withstood prior to shear failure
2. Stiffness: Defined as the ration of applied stress to induced
strain
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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Shear Strength Mechanism

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Shear Failure Criteria-Mohr-Coulomb’s Circle

 f = c +  tan 

.

Friction angle
Cohesion
f
c


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 1.3 Review on Pavement materials
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Lab Shear Strength Testing (Triaxial Test)

➢ Triaxial is the principal

laboratory shear test

➢ It reasonably simulates the

field condition in
determination of the shear
strength parameters:
C: Cohesion and ϕ: Internal
angle of friction
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1.3 Review on Pavement materials
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Lab Shear Strength Testing (Shear Test)

➢ Various shear box exist, all

using the principle
illustrated in this figure

➢ The failure plane is

predetermined which give
the results less validity

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Field Shear Strength Testing
➢ Shear Vane: This is quick, ideal for testing for testing shear
properties of soil exposed during a trial pit excavation

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Field Shear Strength Testing

➢ Other Tests:
➢ California Bearing Ratio (CBR),
➢ Plate Loading Test,
➢ Cone Penetrometer,…
➢ (For more Information Consult the reding materials like
Principles of pavement engineering, SAPEM, …)

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Stiffness

 Stiffness: The ratio Mechanism of deformation in Unbound Material

between the applied
stress and induced
strain for elastic
material is unique and
fundamental property.

 For Unbound materials

as they are non linear ,
stiffness is stress
dependent.

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
1. UNBOUND MATERIALS
Stiffness
 Stiffness: The ratio
between the applied Mechanism of deformation in Unbound Material
stress and induced strain
for elastic material is
unique and fundamental
property.

 For Unbound materials as

they are non linear ,
stiffness is stress
dependent. For pavement
design this is known as
Resilient Modulus

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
1. HYRAULICALLY BOUND MATERIALS

These are materials with binder that necessitate chemical

reaction with water to generate hard and strongly adhesive
mortar. The binder are like cement, lime, fly ash,….
Hydraulically bound material performance in pavement
depends on:

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
2. HYDRAULICALLY BOUND MATERIALS
1. Strength
Mode of Strength Test Configuration for
Hydraulically Bound Material

 Strength: The level of

stresses the material can
withstood prior to
fracture.

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
2. HYDRAULICALLY BOUND MATERIALS
2. Other Properties

 Fatigue
 Durability
 Thermal properties
 Stiffness

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
3. BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS

Bituminous bound materials are basically granular with binder

as bitumen.
The types and properties of bitumen have been discussed in the
previous module of Highway Engineering please consult the in
case of need.

 One of the basic property of asphalt for pavement design is

the stiffness of asphalt. It can be estimated by using Van der
Poel’s Nomograph (Consult the notes for Highway
Engineering in case of need) or be tested in the laboratory.
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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
3. BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS

In case of laboratory testing the following testing

configurations are commonly used:

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1.3 Review on Pavement materials (Contd..)
3. BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS

Other important aspects to be considered for asphalt are:

 Fracture and Fatigue Resistance

 Permanent Deformation or Rutting

 Durability (Ageing and Moisture and Frost Damage).

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 End of Chapter 1

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