AND

ENERGY ?
the
*
Energy
-
methods
In combination with
provide powerful approaches for enterstanding nation
dynamics .

1 WORK
:
11 Dimension) .

*
Definition If
-
:

a Force ,
F
,
acts on an object over a
tiny distance dx, a tiny amount of work

is done by the
force over a finite distance :

E"Fa? If the
force is constant W=FBX
:

so

If
* net
force is E, we
may use : F =

ma and we
get :

"
w =

/ Edx=/ madx=/"mudr-mu ? -1 m e

wedefinethe Kineticenergy as
dev change in Kinetic
energie
Work theorem W= DEK ExC2)- ExCe) The done
energy work
by force not
=

a is

the
necessary equal to
change in Kinetic
energy .

* Work done by a
force can be
negative .

* Work done by Kinetic

fiction is
always negative .
L. TAL ENERGY (1 Dimension) .

A Suppose that a
force acting on a
particle can be written as :

the work
-D) unan to function of the
position ona

(w) ex=) = ( dEp=Eps

-

↳ Work
only depends on the initial and final position .

A When
F--EP Here EscowseRUATE , Ep is
potential energy associated
to the
force

If happens
(e E
I to be the net
force

↳ MECHANICAL ENERGY EM .

2 1
.
:
COMMON EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY

* Elastic (F
potential kx)

I
=

energy
-

Any constant C will do (We to

free
[Ep qkx2 I
- -

are

=
+ C

-
I
choose the
potential by adding an
arbitrary
constant) .

* (F - mg)
Gravitational potential
-
energy
=

Set
3 CONSERVATION
:
OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

A haw
of conservation of forc is a
five /or the

in amical
of
versitment
is sum

conservative forces)
4 .
-

CONSERVATIVE FORCES .

Since the work done

by a conservative
force only depends on the initial and
final positions
closed
the work done
by this
force along a
path is
always zero :

W = -

I dEp Ifx
=

x = W=
- 8dEp =

closed line
integral symbol .

Two alternative
definitions .

A theforceis devitablefromaPotentiaIl D,e

Kinetic
friction force is not a conservative
force .

w
=-GFdx = 0 -> The work done by ninetic
friction is
always negative

Friction
force depends on velocity .

5 -WORK
: & ENERGY, DIFFERENT FORCES ·

If there are
different forces acting on a
particle :

E= E+E+ Es let's assume that 1 and I are conservative but 3 is not :

w =

I +EC. +
!"Es .

=- DEp -BEp z
, ,
+

Wa =

DEK

Ep ,
1 +

Ep , z
=

Ep DEK+DEp= DEM =

W3

In non-conservative mechanical not conserved

the
presence of a
force energy is .
 I-emere↓I
6 SHORT SUMMARY
:
.
NON CONSERVATIVE FORCES

Elastic

E
-

Forces
A Conservative
forces we with use
-
gravitational .
- e n

* Non-conservative
forces we will use :
Kinetic fiction .

*
Energy considerations will be used as an instrument .

USE ENERGY METHODS IF THE PROBLEM INVOLVES POSITION AND VELOCITY .

6 THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (Christiaan 1660)

Huygens
-

A Mechanical
energy is not conserved when Kinetic
friction forces are
present (also if drag forces
are
presentl .

Ax : distance the
object stid which is
independent of the observer
.

i !
AX

↳> Mechanical
energy destroyed :

EfAx .

* We would line to consider other when mechanical not conserved, and it's
common cases
energy is

not because of kinetic friction .

A box
being dropped After the

↓
:

-
crash mechanical
energy is
completely
destroyed .

A We make a distinction between

energy and mechanical energy because we
study the world

around us -
the MACROSCOPIC WORLD .

In the
microscopic world made
of particles line electrons
, protons ...
there is
nothing but mechanical

energy and its always conserved .

Our
mecroscopic perspective misses this
particles, we can't see them
,
we can't control them .
There are

many ways in which

energy escapes the
macroscopic objects we deal with .
This is
why our
objects may lose
energy after some
processes
.
EARio.
* WORK

W =

/F .

W F Dx
=

cos 2
.

Wo : -

DEp

WCoNsiF= DEK

* ENERGY .

->
Elastic
potential energy
= Akx
Potential
energy Ep= righ
->

-> Kinetic Ex Y mv2

energy
=
EXAMPLE (No
friction) .
IMPORTANT :
Energy methods involve
only initial and
final stages .
 ⑰
ENERGY
(3D)3 :
We're not
working in 3D
.

A Ex=Am2 =

&m v . Net force

= Em =
m(+ -
Em (g) - r= E. E=

.
a
↳ For a
tiny interval
of time do
,
the
particle displacement
is also very slow dr.

dEK= F di .

↳
General definition :
dW =
E dr.

↳
Constant force :
AW=E I' .

-------- of
conservative force .

A Instead
of F-- F ---
=
-
j Ep
-

i- ------
~

This world be a vector

and me cannot divide by a vector .

↳ The condition
for a
force to be derivable
from a
potential are not as

simple :
->

x E =

0 Curl of t is 0 .
POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVES .
DIAGRAM

↳
!
A When a
particle is
subjected ⑳

F =
0

⑰ The
for
, goes in that direction

becauseFir =
a

gene
PROBLEM 5

The relation that string

between x and
y is
they are connected
by a

i
2
Ep =

MBgy- MAL
31 is
↳d

Mis
MA MC

POWER