Lesson 1

Knowledge Level:
1. What do "Philia" and "Sophia" represent in the context of philosophy?
A) Love and wisdom
B) Truth and knowledge
C) Reality and existence
D) Good and evil

"Philia" means love, and "Sophia" means wisdom in Greek philosophy, reflecting fundamental concepts in the field.
B) Incorrect. While truth and knowledge are important in philosophy, they do not correspond directly to "Philia" and
"Sophia."
C) Incorrect. Reality and existence are philosophical concepts, but they do not directly relate to "Philia" and "Sophia."
D) Incorrect. "Good" and "evil" are ethical concepts and do not correspond to "Philia" and "Sophia."
.
2. What did Socrates believe about the nature of the self?
a) The self is purely physical
b) The self consists of both body and soul (Correct Answer)
c) The self is an illusion
d) The self is entirely spiritual
Rationale: Socrates believed in a dualistic view of the self, where it comprises both the body and soul. This concept is
fundamental to his philosophy.

3. According to Socrates, what did he mean by the statement, "An unexamined life is not worth living"?
a) Life is meaningless
b) Ignorance is bliss
c) A life without self-reflection lacks value (Correct Answer)
d) Wisdom is the key to happiness
Rationale: Socrates argued that self-examination and introspection are essential for a meaningful and valuable life,
making option c the correct choice.

4. What did Socrates claim to know?

a) Everything there is to know
b) Nothing at all (Correct Answer)
c) Only mathematics
d) The secrets of the universe
Rationale: Socrates famously said, "One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing," emphasizing his humility and
acknowledgment of his lack of knowledge.

5. According to Socrates, where does the soul exist before birth?

a) It doesn't exist
b) In the body
c) In the material world
d) In the realm of ideas (Correct Answer)
Rationale: Socrates believed that the soul existed in the realm of ideas before entering the material world, an important
aspect of his philosophy.

6. How did Socrates bring out knowledge according to his Socratic Approach?
a) Through meditation
b) By reading books
c) By asking questions and engaging in dialectical inquiry (Correct Answer)
d) Through mystical experiences
Rationale: Socrates' Socratic Approach involved asking questions and engaging in dialectical discussions to bring out
knowledge in individuals.
7. What did Plato establish, which is often considered a prototype for modern universities?
a) The Lyceum
b) The Gymnasium
c) The Academy (Correct Answer)
d) The School of Athens
Rationale: Plato founded the Academy, which is considered a precursor to modern universities, making option c the
correct choice.

8. According to Plato, what is the primary distinction he made in his philosophy concerning reality?
a) The distinction between good and evil
b) The distinction between body and soul
c) The distinction between reason and emotion
d) The distinction between the ideal world (world of forms) and the material world (Correct Answer)
Rationale: Plato famously made a distinction between the ideal world of forms and the imperfect material world, which is
central to his philosophy.

9. In Plato's philosophy, what are the three components of the soul?

a) Thinking, feeling, and willing
b) Rational soul, moral soul, and emotional soul
c) Rational soul, spirited soul, and appetitive soul (Correct Answer)
d) Consciousness, unconsciousness, and subconsciousness
Rationale: Plato identified three components of the soul: the rational soul, the spirited soul, and the appetitive soul, as
described in his works like "The Republic."

10. According to St. Augustine, how does he describe the nature of man?
a) Man is purely spiritual
b) Man is solely material
c) Man is of a bifurcated nature (Correct Answer)
d) Man is immortal by nature
Rationale: St. Augustine believed that man is of a bifurcated nature, consisting of both an imperfect (earthly) aspect and
the potential for immortality, which is a key aspect of his philosophical ideas.

11. What is the ultimate goal of a person, according to St. Augustine?

a) To accumulate material wealth
b) To seek physical pleasure
c) To attain communion with the divine (Correct Answer)
d) To achieve earthly power and success
Rationale: St. Augustine's philosophy emphasizes that the goal of a person is to attain communion with the divine, which
aligns with his Christian beliefs.

12. How does St. Thomas Aquinas describe the composition of man?
a) Man is composed of mind and body
b) Man is composed of matter and form (Correct Answer)
c) Man is composed of spirit and soul
d) Man is composed of heart and soul
Rationale: St. Thomas Aquinas posited that man is composed of matter (hyle) and form (morpe), emphasizing the
philosophical idea of the relationship between essence and substance.

13. What does "matter" represent in St. Thomas Aquinas's philosophy?

a) The physical body
b) The soul
c) The common stuff that makes up everything (Correct Answer)
d) The divine essence
Rationale: In Aquinas's philosophy, "matter" refers to the common substance that makes up everything in the material
world, distinguishing it from the concept of "form."

14. What famous statement is associated with Rene Descartes' philosophy?

a) "I believe, therefore I am."
b) "I exist, therefore I think."
c) "I think, therefore I am." (Correct Answer)
d) "I see, therefore I know."
Rationale: Descartes is well-known for the statement "I think, therefore I am," which encapsulates his foundational belief
in the existence of the self through the act of thinking.

15. Why is Descartes often referred to as the "Father of modern Philosophy"?

a) Because he rejected the use of reason in philosophy
b) Because he advocated for ancient philosophical ideas
c) Because he laid the groundwork for modern philosophy by emphasizing the role of reason and doubt (Correct Answer)
d) Because he believed in the complete certainty of sensory perception
Rationale: Descartes is considered the "Father of modern Philosophy" because he introduced a rigorous method of doubt
and emphasized reason as the foundation for knowledge.

16. What does Descartes doubt regarding his own existence in his philosophy?
a) The existence of other people
b) The existence of God
c) The existence of his own physical body (Correct Answer)
d) The existence of mathematical truths
Rationale: Descartes famously doubted the existence of his own physical body as part of his method of hyperbolic doubt,
which is a key aspect of his philosophy.

17. According to Descartes, why does the mere act of doubting prove one's existence?
a) Because doubting is a sign of intellectual weakness
b) Because doubting demonstrates the existence of a physical body
c) Because doubt is a form of self-deception
d) Because the act of doubt itself is evidence of existence (Correct Answer)
Rationale: Descartes argued that the act of doubt itself is proof of existence because it requires a thinking self to doubt.

18. According to John Locke, how does he explain human identity?

a) Human identity is solely based on the soul.
b) Human identity is exclusively determined by the physical body.
c) Human identity is explained in terms of the psychological connection between life stages (Correct Answer).
d) Human identity is predetermined by destiny.
Rationale: Locke's concept of identity is rooted in the psychological connection between different life stages and the
continuity of consciousness, which is central to his philosophy.

19. What is the term used by John Locke to describe the idea that individuals are born with a blank slate, ready to be
influenced by their experiences?
a) Tabula rasa (Correct Answer)
b) Cogito, ergo sum
c) Nihilism
d) Innate ideas
Rationale: Locke's concept of "tabula rasa" means that individuals are born with a blank slate, emphasizing the
importance of experience in shaping one's identity and knowledge.
20. What is the fundamental source of all knowledge, according to David Hume?
a) Innate ideas
b) Divine revelation
c) Human senses (Correct Answer)
d) Rational intuition
Rationale: Hume's empiricist philosophy posits that all knowledge is derived from human sensory experiences, making
option c the correct choice.

21. How does David Hume describe impressions in his philosophy?

a) Impressions are vague and distant memories.
b) Impressions are copies of ideas.
c) Impressions are products of direct and vivid experiences (Correct Answer).
d) Impressions are purely imaginative concepts.
Rationale: Hume defines impressions as vivid and direct experiences, which are the foundation of all our knowledge, as
per his philosophy.

22. What term does David Hume use to describe a collection of impressions that form an individual's experiences?
a) Ideas
b) Perceptions
c) Sensations
d) Bundle theory (Correct Answer)

Rationale: Hume's bundle theory suggests that our sense of self is a collection of individual impressions and experiences,
making option d the correct choice.

23. According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following governs human behavior through unconscious drives?
a) Reason and logic
b) The conscious mind
c) Drives known as Eros and Thanatos (Correct Answer)
d) social norms and cultural influences
Rationale: Freud's theory emphasizes the role of unconscious drives, specifically Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death
instinct), in shaping human behavior.

24. What are the three provinces of the mind in Freud's psychological framework?
a) Ego, Alter Ego, and Super Ego
b) ID, Self, and Ego
c) ID (Pleasure), Ego (Reality), Superego (Moral) (Correct Answer)
d) Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious
Rationale: Freud's theory posits that the mind is divided into three parts: the ID (focused on pleasure), the Ego (focused
on reality), and the Superego (focused on morality).

25. According to Gilbert Ryle, how does he view the concept of the self?
a) The self is a physical entity that can be located.
b) The self is an internal, non-physical entity.
c) The self is a name used to refer to all behavior (Correct Answer).
d) The self is an abstract concept with no real significance.
Rationale: Ryle's concept of the self is rooted in behaviorism, where he rejects the idea of an internal, non-physical self
and instead sees it as a term used to describe observable behaviors.

26. What aspect of dualistic ideas does Maurice Merleau-Ponty deny?

a) The separation of mind and body
b) The existence of the soul
c) The existence of unconscious desires
d) The influence of culture on the self
Rationale: Merleau-Ponty rejects the dualistic separation of mind and body, emphasizing the inseparability of the two in
his philosophy.

Comprehension

1. How does St. Augustine's view of the self-align with his broader philosophical system?
a) St. Augustine's self-concept emphasizes the unity of body and soul.
b) St. Augustine's philosophy focuses on material existence.
c) St. Augustine's self-concept supports his goal of attaining communion with the divine (Correct Answer).
d) St. Augustine's self-concept promotes individualism.
Rationale: St. Augustine's perspective on the self is deeply connected to his broader philosophical system, as he believes
that the ultimate goal of a person is to attain communion with the divine, which reflects his Christian beliefs.

2. How does St. Thomas Aquinas' concept of the self-relate to his overall philosophical framework?
a) St. Thomas Aquinas emphasizes the separation of mind and body.
b) St. Thomas Aquinas' self-concept prioritizes individual experience.
c) St. Thomas Aquinas' philosophy highlights the significance of matter and form (Correct Answer).
d) St. Thomas Aquinas' self-concept is based on the pursuit of earthly pleasures.
Rationale: St. Thomas Aquinas' concept of the self is closely tied to his broader philosophical system, which underscores
the importance of matter and form in understanding the nature of reality and human existence.

3. How does Sigmund Freud's perspective on the self-align with his broader philosophical system?
a) Freud emphasizes the existence of a unified self that guides all actions.
b) Freud's focus on the ego reflects his belief in rational decision-making.
c) Freud's concept of the self as governed by drives fits into his psychoanalytic theory, where he explores the
unconscious aspects of human behavior (Correct Answer).
d) Freud rejects the idea of the unconscious mind in favor of conscious thought processes.
Rationale: Freud's perspective on the self as governed by unconscious drives is a core aspect of his psychoanalytic theory,
which explores the hidden, irrational aspects of human behavior.

4. How does Gilbert Ryle's denial of the existence of an internal, non-physical self-connect with his broader
philosophical ideas?
a) Ryle believes that the self is a separate, immaterial entity.
b) Ryle's perspective on the self supports his view of the importance of introspection.
c) Ryle's denial of an internal self-aligns with his behaviorist philosophy, emphasizing observable behavior (Correct
Answer).
d) Ryle's rejection of the self is inconsistent with his overall philosophical system.
Rationale: Ryle's denial of an internal self is consistent with his behaviorist philosophy, which focuses on observable
behavior rather than inner mental states.

5. How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty's rejection of dualistic ideas about the mind and body relate to his broader
philosophical framework?
a) Merleau-Ponty promotes a strict separation of mind and body.
b) Merleau-Ponty's rejection of dualism supports his belief in the primacy of mental experiences.
c) Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on the inseparability of mind and body is central to his phenomenological philosophy
(Correct Answer).
d) Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is focused on Cartesian dualism.
Rationale: Merleau-Ponty's rejection of dualism aligns with his broader phenomenological philosophy, which emphasizes
the embodied nature of consciousness and experience.
Application
1. In a manufacturing company, the management is implementing a new quality control system. They want to
understand how employees' past experiences and memories can influence their acceptance of this change. Whose
philosophical ideas can provide insight into this situation?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) John Locke (Correct Answer)
c) David Hume
Rationale: John Locke's concept of identity being explained in terms of a psychological connection between life stages and
the inclusion of the concept of memory can be applied to understand how employees' past experiences and memories
shape their acceptance of changes in the workplace, which is relevant to Operations Management.

Analysis
1. How would Sigmund Freud's perspective on the self contrast with Gilbert Ryle's perspective?
a) Freud sees the self as an observable collection of behaviors, while Ryle emphasizes the role of unconscious drives.
b) Freud emphasizes the existence of an internal self, while Ryle denies the existence of any non-physical self (Correct Answer).
c) Freud and Ryle both believe in the existence of a dualistic self.
d) Freud and Ryle both see the self as purely a product of societal norms.
Rationale for Correct Answer: This question assesses the application of knowledge by requiring students to contrast Freud's belief in
the role of unconscious drives with Ryle's denial of any non-physical self.

2. In the context of the nature of self, which philosopher emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives and the
existence of three provinces of the mind?
a) Sigmund Freud (Correct Answer)
b) Gilbert Ryle
c) Maurice Merleau-Ponty
d) Both Ryle and Merleau-Ponty
Rationale for Correct Answer: This question assesses the application of knowledge by requiring students to recognize
that Freud is the philosopher who emphasizes unconscious drives and the three provinces of the mind.

Evaluation
1. How might Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego not being "master in its own house" be relevant in contemporary
society?
a) It highlights the importance of individual autonomy and self-control.
b) It emphasizes the need for external authorities to govern human behavior.
c) It underscores the challenges of managing unconscious desires and impulses (Correct Answer).
d) It suggests that the ego is always in complete control of human actions.
Rationale: Freud's idea implies that individuals may struggle with unconscious forces and desires, which can have
contemporary relevance in understanding self-control and inner conflicts.

2. In today's world, how could Freud's theory of the three provinces of the mind (ID, Ego, Superego) inform discussions
on ethics and morality?
a) It suggests that moral values are innate and unchanging.
b) It provides a framework for understanding how societal norms influence the mind.
c) It highlights the internal conflict between personal desires and moral conscience (Correct Answer).
d) It argues that ethics should be entirely based on rational principles.
Rationale: Freud's theory helps in evaluating the ongoing internal struggles between personal desires (ID) and moral
standards (Superego), which is relevant in discussions of ethics and morality in contemporary society.

3. How can John Locke's concept of "tabula rasa" be applied in contemporary discussions about individual
development and education?
a) It supports the idea that individuals are born with innate knowledge.
b) It emphasizes the role of genetics in shaping one's identity.
c) It suggests that individuals' experiences and education significantly influence their identity and development (Correct
Answer).
d) It argues that people's identities are predetermined at birth.
Rationale: Locke's "tabula rasa" concept underscores the significance of experiences and education in shaping an
individual's identity and development, which is a key point in contemporary discussions about education and personal
growth.

4. In the context of modern science and knowledge, how does Hume's emphasis on sensory experience influence our
understanding of human cognition?
a) It suggests that all knowledge is absolute and unchanging.
b) It highlights the importance of reason over sensory experience.
c) It underscores the role of sensory experiences as the foundation of human knowledge (Correct Answer).
d) It argues that imagination is the sole source of knowledge.
Rationale: Hume's philosophy encourages an evaluation of the significance of sensory experiences as the basis of our
understanding of the world and its applicability in contemporary science and epistemology.

Lesson 2. (Sociological, anthropological and Sociological)

Knowledge
1. What is the central idea behind Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?
a) The self is an innate and unchanging entity.
b) One's sense of self depends on how they perceive themselves internally.
c) The self develops through our perception of others' evaluation and appraisal of us (Correct Answer).
d) The self is entirely independent of social interactions.
Rationale: Cooley's looking-glass self-theory emphasizes that our self-concept is shaped by how we believe others
perceive and evaluate us.

2. According to Cooley, why might misinterpretations of how others judge us be critical?

a) Because they lead to an accurate self-concept.
b) Because they have no impact on one's self-image.
c) Because they can lead to the development of a negative self-image (Correct Answer).
d) Because they improve interpersonal relationships.
Rationale: Cooley highlights that misinterpretations of negative judgments from others can lead to the development of a
negative self-image.

3. How does George Herbert Mead describe the development of the self?
a) The self is innate and exists from birth.
b) The self is solely shaped by genetic factors.
c) The self is created through social interaction (Correct Answer).
d) The self is predetermined and unchangeable.
Rationale: Mead's social self-theory asserts that the self is created through social interaction and is not present at birth.

4. What is the significance of the "I" and "me" in Mead's theory of the self?
a) They represent different individuals.
b) The "I" is the subjective, active side of the self, and the "me" is the objective, internalized aspect (Correct Answer).
c) They are two separate selves within an individual.
d) They are irrelevant to the development of self-concept.
Rationale: In Mead's theory, the "I" represents the subjective and unique traits of the individual, while the "me"
represents the internalized attitudes and expectations of others.
Comprehension
1. According to Charles Horton Cooley, what does the concept of the "looking-glass self" refer to?
a) The idea that self-development is an internal process
b) The notion that self is innate and doesn't depend on others
c) The self develops through our perception of others' evaluation and appraisal of us (Correct Answer)
d) The self is entirely shaped by genetic factors
Rationale: Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self emphasizes that our self-concept is influenced by how we believe
others perceive and evaluate us.

2. What is the potential consequence of a person thinking that others judge them unfavorably, according to Cooley's
theory?
a) Enhanced self-esteem
b) A positive self-image
c) Development of a negative self-image (Correct Answer)
d) Increased self-confidence
Rationale: Cooley suggests that if a person believes others judge them unfavorably, they may develop a negative self-
image as a result.

3. According to Mead, where does the self-emerge from?

a) It exists at birth
b) It is part of the body
c) It emerges from social experiences and interaction (Correct Answer)
d) It is solely determined by genetics
Rationale: Mead's theory highlights that the self is not inherent but rather emerges from social experiences and
interaction.

4. In Mead's theory, what does the "I" represent?

a) The objective element of the self
b) The internalized attitudes of others
c) The spontaneous and active side of the self (Correct Answer)
d) The response of the individual to society's demands
Rationale: Mead describes the "I" as the subjective, active side of the self, representing spontaneous and unique traits.

5. What stage in Mead's theory involves children taking on the perspective of the generalized other?
a) Preparatory stage
b) Play stage
c) Game stage (Correct Answer)
d) Imitation stage
Rationale: In Mead's theory, the game stage is where children play organized games and take on the perspective of the
generalized other, which is crucial for the development of the self.

Application
1. In the context of self-development, what does "nature" primarily refer to?
a) Genetic inheritance and predisposition (Correct Answer)
b) Cultural practices and values
c) Social interactions and upbringing
d) Personal beliefs and values
Rationale: "Nature" in self-development refers to genetic factors inherited from parents, contributing to physical traits
and predispositions.

2. Which of the following is an example of "nurture" in self-development?

a) Eye color
b) Predisposition to certain health conditions
c) Cultural practices and social interactions (Correct Answer)
d) Genetic predisposition to personality traits
Rationale: "Nurture" includes environmental factors like cultural practices and social interactions that shape an
individual's beliefs and values.

3. In the egocentric concept of the self, how is an individual typically viewed?

a) As a replica of all humanity
b) As highly interdependent on the social setting
c) As capable of independent actions from others (Correct Answer)
d) As dependent on family and community
Rationale: The egocentric concept of the self suggests that individuals are capable of acting independently from others.

4. Which cultural context is more likely to exhibit a strong sociocentric perspective?

a) The United States
b) The Philippines (Correct Answer)
c) Both the United States and the Philippines
d) Neither the United States nor the Philippines
Rationale: The Philippines is known for its strong sociocentric elements, rooted in cultural heritage and community-
oriented values.

5. What are some characteristics that individuals may emphasize in constructing their social identities from the
"identity toolbox"?
a) Genetic traits and eye color
b) Personal appearance and socioeconomic status
c) Kinship, gender, age, language, religion, and ethnicity (Correct Answer)
d) Cultural practices and values
Rationale: The "identity toolbox" includes characteristics like kinship, gender, age, language, religion, and ethnicity that
people emphasize in constructing their social identities.

6. What is the purpose of the "liminality" phase in a rite of passage?

a) To mark the official incorporation of a new identity
b) To separate from the former identity
c) To transition from one identity to another (Correct Answer)
d) To emphasize individual autonomy
Rationale: The liminality phase in a rite of passage involves transitioning from one identity to another before the official
incorporation of the new status.

Analysis
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four goals of psychology?
a) Describe
b) Explain
c) Predict
d) Modify
e) Transform
Rationale: The four goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and modify behavior. Option e ("Transform") is
not one of the four goals.

2. According to William James, what is the "I-self" primarily associated with?

a) Material possessions
b) Personal experiences
c) The thinking self (Correct Answer)
d) Social interactions
Rationale: William James believed that the "I-self" represents the thinking self or the pure ego.
3. Which category of the self, as described by William James, includes personal experiences and is further divided into
material, social, and spiritual selves?
a) The "me-self"
b) The "I-self"
c) The empirical self
d) The thinking self
Rationale: The "me-self" includes personal experiences and is further divided into material, social, and spiritual selves, as
outlined by William James.

4. What does the spiritual self-encompass, according to William James?

a) Personal possessions and belongings
b) social interactions and behaviors
c) The person's purpose, motives, emotions, values, conscience, and moral behavior (Correct Answer)
d) The thinking self and pure ego
Rationale: The spiritual self, as described by William James, includes the person's purpose, motives, emotions, values,
conscience, and moral behavior.

5. How did William James suggest one could understand the spiritual self?
a) Through empirical observation
b) Through social interactions
c) Through introspection (Correct Answer)
d) Through external validation
Rationale: William James believed that understanding the spiritual self could be achieved through introspection, or self-
reflection and examination.

6. How does Carl Rogers define self-concept?

a) It is a fixed and unchanging perception of personal identity.
b) It is a flexible and changing perception of personal identity (Correct Answer).
c) It is solely based on genetic factors.
d) It is determined by societal norms.
Rationale: Carl Rogers emphasizes that self-concept is flexible and changes over time as a result of interactions and self-
awareness.

7. What is the primary goal of self-actualization, according to Rogers?

a) Self-denial and suppression of personal desires
b) Achieving the ideal self
c) Self-fulfillment and personal growth (Correct Answer)
d) Conforming to societal expectations
Rationale: Rogers suggests that self-actualization involves striving for self-fulfillment and personal growth.

8. Which of the following best describes the Real Self?

a) It consists of an individual's goals and ambitions in life.
b) It is the person's conception of what one should be or wants to be.
c) It includes awareness of 'what I am' and 'what I can do' (Correct Answer).
d) It is synonymous with the ideal self.
Rationale: The Real Self includes the awareness of one's capabilities and current identity.
9. What happens when the Ideal Self is congruent with the Real Self, according to Rogers?
a) It leads to dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
b) It results in self-denial and suppression of desires.
c) It fosters fulfillment and happiness (Correct Answer).
d) It has no impact on an individual's well-being.
Rationale: Rogers posits that congruence between the Ideal Self and Real Self leads to greater fulfillment and happiness.

10. Incongruence between the Ideal Self and Real Self is most likely to result in:
a) Self-actualization
b) Happiness and satisfaction
c) Unhappiness and dissatisfaction (Correct Answer)
d) A fixed and unchanging self-concept
Rationale: Rogers suggests that incongruence between the Ideal Self and Real Self leads to unhappiness and
dissatisfaction.

11. How does David Lester describe the construction of multiple selves in adolescents?
a) Multiple selves remain consistent across all roles and relationships.
b) The construction of multiple selves is a uniform process for all adolescents.
c) The construction of multiple selves varies across different roles and relationships (Correct Answer).
d) Multiple selves do not exist in adolescents.
Rationale: Lester explains that the construction of multiple selves varies depending on different roles and relationships,
highlighting the complexity of this process.

12. What challenge do adolescents face in coping with different selves, according to Lester?
a) Adolescents effortlessly switch between multiple selves.
b) Coping with different selves is not a challenge for adolescents.
c) Coping with different selves constitutes a formidable task among adolescents (Correct Answer).
d) Adolescents do not experience the need for coping with different selves.
Rationale: Lester suggests that adolescents struggle with the challenge of coping with different selves, which can impact
their psychological well-being.

13. What is the function of the false self, according to Donald Winnicott?
a) To authentically express one's true feelings and thoughts
b) To hide and protect the true self (Correct Answer)
c) To always align with societal expectations
d) To impress others intentionally
Rationale: Winnicott explains that the false self serves the purpose of hiding and protecting the true self from external
pressures.

14. How does Winnicott view the malleability of the self?

a) The self is fixed and unchanging.
b) The self remains consistent in all situations.
c) The self can change depending on situations (Correct Answer).
d) The self is determined solely by genetics.
Rationale: Winnicott suggests that the self can change depending on the situations and the need to protect the true self.

15. According to Albert Bandura, what does the concept of "agency" refer to in his theory of the self?
a) The idea that individuals are passive recipients of experiences
b) The belief that personal influence resides as a distinct entity
c) The capacity of individuals to act and make things happen (Correct Answer)
d) The belief that individuals have no control over their actions
Rationale: In Bandura's theory, agency refers to the capacity of individuals to act proactively and make things happen,
emphasizing their active role in shaping their experiences.
16. Which of the following is NOT one of the main agentic features of human agency in Bandura's theory?
a) Intentionality
b) Self-reactiveness
c) Self-hindrance
d) Self-reflectiveness (Correct Answer)
Rationale: In Bandura's theory, the main agentic features of human agency include intentionality, forethought, self-
reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. "Self-hindrance" is not a recognized feature.

17. How does Bandura define "self-efficacy" in his theory of self?

a) The belief that individuals have no control over their actions
b) The individual's belief that they are incapable of performing a task
c) The individual's belief that they are capable of performing a task (Correct Answer)
d) The idea that personal influence resides as a distinct entity
Rationale: Bandura defines "self-efficacy" as the individual's belief that they are capable of performing a task, which
significantly influences their thoughts and actions.

18. How might high self-efficacy beliefs impact an individual's approach to challenges?
a) It may lead to pessimistic thinking and self-hindrance
b) It may result in a lack of motivation and self-doubt
c) It may lead to self-enhancing and optimistic thinking (Correct Answer)
d) It may result in a passive and deterministic mindset
Rationale: High self-efficacy beliefs tend to lead to self-enhancing and optimistic thinking, as individuals believe in their
capacity to overcome challenges.

Synthesis
1. Which term refers to the idea that both genetic inheritance and sociocultural environment interact to shape an
individual's self?
a) Nature
b) Nurture
c) Anthropology
d) Complexity of self-development (Correct Answer)
Rationale: The complexity of self-development involves the interplay of both genetic factors (nature) and environmental
factors (nurture) in shaping an individual's self.

2. How can the concept of "nature and nurture" be applied to promote cross-cultural understanding?
a) By emphasizing the genetic similarities among individuals
b) By recognizing the role of cultural upbringing in shaping beliefs and values (Correct Answer)
c) By advocating for genetic determinism in self-development
d) By focusing solely on individual autonomy
Rationale: Recognizing the role of cultural upbringing (nurture) is essential for promoting cross-cultural understanding
and tolerance.

3. In which cultural context is there a strong emphasis on individualism, personal autonomy, and self-expression?
a) The United States (Correct Answer)
b) The Philippines
c) Both the United States and the Philippines
d) Neither the United States nor the Philippines
Rationale: The United States emphasizes individualism and personal autonomy, making it relevant for discussing the
promotion of cross-cultural understanding.
4. What is the "identity toolbox" in the context of promoting cross-cultural understanding?
a) A set of standardized tools for assessing cultural biases
b) A collection of features individuals emphasize in constructing their social identities (Correct Answer)
c) A set of guidelines for imposing cultural values on others
d) A tool for enforcing conformity to cultural norms
Rationale: The "identity toolbox" refers to the features individuals emphasize in constructing their social identities, which
can vary across cultures.

5. How can understanding the concept of "family membership" contribute to cross-cultural understanding and
tolerance?
a) By promoting ethnocentrism
b) By emphasizing cultural differences
c) By recognizing its significance in defining social identity (Correct Answer)
d) By discouraging cultural diversity
Rationale: Recognizing the significance of family membership in defining social identity can help individuals understand
and appreciate the diversity of cultural practices.

Evaluation
1. Which of the following is a key consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at
challenging cultural beliefs and practices?
a) The universality of cultural beliefs
b) The duration of the intervention program
c) The impact on individual well-being and cultural values (Correct Answer)
d) The number of participants in the intervention
Rationale: When evaluating cultural interventions, it is crucial to assess their impact on individual well-being and cultural
values to determine effectiveness.

2. How might a successful intervention aimed at challenging sociocentric beliefs impact a culture known for its strong
sociocentric elements?
a) It may reinforce sociocentric values and traditions
b) It may lead to greater individual autonomy and independence
c) It may result in the preservation of cultural heritage
d) It may promote cultural diversity and cooperation (Correct Answer)
Rationale: A successful intervention may lead to positive changes, such as promoting cultural diversity and cooperation,
within a culture known for its strong sociocentric elements.

3. When evaluating interventions in a sociocentric culture, what should be a primary focus to ensure cultural
sensitivity and effectiveness?
a) Promoting individualism and autonomy
b) Preserving traditional values and practices
c) Considering the impact on family and community ties (Correct Answer)
d) Ignoring cultural context for objective analysis
Rationale: In a sociocentric culture, it is essential to consider the impact on family and community ties when evaluating
interventions for cultural sensitivity and effectiveness.

4. Which factor is NOT typically used to determine an individual's social identity, as mentioned in the "identity
toolbox"?
a) Kinship
b) Language
c) Religion
d) Eye color (Correct Answer)
Rationale: The "identity toolbox" includes characteristics like kinship, language, religion, but not physical traits like eye
color.
5. What is one of the critical aspects of evaluating interventions related to personal naming and identity in different
cultural contexts?
a) Standardizing naming conventions across cultures
b) Recognizing that naming practices are universal
c) Understanding the significance of naming in each culture (Correct Answer)
d) Disregarding naming practices to promote cultural diversity
Rationale: Evaluating interventions related to personal naming and identity requires an understanding of the significance
of naming in each culture to ensure cultural sensitivity and effectiveness.

Lesson 3: Eastern and Western

Knowledge

1. What is the most important doctrine of Hinduism related to individual actions and their consequences?
a) Law of Dharma
b) Law of Karma (Correct Answer)
c) Law of Nirvana
d) Law of Moksha
Rationale: The Law of Karma is the most important doctrine in Hinduism, emphasizing the consequences of individual
actions.

2. In Hinduism, what is the ultimate goal of the soul's journey through reincarnation?
a) To attain immortality
b) To experience Nirvana
c) To achieve Moksha (Correct Answer)
d) To accumulate good karma
Rationale: In Hinduism, the soul's ultimate goal is to achieve Moksha, a state of liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

3. What is the core principle of Confucian thought related to moral behavior?

a) The principle of reciprocity
b) The principle of self-interest
c) The principle of isolation
d) The principle of authority
Rationale: The core of Confucian thought is the Golden Rule of the principle of reciprocity: "Do not do to others what you
would not want others to do to you."

4. How does Confucianism emphasize self-cultivation?

a) By prioritizing individual desires and ambitions
b) By continuously improving oneself in thought and action (Correct Answer)
c) By isolating oneself from society
d) By emphasizing self-interest over societal harmony
Rationale: Confucianism emphasizes self-cultivation through continuously improving oneself in thought and action,
aligned with one's role in society.

Synthesis
1. What distinguishes the emphasis of Western thoughts from Eastern thoughts in the context of self-construction?
a) Western thoughts emphasize the importance of scientific methods, while Eastern thoughts rely on intuition.
b) Western thoughts are highly practical, whereas Eastern thoughts focus on theoretical concepts.
c) Western thoughts are individualistic, while Eastern thoughts emphasize relational aspects (Correct Answer)
d) Western thoughts intertwine philosophy with religion, while Eastern thoughts separate them.
Rationale: The primary distinction mentioned is that Western thoughts emphasize individualism, while Eastern thoughts
emphasize relational aspects.
2. Which belief systems or schools of thought are examples of Western thoughts in the context of self-construction?
a) Buddhism and Taoism
b) Scholastic and Confucianism
c) Rationalism and Empiricism (Correct Answer)
d) Hinduism and Phenomenology
Rationale: Scholastic, Rationalism, Empiricism, and Phenomenology are examples of Western thoughts, emphasizing the
use of reason and philosophical inquiry.

3. What is a characteristic mode of cognition associated with Western thoughts?

a) Synthetic and inductive
b) Circular and holistic
c) Analytic and deductive (Correct Answer)
d) Intuitive and contemplative
Rationale: Western thoughts often employ analytic and deductive modes of cognition, emphasizing analysis and logical
deduction.

4. How does Eastern thought differ from Western thought in terms of the view of the self?
a) Eastern thoughts are egocentric, while Western thoughts are sociocentric.
b) Eastern thoughts emphasize commonalities and harmonies, while Western thoughts focus on distinctions and
oppositions (Correct Answer)
c) Eastern thoughts are monotheistic, while Western thoughts are polytheistic.
d) Eastern thoughts separate religion and philosophy, while Western thoughts intertwine them.
Rationale: The primary distinction mentioned is that Eastern thoughts emphasize commonalities and harmonies, while
Western thoughts focus on distinctions and oppositions.

5. What theological view is associated with Western thoughts?

a) Monotheistic
b) Polytheistic
c) Agnostic
d) Pluralistic
Rationale: Western thoughts are typically associated with a monotheistic theological view, emphasizing belief in one
God.

6. What is a common ideal in Western thoughts related to self-construction?

a) Achieving a balanced life and finding one's role in society
b) Pursuing self-actualization through personal growth (Correct Answer)
c) Embracing a circular view of the universe
d) Focusing on the sociocentric perspective
Rationale: The ideal often associated with Western thoughts is self-actualization through personal growth.

Evaluation

1. What is the main concept in Buddhism that emphasizes the impermanence of everything in life?
a) Atman
b) Nirvana
c) Annica (impermanence) (Correct Answer)
d) Selfhood
Rationale: The concept of Annica (impermanence) in Buddhism underscores the idea that everything in life is constantly
changing.
2. How is the state of Nirvana described in Buddhism?
a) A state of eternal existence
b) A state of transcendence devoid of self-reference (Correct Answer)
c) A state of material abundance
d) A state of continuous rebirth
Rationale: In Buddhism, Nirvana is described as a state of transcendence devoid of self-reference, emphasizing the
absence of self.

3. According to Hinduism, what is the significance of the Law of Karma?

a) It determines the end of one's soul
b) It leads to the accumulation of material wealth
c) It influences the outcomes of individual actions (Correct Answer)
d) It is the cycle of rebirth
Rationale: The Law of Karma in Hinduism is significant as it influences the outcomes of individual actions in one's life.

4. What is the ultimate goal for an individual's soul in Hinduism?

a) Eternal existence
b) Continuous rebirth
c) Reaching a state of nirvana or nonbirth (Correct Answer)
d) Accumulating good karma
Rationale: In Hinduism, the ultimate goal for an individual's soul is to reach a state of nirvana or nonbirth, freeing it
from the cycle of rebirth.

5. What is the core principle of Confucian thought regarding ethical behavior?

a) The pursuit of individual happiness
b) The principle of reciprocity (Correct Answer)
c) The emphasis on self-cultivation
d) The rejection of societal roles
Rationale: The core principle of Confucian thought is the principle of reciprocity, often referred to as the Golden Rule.

6. How does Confucianism suggest moral character is perfected?

a) Through following one's desires
b) Through continuous self-improvement in thought and action (Correct Answer)
c) Through detachment from societal roles
d) Through isolation from society
Rationale: Confucianism suggests that moral character is perfected through continuous self-improvement in thought and
action, aligning one's behavior with societal roles.