ELL203: Electromechanics

July-Nov 2023
Course Coordinator:
Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engg., IIT Delhi

Lecture-1, Tuesday, 25th July 2023

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

1
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
COURSE POLICY: MARKING SCHEME
• Mid-Semester Exam (2 Hrs) : 40 Marks
• End-Semester Exam (2 Hrs) : 40 Marks
• Tutorial Tests : 20 Marks (Roughly 2 Marks/Week)

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
COURSE POLICY: ATTENDANCE POLICY
• As per Institute Rules

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
COURSE POLICY: AUDIT
• Minimum 40 Marks/100 Marks
• Have to write ALL exams

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
COURSE POLICY: REFERENCE BOOK
Main Reference Book

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MACHINES AND POWER ELECTRONICS | P. C. SEN | Wiley

Other Books for Reference

ELECTRIC MACHINERY - A.E. Fitzgerald - Charles Kinsley, Jr

ELECTRIC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS, Stephen J. Chapman

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
COURSE CONTENTS: CHAPTERS
• MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
• TRANSFORMERS
• ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
• INDUCTION (ASYNCHRONOUS) MACHINES
• SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
• DC MACHINES
• SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
INTRODUCTION
• Electric Machines
• Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy
• Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy

• Types of Electrical Machines

• DC Machines
• Induction Machines
• Synchronous Machines

• Transformer
Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023 (Chapter-1:
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Magnetic Circuits)
INTRODUCTION
• Coupling Medium
• Magnetic Field

• Magnetic Field
• Electro Magnet (Ferromagnetic Materials)
• Permanent Magnet (Magnetic Materials)

• Magnetic Circuit
• May/May-not Involve air-gap

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

8
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: i−H RELATION
• When a conductor carries current, a magnetic field is
produced around it.

• The direction of flux lines or magnetic field intensity

H can be determined
• Thumb’s Rule

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

9
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: i−H RELATION
• The relationship between current and field
intensity can be obtained by using Ampère’s
circuit law

• To obtain an expression for the magnetic field

intensity H at a distance r from the conductor

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

10
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: B−H RELATION
• The magnetic field intensity H produces a magnetic flux density B. They
are related by

• μ is a characteristic of the medium and is called the permeability of the

medium
• μ0 is the permeability of free space and is 4π10−7 henry/meter
• μr is the relative permeability of the medium

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

11
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: B−H RELATION
• μr is unity => free space or electrical conductors (such as aluminum or copper) or
insulators,

• μr varies from several hundred to several thousand => for ferromagnetic materials such
as iron, cobalt, and nickel.

• μr varies in the range of 2000 to 6000, for materials used in electrical machines.

• A large value of μr implies that a small current can produce a large flux density in the
machine

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

12
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
MMF

Toroid magnetic circuit

is called the reluctance of the magnetic path, and P is called the permeance of the magnetic path.
Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023
13
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• The driving force in the magnetic circuit is the magnetomotive force
which produces a flux against a magnetic reluctance.
• The magnetic circuit of the toroid can therefore be represented by a
shown magnetic equivalent circuit.

• The form of Ohm’s law for an electric circuit (i = E/R). The analogous
electrical circuit is as shown

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

14
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
MAGNETIZATION CURVE
• The B−H curve, shown in Fig., is called the magnetization
curve.
• The flux density B increases almost linearly in the region
of low values of the magnetic intensity H.
• At higher values of H, the change of B is non-linear. The
magnetic material shows the effect of saturation.
• The reluctance of the magnetic path is dependent on the
flux density. It is low when B is low, and high when B is
Typical Magnetization Curve
high.
• The magnetic circuit differs from the electric circuit in this respect; resistance is
normally independent of current in an electric circuit, whereas reluctance depends on
the flux density in the magnetic circuit
Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023
15
(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
MAGNETIZATION CURVE
• The B−H characteristics of three different types
of magnetic cores — cast iron, cast steel, and
silicon sheet steel — are shown in Fig.
• Note that to establish a certain level of flux
density B in the various magnetic materials, the
values of current required are different

Amit Kumar Jain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi 2023

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(Chapter-1: Magnetic Circuits)