Unit 6

How Do We Write Report Texts?

Brainstorming
1. The woman in the picture is drawing.
2. She may be working in a graphic design agency.
3. She might be a graphic designer.
4. There are many, which are paint markers, paintbrush, pallete, ruler, and some drawing
pens.

Listening Section
Activity 1
1. visual identity : it is used to express those “physically or on the outside” such as logo
designs, brand colors, and typography.
2. user interface : the process designers use to build interfaces in software or
computerized devices, focusing on looks or style.
3. publication : publication designer work on layouts, cover, and additional graphics
for books, magazines, and newspapers.
4. motion : a subset of graphic design which focused in filmmaking or video
production context through use of animation or filmic techniques.
5. environmental : multidisciplinary field of design in which the disciplines of graphic
design, architecture, art, lighting, landscape, and other fields are
utilized as a way to enhance the user experience through the visual
translation of ideas in the built environment.
Activity 2
A.

 graphic designer  visual identity

 require  graduate

 marketing and advertising  user interface

 publication  salary

 graphic designs  job

B.
No. Sentence T/F

1. Rio wants to take graphic design. T

Graphic design school is a school for someone who loves creating
2.
visual content to communicate messages.
T

3. User interface is a type of graphic design. T

High school students interested in graphic design should take basic
4.
economy in high school.
F

A new employee of a graphic design company can earn

5. F
Rp85.000.000 a month.

C.
1. Graphic designer.
2. Rio will go to graphic design school.
3. It is a school for someone who loves creating visual content to communicate
messages.
4. There are 8 types of graphic design.
5. The average salary of graphic designer in Indonesia is Rp85.000.000 a year, then it is
around Rp7.000.000 a month.

Activity 3
1. I will open a side business, and save some of the money to buy a house. (The answer
may vary)
2. Because If I have a side business as well, the money will not go in vain. (The answer
may vary)

Activity 4
The UN reports this condition to show the crisis of education that affected by the pandemic.
Since its outbreak in late December 2019, COVID-19 has wreaked havoc across the world
and like any critical sector, education has been hit hard. It certainly impact our learning at
school, we moved from physical spaces that provided us with much-needed social
interactions, to being seated behind a screen for hours on end. (The answer may vary)
Activity 5
Definition : A school for someone who loves creating visual contents to communicate
messages.
Types : There are 8 types of graphic design which are visual identity, marketing and
advertising, user interface, publication, packaging, motion, environmental,
and art and illustration.
Education : It will take four years to study for a bachelor’s degree in graphic design.
Salary : The average salary for a new graphic designer in Indonesia is Rp85.000.000
a year.
Requirement : Many bachelor's degree programs require students to complete a year of
basic art and design before being admitted to a formal degree program.

Reading Section
Activity 6

Words Meaning
updrafts An upward current of air.
livestock Farm animals regarded as an asset.
hazardous A potential source of harm.
circumference The enclosing boundary of a curved geometric figure,
especially a circle.
hailstone Small balls of ice that fall like rain from the sky.

Activity 7
1. The main topic of the text is Hail.
2. There are 8 paragraphs in the text.
3. There are no opinions in the text.
4. Yes, it represented a good report text. It perfectly describes the details of hail which is
so informative to anyone who reads it. (The answer may vary)
5. I have seen hail when I visited Malang, it falls following heavy rain and strong wind.
(The answer may vary)
6. I will seek shelter immediately in a sturdy building and stay inside until the hail stops.
(The answer may vary)
7. Because it can be seriously damaged aircraft, homes, cars, and can be deadly to
livestock and people.
8. Hail formed when raindrops are carried upward by thunderstorm updrafts into
extremely cold areas of the atmosphere and freeze. Hailstones then grow by colliding
with liquid water drops that freeze onto the hailstone's surface.
9. Yes, it can. Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming usually have the most hailstorms.
 10. Hail falls when it becomes heavy enough to overcome the strength of the
thunderstorm updraft and is pulled toward the earth by gravity.
11. Yes, the fact that it is dangerous changed my perspective about hail. For example,
wind-driven hail can tear up the siding on houses, break windows, blow into houses,
and cause severe injury and/or death to people and animals. (The answer may vary)
12. (The answer may vary according to the creativity of students.)

Activity 8
1. Hail is a form of precipitation consisting of solid ice that forms inside thunderstorm
updrafts.
2. Hail falls when it becomes heavy enough to overcome the strength of the
thunderstorm updraft and is pulled toward the earth by gravity. Smaller hailstones can
be blown away from the updraft by horizontal winds, so larger hail typically falls
closer to the updraft than smaller hail. If the winds near the surface are strong enough,
hail can fall at an angle or even nearly sideways.
3. The fall speed of hail primarily depends on the size of the hailstone, the friction
between the hailstone and surrounding air, the local wind conditions (both horizontal
and vertical), and the degree of melting of the hailstone. For small hailstones (<1-inch
in diameter), the expected fall speed is between 9 and 25 mph. For hailstones that one
would typically see in a severe thunderstorm (1-inch to 1.75-inch in diameter), the
expected fall speed is between 25 and 40 mph. In the strongest supercells that produce
some of the largest hail one might expect to see (2-inches to 4-inches in diameter), the
expected fall speed is between 44 and 72 mph. Also, it is possible for very large
hailstones (diameters exceeding 4-inches) to fall at over 100 mph.
4. Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming usually have the most hailstorms. The area where
these three states meet – "hail alley" – averages seven to nine hail days per year.
5. The largest hailstone recovered in the United States fell in Vivian, South Dakota, on
June 23, 2010, with a diameter of 8 inches and a circumference of 18.62 inches.
Activity 10

Structure Answer
General An earthquake is an intense shaking of Earth's surface. The
classification/statemen shaking is caused by movements in Earth's outermost layer.
t
Description 1 Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
Although the Earth looks like a pretty solid place from the
surface, it's actually extremely active just below the surface. The
Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a hot, nearly
solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.
The solid crust and top, stiff layer of the mantle make up a
region called the lithosphere. The lithosphere isn't a continuous
piece that wraps around the whole Earth like an eggshell. It's
 actually made up of giant puzzle pieces called tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates are constantly shifting as they drift around on the
viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below.
This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth's crust. When
the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called faults. When
tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults. An
earthquake is the sudden movement of Earth's crust at a fault line.
The location where an earthquake begins is called the
epicenter. An earthquake's most intense shaking is often felt near
the epicenter. However, the vibrations from an earthquake can
still be felt and detected hundreds, or even thousands of miles
away from the epicenter.
Description 2 How Do We Measure Earthquakes?
The energy from an earthquake travels through Earth in
vibrations called seismic waves. Scientists can measure these
seismic waves on instruments called seismometer. A seismometer
detects seismic waves below the instrument and records them as a
series of zig-zags.
Scientists can determine the time, location and intensity of an
earthquake from the information recorded by a seismometer. This
record also provides information about the rocks the seismic
waves traveled through.
Description 3 Do Earthquakes Only Happen on Earth?
Earthquake is a name for seismic activity on Earth, but Earth
isn't the only place with seismic activity. Scientists have
measured quakes on the Earth's moon, and see evidence for
seismic activity on Mars, Venus and several moons of Jupiter,
too!
NASA's InSight mission will carry a seismometer to Mars to
study seismic activity there, known as marsquakes. On Earth, we
know that different materials vibrate in different ways. By
studying the vibrations from marsquakes, scientists hope to figure
out what materials are found on the inside of Mars.
Conclusion (optional) InSight will collect tons of information about what Mars is like
under the surface. These new discoveries will help us understand
more about how planets like Mars-and our home, Earth--came to
be.
Viewing Section
Activity 11

Questions Answers
What was the title? The Day After Tomorrow (A film)
Where did it take place? United States
After watching it, have you learned some Yes, the lessons I have learned from
lessons? watching this film is acknowledging us, as
humans, are the evil-doers who are
responsible for the destruction of the good
earth we inhabit.
How could you apply the lessons in your I could apply the lessons from the film by
life? starting to care more for our earth, such as
reducing energy use, respect and protect
green spaces, cut consumption and waste.
(The answer may vary)

Activity 12
1. Science-fiction.
2. Roland Emmerich.
3. Roland Emmerich and Jeffrey Nachmanoff.
4. Mark Gordon and Roland Emmerich.
5. Harald Kloser.
6. The tagline is “This year, a sweater won’t do. Where will you be? 10,000 years ago,
one storm changed the face of our planet.”
7. It was released in 2004.
(The answer may vary)

Activity 13
This film gives a look at what the world could look like if the greenhouse effect and
global warming continued. As the center of the story, Jack Hall, a paleoclimatologist,
discovers that a huge ice sheet has sheared off. He thinks that because of global warming,
a new Ice Age is imminent. He tries to air his suspicions at a conference which the Vice
President also attends, but he is being mocked for his altruistic concerns because his rants
means that certain industries, who are supporters of the administration, could be in
trouble. Before long, ferocious tornadoes level Los Angeles; a towering tidal surge floods
Manhattan; a massive super-storm batters the northern hemisphere, and in the middle of
this endless maelstrom of destruction, Jack’s son gets trapped in a New York public
library with a handful of friends. As Hall sets out on a dangerous trek from Washington
D.C. to locate his son, the global temperature plummets, burying everything under an
impenetrable blanket of ice. (The answer may vary)
Speaking Section
Activity 14
1. Answer friend 1: Yes, I have.
Answer friend 2: Yes, I have.

2. Answer friend 1: I have written a report text about climate change.

Answer friend 2: I have written a report text about Komodo dragon.

3. Answer friend 1: Yes, I have. I found it difficult to use simple present tense correctly
in
writing a report text.
Answer friend 2: No, I have not found any difficulties when writing a report text.
(The answers may vary)

Activity 15
Dialogue 1
1. earthquake
2. intense
3. movements
4. waves
5. determine

Dialogue 2
1. urbanization
2. urban
3. half
4. predicted
5. easier

Activity 16
Picture 1
Safira : Do you know what is the largest and oldest living lizard on earth?
Farah : No, I don’t. What is it?
Safira : It is Komodo dragon, and they can only be found on several Indonesia islands.
Farah : Oh wow, how large and old can it be?
Safira : It can reach a length of three meters, some males may weigh more than 135
kilograms, and they are estimated to have roamed for millions of years.
Farah : That is so cool, and the fact that they can only be found in Indonesia makes it more
cool.

Picture 2

Farah : Do you know that earthquakes not only happen on our earth?
Safira : Really? Then where else in the universe they happened?
Farah : Scientists have measured quakes on the Earth’s moon, and see evidence for seismic
activity on Mars, Venus, and several moons of Jupiter, too!
Safira : Wow, that’s a new thing to learn today!

Writing Section
Activity 17

The Dilemma of Gender Equality in Labor Market

Labor market data show persisting gender inequalities around the world. In Europe,
women are more educated today than men – female graduates also higher in almost all
European countries. Although there are less women present in the field study of STEM
(science, technology, engineering, mathematics), closing the gender gap in education is
recognized as a first step towards gender equality in the labor market. Still, the female
employment rate is lower than males in all countries.
Women shoulder a heavier burden of family work than men in modern society,
preventing them from matching male success in the external labor market. Despite a large
influx of women into mainly service sector jobs over the past four decades, women continue
to be underrepresented in the labor market, and they earn less on average than men. These
gender differences are almost certainly linked to responsibilities of women in child-rearing
and household work.
According to International Labour Organization, the current global labor force
participation rate for women is just under 47% while it’s 72% for men. In Europe, the uneven
concentration of women and men in different sectors of the labor market is a persistent
problem. Three in ten women work in education, health, and social work (8% of men), which
are traditionally low-paid sectors. On the contrary, almost a third of men is employed in
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (7% of women), which are higher-paid
sectors. It shows gender segregation in the labor market.
 In Northern African and the Arab States, unemployment rates for women exceed
20%. Women who want to work have a harder time finding a job than men. While vulnerable
employment is widespread for both genders, women tend to be overrepresented in certain
types of vulnerable jobs. Men are more likely to be working in own-account employment,
while women are more likely to be helping out in their households or in their relatives’
business.
The freedom to work – by choice, in conditions of dignity, safety, and fairness – is
integral to human welfare. Guaranteeing that women have access to this right is an important
end in itself. From an economic perspective, reducing gender gaps in labor market could
substantially boost global GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The regions with the largest
gender gap would see huge growth benefits. Many developed countries would also see their
average annual GDP growth increase, which is significant during times of near-zero
economic growth.

Visual Representation Section

Activity 18
The answers may vary according to the creativity of the students.

Critical Thinking Tasks

1. Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Kata yang paling tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat rumpang tersebut adalah jawaban C.
heard.

2. Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
“liquefaction” merupakan sebuah fenomena, jadi kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi
kalimat rumpang tersebut adalah jawaban A. phenomenon.

3. Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Kata yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat rumpang tersebut adalah “soils” karena
kalimat setelahnya menyatakan “that is, soils in which…”
4. Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Kata yang paling cocok untuk melengkapi kalimat rumpang tersebut adalah jawaban
D. pressure.

5.
No. Sentences Yes No
a. Huge amounts of plastics, metals, rubber, paper, and textiles,
derelict fishing gear, derelict vessels, and other lost or 
discarded items enter the marine environment every day.
b. Our trash can easily be destroyed once it reaches the ocean. 
c. Our trash has been found in every corner of our ocean, from
the most remote shorelines, to ice in the Arctic, and even the 
deepest parts of the sea floor.
d. People are allowed by government to throw trash into rivers 
when they don't have a rubbish dump.
e. A study by Borrelle estimated that in 2016, as much as 23
million metric tons of plastic waste entered aquatic ecosystems 
from land around the world.

6.

No. Sentences Yes No

a. Anything human-made and solid can become marine debris
once lost or littered in these aquatic environments. 
b. Some of the most common and harmful types of marine debris 
include plastic, such as cigarette butts, plastic bags, and food
wrappers, and derelict fishing gear.
c. Once they are in the environment, these items will fully go 
away.
d. Marine debris is the government's problem. 
e. Marine debris is caused by people, and we can also be the 
solution.

7. The sentence means that there is not only one standard solution to this matter, and that
cleaning up our oceans from marine debris is important.
8. There is no conclusion in the text.

9. Flash floods are the most dangerous kind of floods, because they combine the
destructive power of a flood with incredible speed.

10.

No. Sentences Yes No

a Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally 
dry.
b. Floods can happen during heavy rains, when ocean waves 
come on shore, when snow melts quickly, or when dams or
levees break.
c. Flash floods are the least dangerous kind of floods. 
d. In the U.S. floods kill fewer people each year than tornadoes, 
hurricanes or lightning.
e. Areas near rivers are at risk from floods. 

11. Soaps, lotions, face and eye make-up, fragrances are kind of cosmetic products that
can make someone allergic.

12.

No. Sentences Yes No

a Lotions can provoke allergic reactions in some people. 
b. An allergen can trigger the immune system to release chemical 
substances such as antibodies that result in allergy symptoms.
c. Common allergens fall into fifteen classes. 
d. If you have reviewed the product ingredient panel and still 
have questions regarding the substances in the product, you
may contact the shop.
e. Everyone can get tested for allergies. 

13. Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Kata “symptoms” memiliki arti perubahan atau keadaan khusus kondisi tubuh yang
menunjukkan tanda adanya suatu penyakit atau gangguan kesehatan, jadi kata tersebut
 bisa juga digantikan oleh “signs” yang bermaksud tanda-tanda adanya penyakit. Jadi,
jawaban yang benar adalah A. signs.

14. There are cosmetic products that can provoke allergies, because there are common
allergens found in those products. To prevent an allergic reaction to a cosmetic
product, we can avoid ingredients that we know or think are allergic to us, also we can
go to our healthcare professionals if we experience symptoms of allergic reaction.

15. Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Kata “device” memiliki arti yang sama dengan “appliance” yang merupakan
alat/perangkat.

16.

No. Word(s) Drug Device

a antibiotics 
b. needles 
c. diagnostic test kits 
d. insulin 
e. syringes 
f. bandage 
g. surgical instruments 
h. anesthetics 
i. X-ray equipment 
j. dental appliances 

17. Examples of drugs are antimicrobials, antihistamines, and antiprotozoals. Examples of

devices are cannulae and catheters.

18.

No. Sentences T/F

a. The pandemic is intensifying children's risk of exploitation including T
trafficking and child labour.
b. Child labour rose to 180 million in 2020. F
c. 82 countries had independent national human rights institutions in T
 compliance with international standards in 2020.
d. 331 human rights defenders were reported killed in 32 countries from F
2018 to 2020.
e. Bribery is five times more likely in low-income countries. T

19. Child labour is an extremely important economic and social issue for so many
reasons. It deprives children of their childhood, it is a violation of their rights that can
harm them mentally and physically. (The answer may vary)

20. No, I don’t think so. Because helping out our parents when they are unable to do
something is not a kind of child labour. (The answer may vary)

Reflection
1. Definition: Report text presents information about an object, animal, person, place,
event, or thing.
2. Structures: General classification/statement, Description, Conclusion (optional).
3. Language features:
 Start with a general opening.
 Move on to being more specific and technical and may contain technical
vocabulary.
 The focus is on groups/categories of things, e.g. "cats" rather than "my cats".
 Use some passive constructions.
 Use impersonal voice (third person).
 Use descriptive but factual language.
 Use action verbs.
 Written in the present tense to convey a sense of "now and forever".
 Use technical terms.
 Describe qualities and functions, habits, and behaviors.
 Personal expressions and opinions are not included.
 The language used in reports is factual, objectives, and free of opinion.

Evaluation
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Teks tersebut menjelaskan tentang climate change secara detail. Jadi, jawaban yang
tepat adalah C. It is about climate change.
2. Jawaban: C
 Pembahasan:
Kalimat yang benar berada di dalam teks merupakan jawaban C, terlihat pada
paragraf ke dua, dan kalimat terakhir.

3. Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Kata “matters” memiliki arti yang sama dengan “important” yang berarti penting.
Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah A. important.

4. Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:
Pada paragraf terakhir dijelaskan bahwa “…scientists and government reviewers
agreed that limiting global temperature rise to no more than 1.5°C…” jadi, jawaban
yang tepat adalah C. No more than 1.5°C.

5. Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Pada kalimat terakhir dijelaskan bahwa “…the current path of carbon dioxide
emissions could increase global temperature by as much as 4.4°C by the end of the
century.” Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah D. 4.4°C.

6. Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Kata kerja “experiencing” dalam jawaban B. People are experiencing climate change
in diverse ways, merupakan action verb.

7. Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Beberapa konsekuensi dari adanya climate change terdapat pada paragraf keempat
yaitu “intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding,
melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity.” Jadi, jawaban yang
tepat adalah A. Water scarcity.
 8. Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Pada paragraf kelima dijelaskan bahwa “People are experiencing climate change in
diverse ways. It affects our health, ability to grow food, housing, safety and work.”
Jadi, jawaban yang tepat adalah D. An increase in the need for good food.

9. Jawaban: D
Pembahasan:
Kata sifat komparatif atau comparative adjective digunakan untuk membandingkan
perbedaan antara dua objek yang dimodifikasi oleh kata sifat tersebut. Jadi,
comparative adjective yang terdapat pada kalimat tersebut adalah jawaban D. more
vulnerable.

10. Jawaban: B
Pembahasan:
Kata “blanket” bisa diartikan sebagai penutup, jadi kata yang paling tepat
menggantikannya adalah jawaban B. cover.

B. Answer the questions.

11. The difference between a report text and a presentation is that a report is usually fairly
extensive and gives a detailed account of the information on a particular topic.
Whereas, a presentation is mostly a synopsis which highlights the key points that are
important for the audience.

12. Technical vocabulary is the specialized vocabulary of any field which evolves due to
the need for experts in a field to communicate with clarity, precision, relevance and
brevity.

13. To begin to write a report text is to write a topic sentence expressing the main idea or
topic of that paragraph.

14. In physics, energy is the capacity for doing work. It may exist in

potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to
another. This principle is known as the conservation of energy or the first law of
thermodynamics. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in
joules. One joule is equal to the work done by a one-newton force acting over a one-
metre distance. Energy is treated in a number of articles. For the development of the
concept of energy and the principle of energy conservation, see principles of physical
science; mechanics; thermodynamics; and conservation of energy.
15. General classification/statement: In physics, energy is the capacity for doing work. It
may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various
forms.

Description: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one
form to another. This principle is known as the conservation of energy or the first law
of thermodynamics. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in
joules. One joule is equal to the work done by a one-newton force acting over a one-
metre distance.

Conclusion: Energy is treated in a number of articles. For the development of the

concept of energy and the principle of energy conservation, see principles of physical
science; mechanics; thermodynamics; and conservation of energy.