Icp Technicaal Report Final

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND QUANTITY SURVEYING
INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS – ICP260S
TECHNICAL REPORT
SUBJECTS:
Construction Management (CNM260S) – D Tshobotiwane
Construction Technology (CTY260S) – A Butler
Quantity Surveying (QSU260S) – B Damba
Construction Health and Safety (CHS260S) – L Bikitsha
Construction Science (CNS260S) – MF Fakier
Building Services (BDS260S) – MF Fakier
Construction Economics (CEC20S) – P Sikhosana
GROUP MEMBERS:
1.Kwanga Mgxaiji – 218336203
2.Thulubuke Nyathikazi – 220275378
3.Gajana Vuyo – 218337264
4.Selloane Koena – 221793011
5.Damian De Smidt – 213077876
6.Ernie Wyld – 221372865
7.Cailin August - 220072523
1
ABSTRACT SUMMARY
This project is an integrated construction project which is related to the modules that
we have learnt this year. In this project we will use the knowledge we have gained
and apply it to a practical job. In this case we were provided with the technical
drawings for House Leonard which we have then used to complete the various
chapters; namely construction management, construction technology, quantity
surveying, construction health and safety, construction science, building services
and construction economics.
It is noted that each chapter carries its own importance and in order for the project to
run smoothly and the client be satisfied, all the chapters must work cohesively
together.
2
CHAPTER ONE:
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT II
3
CONTENTS PAGE/INDEX PAGE – CNM260S
Contents
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................5
ACTIVITY LIST.............................................................................................................5
ACTIVITY ON NODE DIAGRAM..................................................................................9
THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD................................................................................16
THE GANTT CHART..................................................................................................18
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................19
4
INTRODUCTION
For this chapter the client requires a single storey house, House Leonard. An activity
list with durations will be compiled using PERT. There will also be an activity on note
diagram as well as the critical path method being shown. A Gantt chart is to be
drawn to indicate the project schedule.
ACTIVITY LIST
Activity Sub-activity Optimistic Probable Pessimistic Star E

Duration Duration Duration t n
Dat d
e D
at
e
Earthworks Site Clearance 1 1 2 03- 03
02- -
202 02
0 -
20
20
Top Soil 1 1 2 04- 04
02- -
202 02
0 -
20
20
Foundations/ Excavations 1 1 2 05- 05

Sub- 02- -
structure 202 02
0 -
20
20
Concrete 2 3 4 06- 08
Footings 02- -
202 02
0 -
20
5
20
Brickwork 7 10 11 10- 20
02- -
202 02
0 -
20
20
Backfilling 1 2 3 21- 24
02- -
202 02
0 -
20
20
Concrete 1 2 3 25- 26
Surface Bed 02- -
202 02
0 -
20
20
Superstructu 230mm Walls 10 15 16 27- 18

re + Band + 02- -
( Brickwork) Gable 202 03
0 -
20
20
Internal Walls 9 10 11 19- 01
(90mm Walls + 03- —
230mm Walls) 202 04
0 -
20
20
Beam filling 1 1 2 02- 02
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Brick 1 1 2 03- 03
Reinforcement 04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Doors Door Frame + 1 2 3 04- 05
Door 04- -
Installation 202 02
0 -
20
20
6
Ironmongery 1 1 2 05- 05
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Windows Window Frame 1 2 3 06- 07

Installation + 04- -
Fixing + 202 04
Finishes 0 -
20
20
Windows 1 2 3 08- 09
Fixing 202 04
0 -
20
20
Roofing Roof Truss 2 3 4 10- 13

04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Battens + Hip 1 1 2 14- 14
Capping + 04- -
Valley 202 04
0 -
20
20
Fascia Boards 1 1 2 15- 15
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
20
Covering 2 2 3 16- 17
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Finishes Plaster 2 3 4 20- 22
External and 04- -
Internal Walls 202 04
0 -
20
7
20
20
Paint External 2 3 4 23- 27
Walls and 04- -
Paint Internal 202 04
Smooth 0 -
Plaster Walls 20
20
Wall Tiling 1 2 3 28- 29
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Ceiling Gypsum 2 3 4 30- 04

Plaster Board 04- -
202 05
0 -
20
20
Cornices 1 2 3 05- 06
04- -
202 04
0 -
20
20
Painting 1 1 2 07- 07
Cornices + 04- -
Ceiling 202 04
0 -
20
20
Trap Door 1 1 2 08- 08
Fixing 202 04
0 -
20
20
8
ACTIVITY ON NODE DIAGRAM
KEY:
Es LS
A Dur
EF LF
EARTHWORKS
Task Predecessor Duration Days

A Site Clearance 1
B Topsoil Stripping A 1
0 1 1 2
A 1 B 1
0 1 1 2
9
FOUNDATIONS
Task Predecessor Duration Days

A Excavations 1
B Concrete Footings A 3
C Brickwork A, B 10
D Backfilling C 2
E Concrete Surface D 2
Bed
0 1
A 1
3 4 16 18
4 14 14 16
E 2
C 10 D 2
1 4 16 18
4 14 14 16
B 3
1 4
SUPERSTRUCTURE (BRICKWORK)
Task Predecessor Duration

A 230mm Walls + 15
Band + Gable
B Internal Walls A 10
( 90mm Walls +
230mm Walls )
C Beam filling A,B 1
D Brick C 1
Reinforcement
10
0 15
A 15
10 25 26 27
25 26
D 1
C 1
26 27
25 26
15 25
B 10
15 25
DOORS

A Door Frame 1
B Door Installation A 1
c Ironmongery A,B 1
0 1
A 1
3 4
2 3
C 1
3 4
1 3
B 2
1 3
11
WINDOWS

A Window Frame 1
Installation +
Fixing
B Window Frame A 1
Finishes
C Window Installation A,B 2
+ Fixing
0 1
A 1
1 2 2 4
C 2
2 4
1 2
B 1
1 2
12
ROOFING

A Roof Truss 3
B Battens + Hip A 1
Capping + Valley
C Fascia Boards A,B 1
D Covering A,B,C 2
3 4
B 1
3 4
4 6
0 3
D 2
A 3
4 6
3 4
3 4
C 1
3 4
13
FINISHES

A Plaster External 3
and Internal Walls
B Paint External A 3
Walls and Paint
Internal Smooth
Plaster Walls
C Wall Tiling A 2
3 6
B 3
0 3 3 6
A 3
0 3 3 5
C 2
3 5
14
CEILING

A Gypsum Plaster 3
Board
B Cornices A 2
C Painting Cornices + A,B 1
Ceiling
D Trap Door A,B.C 1
Installation + Fixing
3 5
B 2
3 5
0 3 5 6
A 3 D 1
2 5 5 6
3 4
C 1
4 5
15
THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD
KEY:
SLACK = LS - ES
EARTHWORKS:
(A) 1-0= 1
(B) 2-1= 1
FOUNDATIONS:
(A) 1-0=1
(B) 4-3=1
(C) 14-4=10
(D) 16-14=2
(E) 18-16=2
SUPERSTRUCTURE:
(A) 15-0=15
(B) 25-15=10
(C) 26-25=1
(D) 27-26=1
DOORS:
(A) 1-0=1
(B) 3-1=2
(C) 4-3=1
WINDOWS:
(A) 1-0=1
(B) 2-1=1
16
(C) 4-2=2
CELING
(A) 3-0=3
(B) 5-3=2
(C) 4-3=1
(D) 6-5=1
ROOFING:
(A) 3-0=3
(B) 4-3=1
(C) 4-3=1
(D) 6-4=2
FINSHES:
(A) 3-0=3
(B) 6-3=3
(C) 5-3=2
CONCLUSION: NO CRITICAL PATH
17
THE GANTT CHART
18
REFERENCES
1. How to create a bar chart? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7HE6AswSls
2. Critical path method? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TDh-
5n90vk&t=338s
3. What is an activity on node diagram? https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5ColrhHWLiM
19
CHAPTER TWO:
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY II
20
Contents
PART A.......................................................................................................................23
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 23
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION...................................................................................23
TYPE OF SOIL UNCOVERED ON SITE.......................................................................24
TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS THAT ARE SUITABLE FOR THE SOIL AND SUITABLE
MATERIALS.................................................................................................................. 25
STAGES OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS..............................................................25
PART B.......................................................................................................................28
1. Bricks/blocks.............................................................................................................. 28
2.Floor and wall finishes...................................................................................................32
3.Roof and ceiling finishes................................................................................................35
4.Windows and Glass finish..............................................................................................37
5.Paints............................................................................................................................. 39
Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 42
References....................................................................................................................... 42
21
PART A
INTRODUCTION
Construction projects are often criticized because of the performance of contractors,
with lower-than-expected performance in time, cost, quality, and the satisfaction level
of clients (Poon et al. 2003; Tapia 2007). Several factors that affect the productivity
and efficiency of projects have been identified, one being the selection of
construction methods (Thomas et al. 1990). In fact, construction methods are
considered one of the five potential areas of productivity loss (European
Construction Institute 1994).
Appropriate selection of construction methods used in the execution of a project is a

decisive factor for its development and the achievement of the desired results. In
many cases, this process is undertaken without suitable attention, generating
negative consequences for the project. It is therefore necessary to search for
different approaches that would accomplish greater efficiency in the realization of
this process. This requires a deep understanding of current practices for
implementing the process for construction methods’ selection and the major
problems that affect this selection process (Ferrada & Serpell, 2014).
Property owners and contractors have more construction materials to choose from
than ever before. Instead of being limited to construction materials from a certain
part of the world such as wood in North America, global shipping has allowed
anyone to build with nearly any material from around the globe. This flexibility has
only improved with the development of man-made materials, such as concrete and
engineered wood (Moore, 2020).
Choosing the right material is, arguably, the most important part of any construction
project. The material you choose will ultimately impact almost every factor of the
project, mainly budget, durability/longevity, aesthetics, and, above all, practicality.
The goal should be to strike a reasonable balance between these factors to get the
best value for your money (Moore, 2020).
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
The method of construction that we are going to use here is to use Cavity walls
Cavity walls construction is not a modern concept, they have been observed in
ancient Greek and Roman structures. These types of walls still exist at the Greco
22
Roman town of Pergamum. The main reason behind their popularity is excellent
thermal properties, excellent resistance to sound transmission, are superior
resistance to rain penetration, and high resistance to fire.
There is no need for a special foundation for cavity wall construction; it can be built
on a strong concrete base. Two masonry walls are constructed together with the
same as normal brickwork constructed, but minimum air space or cavity must be left
between them. The cavity may be poured with plain cement concrete with some
slope at the bottom for darning and water enter in the wall. Weep holes are provided
in the outer wall at a spacing of a minimum of 1m from each other. Normal standard
bricks are used in the inner wall and facing bricks are used for the outer wall
(Mahajan,2019).
In the construction of cavity walls, leaves or walls are connected by wall ties metal
ties, which are generally made of steel and are rustproof. The metal ties are provided
such that they do not carry any moisture from the outer leaf to the inner leaf
(Mahajan, 2019).
The stretcher bond Is suitable for half brick wall or single brick wall and for one brick
thickness or more thickness, English bond or Flemish bonds type constructions are
provided. During construction of brick, masonry care should be taken that no fall of
mortar in cavity space, and if there is some mortar fall, clean it quickly after work is
down (Mahajan, 2019).
To prevent falling of mortar in the cavity between walls, wooden battens are provided
in the cavity with suitable dimensions. These battens are supported on wall ties and
whenever the height of the next wall tie location is reached, then the battens are
removed using wires or ropes and wall ties are provided. Two walls are constructed
simultaneously. Provide a damp proof course separately for both the wall. For cavity
wall indoor and windows, the weep holes are provided above the damp-proof course
(Mahajan, 2019).
TYPE OF SOIL UNCOVERED ON SITE

Loamy
Because loam contains the right proportions of clay, sand, and silt, it is the best soil
type for construction. It strikes the perfect balance between all their best attributes to
23
support a foundation. Loam typically responds effectively to the presence of water
and does not radically change, grow, or contract (Different soils and how they affect
foundation, 2015).
TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS THAT ARE SUITABLE FOR THE SOIL AND SUITABLE
MATERIALS
The choice and design of foundations for structures depends on the following
factors: The total load of the building, the nature and bearing capacity of the soil, and
the settlement of the soil. The type of foundation that will be suitable for this building
will be the Strip foundation (Mishra, 2014)
Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing capacity. The key sizes
of a strip foundation for concrete cavity wall construction and timber frame cavity wall
construction are similar (Flynn, 2013)
Concrete is the best foundation material among all other foundation materials
because it is hard, durable, and strong in compression. Concrete is impervious to
moisture and can be made almost watertight for basement walls. It is simple to cast
in any shape required for each foundation. These materials are used in the
construction of concrete foundations. For example, the curtain wall can be made of
concrete and requires a narrow trench with minimal formwork. The relatively high
cost of the cement required to make the concrete is its single major disadvantage
(Mahajan, 2019).
Concrete blocks can be used to build attractive and long-lasting foundation walls.
Concrete blocks eliminate the need for unnecessary formwork and, due to their large
size, lay up faster than bricks.
Concrete block walls are more difficult to make watertight than concrete walls and do
not resist lateral forces as well as poured-concrete walls (Mahajan, 2019).
The brick foundation should support the weight of the structure as well as lateral
loads imposed by soil adjacent to foundations. It should also be strong enough to
withstand soil and groundwater attacks (Mahajan, 2019).
STAGES OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

1. Site clearing
24
A ‘site' is the designated land area for the construction of a specific building. When a
piece of land has been abandoned for a long time, it is likely to have trees, weeds,
and debris on it. The first step is to remove any items that could obstruct
construction.
On a large piece of land that cannot be cleared with hand tools, you can hire
companies to operate bulldozers, excavators, or land mowers.
2.Foundation
The foundation is the lowest part of the structure where it meets the soil. It is a
component of the building's invisible structure. The importance of laying a solid
foundation for a building cannot be overstated.
It is the most important part of the building structure because the other parts rely on
its strength to hold up. If the foundation is weak, the building will collapse eventually,
regardless of the quality and quantity of materials used to construct it.
This is something that construction engineers are aware of. As a result, they make
every effort in terms of material and human resources to ensure that the foundation
is strengthened to the maximum.
3.Plinth and slab
After the foundation is successfully built, another reinforcement known as the "plinth
beam and slab" is added to the top. The purpose of reinforcing the foundation with
the plinth beam and slab is to protect it from damp and to keep cracks from reaching
the wall. It will aid in the foundation's strength in the event of an earthquake.
4.Superstructure
The beam and slab are supported by a superstructure. The column designed to
strengthen the load mounted on the building's foundation is one of the
superstructure's members. The columns are built up to the slab level and the frame
for future construction. To prevent water from entering the slab and casting, a
waterproof coating is applied.
5.Bricklaying
25
This is where the visible part of the building is built. Various types of blocks or bricks
can be used to construct the building walls, depending on the owner's preference.
Materials such as concrete blocks and fly ash bricks are used in accordance with the
structure outlined in the building plan by the architect.
The cement mortar mixer is used to combine cement and sand, which are then used
to hold the bricks together as they are arranged by the masonry. When erecting the
building wall, the masonry carves out the structure of the windows and doors.
6. The lintel
The lintel is built on top of the wall after it has been constructed. A lintel, like the
plinth beam and slab, is a beam that spans door and window openings. It is used to
support the load of the structure above it.
7.Roof coating
The roofing structure is the load that the lintel supports. The framing of the
uppermost layer of the house to shape covering, protection from harsh weather, and
decoration and beautification is referred to as the roof.
At this point, the building is taking shape, and you can see what dimensions it will
have. Various roofing materials can be used to decorate your home.
8.Electrical and plumbing
Wires and pipes are hidden away from view in modern homes. This is due to the fact
that they were installed during this stage of building construction and are hidden
between the walls and slabs; only the endpoints of the pipes and sockets are visible.
9.Exterior and interior finishing
After the electrical and plumbing work is completed, the plastering work begins. The
exterior of the building is plastered with a cement and sand mixture. It is coated with
a thickness of 13 mm and, on occasion, 20 mm.
Plastering can strengthen the structure of a building, protect it from the effects of
weather, and make it more visually appealing. Interior design is completed by
experts in accordance with the architect's specifications.
26
10.Flooring
The building construction is nearing completion at this point. After the exterior and
interior décor are finished, the flooring work begins. There are various types of
flooring based on their intended use, cost, and level of finish required. Some of the
best options include ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, clay tiles, granite, marble, wood, and
epoxy flooring.
11.Painting
This is the final stage of construction on a building. Painting is used to beautify the
structure while also protecting it from the effects of water and sunlight.
Latex paints are extremely resistant to water. As a result, they are popular for
painting the exterior walls of homes. A perfect combination of different colours while
painting can enhance the beauty of a building.
PART B
1. Bricks/blocks
NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIALS SELECTED
Concrete blocks 390mm x 90mm x 190mm and the quality is 27Mpa
INNOVATION ON THE MATERIAL
The construction industry is evolving day by day from mud house to red clay
buildings to concrete buildings. A few decades ago, concrete was vilified as the
epitome of monotony and environmental destruction. It was the material of mass
building – cheap, ugly, and mostly built without inspiration. However, the material,
with the people’s attitude and use of it, has changed. Concrete has become trendy,
cool and the sustainable “green” material of choice. From more environmentally
27
friendly mix methods to concrete that can heal itself, new concrete technology offers
limitless possibilities to the future of construction. Today, concrete has become a
contemporary and technologically superior product. It allows the widest range of
architectural possibilities, both in purpose and appearance. It can also be virtually
refined, matt, or polished, with surfaces in many different colours and textures. “New
super-high strength composite concrete mixes allow for much thinner and elegant
structures being cast faster and higher,” (Van der Merwe, 2019). Concrete can also
be made to have a higher workability and to be used under extreme temperature
conditions. Adding superplasticisers can create a high-performance, self-compacting
or flow concrete, which requires no compaction or vibration on site and ensures a
superior finish. Surface retarders allow the designer to choose any range of exposed
aggregate concrete surfaces, whilst surface impregnation mixtures will protect
concrete against stains with a gloss or matt finish. (Building and décor, accessed on
25 October 2022)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICKS
The fundamentals of brick manufacturing have not changed over time. However,
technological advancements have made contemporary brick plants substantially
more efficient and have improved the overall quality of the products. Bricks are
manufactured either by hand or by machine. However, since the invention of brick-
making machines during the latter part of the century, most of the bricks that have
been made have been machine made. A concrete block is one among several
precast concrete products used in construction. They are primarily used in the
construction of walls. Mixing, moulding, curing, and cubing are the four basic
processes involved in the manufacture of cement (Material tree, 2019)
Mixing:
Sand and gravel are kept outside in piles and are transferred into storage bins in the
plant by a conveyor belt as it is necessary. The cement is stored and kept outside in
large vertical silos to protect it from moisture. The production starts and the required
amounts of sand, gravel, and cement are transferred by gravity or by mechanical
means to a weigh batcher that measures the proper quantity of each material. For
28
several minutes, dry materials flowing into a stationary mixer are blended. A small
amount of water is added to the mixer when the dry materials are blended. Colouring
pigments and admixture chemicals may also be added for this time. The concrete is
then mixed for almost ten minutes. (Material tree, 2019)
Moulding:
Once the mixing is done, it is dumped into an inclined bucket conveyor and
transported to an elevated hopper. Again, the mixing cycle begins for the next load.
On top of the block machine, the concrete is conveyed to another hopper at a
measured flow rate. The concrete in the block machine is forced downward into
moulds. The moulds contain an outer mould box consisting of several mould liners.
The outer shape and inner shape of the block cavities is determined by the liners.
Fifteen blocks may be moulded at once. The concrete is compacted by the weight of
the upper mould head coming down on the mould cavities only when the moulds are
full. Hydraulic pressure cylinders may be supplemented by air whereas acting on the
mould head. The compacted blocks are moved down and out of the moulds onto a
flat steel pallet. The blocks and pallet are pushed out of the machine into a chain
conveyor. The blocks in some operations pass under a rotating brush which removes
loose material from the top of the blocks. (Material tree, 2019)
Curing:
The pallet of blocks is conveyed to a loader which keeps them in a curing rack. And
it is rolled into a set of rails and moved into a curing kiln only when the rack is full.
The kiln is an enclosed room that has the capacity to hold several racks of blocks at
once. The two basic types of curing kilns are low-pressure steam kiln and high-
pressure steam kiln. In, low-pressure steam kiln, the blocks are held for one to three
hours at room temperature to allow them to harden slightly in the kiln. At a controlled
rate of 16°C per hour. The steam is shut off and the blocks are allowed to soak in the
hot moist air for 12-18 hours when the curing temperature has been reached. Then
once the soaking is done the blocks are dried by exhausting the moist air and raising
the temperature in the kiln. The whole curing cycle takes about 24 hours. In the high-
pressure steam kiln that is also called as Autoclave. In this type, the temperature is
29
raised to 149-191°C, and the pressure is raised to 80-185 psi. The blocks are
soaked for five to ten hours. The pressure is then quickly vented, that causes the
blocks to quickly release their trapped moisture. The autoclave curing process needs
more energy and a high expensive kiln, which can produce blocks in less time.
(Material tree, 2019)
Cubing:
The pallet of blocks are unstacked and the racks of cured blocks are rolled out of the
kiln that is placed on a chain conveyor. The empty pallets are fed back into the block
machine when the blocks are pushed off the steel pallets to receive a new set of
moulded blocks. When the blocks are to be made into split -face blocks, they are first
moulded as two blocks joined together. If these double blocks are cured, they pass
through a splitter, that strikes them with the help of a heavy blade across the section
between the two halves. This makes the double block to fracture and form a rough
stone-like texture on one side of each piece. The blocks pass between a cube that
aligns every block and that stacks them into a cube three blocks along by six blocks
deep by three or four blocks that are high. Thus, cubes are moved outside with a
forklift and placed in storage (Material tree, 2019)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIAL
Brick is an important building construction material and used in huge amounts in

buildings compare to all other materials of construction. Brick masonry walls are load
bearing structures. They divided the space into various rooms along with fire
protection, sound/noise insulation, and thermal insulation. The reason brick is ranked
among the very best material to use is because: it is durable, beautiful, energy
efficient, and sustainable. Brick walls are better at insulating your house from the
cold and the heat than most other building materials. An all-brick house is more
energy efficient and costs less money to maintain in utility costs. A brick wall can last
hundreds of years, or more. Some of the oldest buildings in the world that are still
standing were formed from brick. Bricks are undeniably classic, beautiful, and richly
diverse. No two brick walls are the same. Plus, bricks can be placed in several ways;
utilizing different patterns for stand out style. Unlike wood, which requires taking
30
down trees, brick is not made from a non-renewable resource. You can build a
house using as many bricks as you’d like without taking away from the natural
beauty of remote rainforests. (Saul roman, building bluff, accessed on 24 October
2022)
MAINTENANCE CULTURE OF THE MATERIAL
Brick is maintenance free, but occasional cleaning, spot checks for water damage,
and repointing are necessary to ensure long-lasting structural integrity. The least
aggressive approach should be your first plan of action when it comes to cleaning
brick. (Bob Vila, accessed on 24 October 2022)
2.Floor and wall finishes
NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL
230mm Cavity walls (unless otherwise annotated) tied with butterfly GMS wire ties at
a rate 5 wire ties/2.5m2 of wall face to exterior of the building. Brick force to every 2 nd
course of brickwork. Cavity not to be less than 50mm. Cavity to be filled with
concrete between foundations and ground floor DPC and 3 brick course wall plate.
230/115mm Thick brickwork partition walls (unless otherwise annotated) as per NBR
& SANS 10400 PART K
Foundation walls to be filled with concrete up to floor level. Foundation walls higher
than 1000m to be 340mm thick
Floor finish as indicated on plan on 25mm screed on 100mm concrete surface slab
(30mPa) with ref 193 mesh matt on 250mic USB green damp proof course (SANS
925-1985) type C laid with min 150mm overlaps sealed with gunplay tape
31
Cavity walls are widely used in buildings to control moisture and provide insulation to
buildings. Before the 1970s, the two skins of a cavity wall were typically constructed
by masonry materials and no insulation materials were provided between the two
skins. However, the skin of modern cavity walls now varies in design. Weep holes
are often provided at the bottom of a cavity wall or above windows. These allow wind
to generate airflow through the cavity which drives moisture out and prevents it from
penetrating the wall into the building. Some innovative designs also use double-skin
walls to assist air conditioning in buildings or to improve the thermal insulation
performance of external walls (Steph, 2020)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE MATERIALS
A cavity wall is composed of two masonry walls separated by an air space or cavity.
Masonry wall must be laid on a level, rigid base. This is usually a concrete
foundation or a beam of structural steel or concrete. The outer wall provides visual
appeal. The inner wall is usually constructed of NFP bricks. In between the two
masonry leaves is a cavity of 50 millimetres (mm). The gap must be consistent from
the bottom of the wall to the top. This cavity must be kept free of mortar which can
block water from draining away, leading to damp and mould. The wall cavity should
extend below the damp-proof course (DPC) level. Below the damp-proof course, the
cavity must be filled with fine concrete. The Damp Proof Course (DPC) keeps
moisture away from the cavity side of the interior wall. It is usually a PVC sheet
extending with a downward curve from the interior wall across cavity and through the
outer wall. Its purpose is to drain away any water in the cavity towards the weep
holes and discharge it outside. Masonry bricks are held in place with mortar typically
composed of cement and sand. The cavity can be partly filled with insulation which is
attached to the inner leaf. Insulation provides additional thermal performance. The
two walls are linked to each other with metal or plastic wall ties that are permanently
fixed into the mortar of both bricks, crossing the cavity. The ties strengthen the cavity
wall. Weep holes are drainage holes left in the exterior wall of the cavity wall. They
are traditionally non-mortared gaps left between two adjacent bricks, to provide an
exit point for water in the cavity. (Mahajan, 2019)
32
Raw materials are used to make Brick partition walls, which makes it economical.
They tend to be hard, durable, reusable, and recyclable. It also comes with less
environmental pollution due to the manufacturing process. Brick Partition walls are
only made of plain bricks and can be three types. Such as- Reinforced Bricks, bricks-
nogged, or hollow bricks. Reinforced brick partition walls reinforce the form of wire
mesh or hoop iron or steel bars. The brick-nogging partition wall consists of
brickwork built up within a schema of wooden members (Chowdhury, n.d).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIALS
A cavity wall is a type of wall that has a hollow centre. They can be described as
consisting of two "skins" separated by a hollow space (cavity). The skins are usually
masonry, such as brick. One of the many reasons why cavity walls are significant is
because they give better thermal insulation than solid walls. It is because of the
space provided between two leaves of cavity walls is full of air and reduces heat
transmission into the building from outside. Economically they are cheaper than solid
walls. Moisture content in outer atmosphere is does not allowed to enter because of
hollow space between leaves. So, they also prevent dampness. They also act as
good sound insulators. They also reduce the weights on foundation because of their
lesser thickness. A foundation wall provides support for the entire structure you are
building. Foundation walls should be planned and constructed carefully as they are
probably the most important part of the structure. When foundation walls are not built
correctly, cracks might appear, and settling of the structure can also occur. Floor
finishes are also significant as they protect and extend the life of the floor. The finish
leaves an attractive appearance and slip resistant surface. (Talk: Cavity wall, 2018).
Even the most reliable construction can get damaged with time. Repairs are normal.
However, there is a way to minimize them. You wonder how? Regular maintenance.
To ensure that your movable partitions at home or in the office are all right, you
should take care of them. It’s advisable to order service maintenance at least once in
12 months. So, if you have a home repair list, include this aspect.
33
3.Roof and ceiling finishes
NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL
Raden shield climasential double sided reinforced aluminium foil insulation as per
Coverland installed across rafters. Allow 150mm overlaps all as per manufacturers
specification. Install compact roll at ridges as per Coverland all in accordance with
Sans 1381-4:2009
125mm Watertite ogee domestic extruded aluminium gutter, fixed to 15x225mm

Nutec cement plain facia as per Everite.
114x38mm Diagonal end bracing at 450 nailed to underside of rafters at both ends of
roof and in both ends
76mm Cove rhino cornice
Here are some current roofing innovations that are shaking up the design game.
Green Roofs. Some urban planners prefer not to let solar energy go to waste. That’s
where a green roof option comes into play to counteract the surface-absorbed heat
while taking advantage of natural energy. Green roofs are essentially turning a bare
roof space into an active garden area—a kind of rooftop greenhouse. Perhaps that’s
why they’re also referred to as a living roof because they have the goal of
transforming a sterile space into a surprise ecological escape. This has a cooling
instead of heating effect on the building due to the combination of shade with heat
and sunshine absorption. (5 high-tech roofing innovations, accessed 2022)
Blue Roofs. Another environmental roofing innovation is blue roofing. This roof is
designed to capture and store rainwater and is used as temporary storage for that
rainwater. Automated roof runoff management systems are also known as active
blue roofs, as the control devices that collect the rainwater and roof drainage can be
managed and adjusted to be most effective. Sometimes, blue roof systems are
34
integrated with green roof systems to make irrigation and plant watering a much
more intuitive and effortless process. These systems help to prevent sewer water
overflow in tightly populated or poorly irrigated urban areas, keep buildings naturally
cooler and providing fresh rainwater to be used in a variety of ways (5 high-tech
roofing innovations, accessed on 25 October 2022).
Solar. This is the innovative staple of the past ten years. Solar is getting more
affordable all the time, and it follows the trend of the first three items on this list—it
harnesses sunlight and heat energy and redirects it from your home. Instead of
baking the interior of your home, solar panels absorb heat and light and then
transform it into energy, which can then be used to power your home or stored for
emergency use (5 high-tech roofing innovations, accessed on 25 October 2022)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE MATERIAL
Once a coil of aluminium has been released for production, it is sent through one of
our large-bed, high-tonnage stamping presses. Each press contains a series of dies
which gives the metal its defining shape and character. As the shingle progresses
through each die (from five to eight depending upon the product), the look of the
shingle is created with increasing degrees of complexity. The tooling and processes
we use are among the most complex in the metal forming industry. Our operators
control the 350-to-1500-ton presses with care to ensure the authentic look and feel
of our roofing system. Each shingle is immediately inspected for the quality of the
locking system as well as for colour, appearance, and integrity. Once they pass
inspection, the shingles are carefully packaged to ensure safe transit so they can be
installed on your roof for a lifetime of beauty and protection! (Our processes, 2017).
Rain gutters are roof finishing accessories that collect and divert rainwater away
from the roof and building foundation. These types of roof finishing accessories may
also reduce erosion, prevent leaks in the foundation or basement, reduce water
35
exposure on painted surfaces, and collect water for additional use (Roof finishes,
2016).
Ceiling finishes provide a decorative skin to conceal building components. Ceiling

finishes hide structural members, insulation, ductwork, pipes, and wires. Most good
ceiling finishes are flat and straight. Surfaces may be smooth or textured and better
ceiling finishes are durable. Some ceiling finishes are versatile, taking decorative
finishes such as stain, paint, or wallpaper readily. Ceilings may make a decorating
statement or may be simply background. In some cases, the combustibility of ceiling
finishes may be of interest. Below roofs, kitchens and bathrooms, resistance to water
damage is an asset (Roof finishes, 2016).
The proper maintenance of all parts of a roof will be critical to the well-being of the
entire building. Roofs are the first line of Défense in preventing rainwater entering a
building and they need regular inspection. To work properly, roof coverings must be
intact and rainwater goods free of blockage so that they can drain water quickly and
efficiently away from the building When it comes to house repairs and maintenance,
the roof is often overlooked because most homeowners know that the average
lifespan of a roof is around 20-25 years. This is only true if your roof is well
maintained and inspected at least every 3 years. Roof repair doesn’t have to be a
dangerous task if you are prepared with the correct PPE and know how to keep your
work environment safe. To make sure that your roof is well maintained you must
check for leaks, inspect the roof, check your gutters (Maintaining your roofs: The
importance of inspections, 2019).
4.Windows and Glass finish
NAME OF THE MATERIAL
To be aluminium as coded on floor plan and as per NBR and SANS 10400-PART N
and XA. Windows lower than 500mm from floor, windows lower than 1800mm above
36
pitch line of stairs to be safety glazed. Glazing to windows to be strictly in
accordance with SANS 10400-PART N and SANS 10137
These days we take windows for granted, but the past 60 years of evolving window
technology are punctuated by developments that, at the time they were introduced,
completely changed the design, composition, thermal properties, and manufacturing
processes of windows for both new construction and remodelling. The have been so
many inventions in the construction industry such as Insulated glass, vinyl window
and dynamic glass (Wardell, 2016).
The primary raw materials in glass are sand, soda, limestone, clarifying agents,
colouring, and glistening glass. Glass sand is about ¾th of the entire glass
composition. The first challenge is to ensure that the window glass is completely flat.
Imperfections in the glass thickness can cause problems like poor optics or
incompatibility with the windowpanes. While we’ve developed several methods to
produce a flat slab of the glass, the most common method used today is the Float
Glass method, in this method, molten glass is poured over molten tin forming a flat
layer that floats on top of the tin surface. The glass plate is left to cool down to
1112°F and then moved to a conveyor belt. The thinness of the glass depends on
the speed of the conveyor. Faster the conveyor, the thinner the glass sheet will be
(What is glass? n. d)
Throughout time, windows and doors have held notable symbolic importance. Far
from being common, everyday household objects, glazing products have in fact had
immensely positive associations with themes of communication, liberation, hope and
opportunity (The symbolic significance of windows and doors, n. d)
37
Most historic windows and doors are made of timber although some are of metal or
have metal parts. The maintenance tasks associated with windows and doors will
involve ensuring they remain weathertight and operational and that the different
materials of timber or metal, glass and putty are kept in good condition. Other
external timber elements of the building should be included in the maintenance
inspection.
Broken and missing panes must be replaced as soon as possible. As well as
allowing water to enter, they can make a building look derelict and uncared for and
may invite vandalism. Panes with hairline cracks, however, should not automatically
be replaced particularly if they are of historic glass as these are irreplaceable and
should be kept
5.Paints
NAME OF THE MATERIAL
WATER-BASED ACRYLIC PAINT
Acrylic paint is water-based and of high quality, adhering extremely well and being
extremely durable. It adheres so well that it can be used on almost any surface.
Every professional painter can attest that if nitrite gloves are not worn, this paint
sticks to their fingers for several days (Is acrylic base coat water based? 2022)
When you think of exciting new innovations, you probably don’t think of paint.
However ordinary it may seem this field has been home to many revolutionary tech
advancements in the past few years (8Tech Advancements in the paint industry,
2021).
Nanotechnology, which deals with materials smaller than 100 nanometres, has
significant implications for paint and coating tech. One of the most interesting
examples is self-cleaning paint. By adding nano-scale titanium dioxide to paint,
38
companies can produce finishes that rarely if ever need cleaning. These tiny
particles give paint new properties that react to light to repel or hold on to water
droplets. That way, they reduce friction on the surface, letting dirt slide off easily or
repel anything that would stain it. Imagine having a car that never gets dirty or a wall
that retains its original colour for years (Banks, 2021).
Paint makers are now creating emulsions with cross-linking polymers and fine
pigments that allow them to be highly washable. This feature makes it perfect for
households with pets and youngsters who like to use the house walls as their
colouring canvas (8 Tech Advancements in the paint Industry, 2021).
Making the paste
Pigment manufacturers send bags of fine grain pigments to paint plants. There, the
pigment is premixed with resin (a wetting agent that assists in moistening the
pigment), one or more solvents, and additives to form a paste (Secrets, n. d)
Dispersing the pigment
The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer paints is now routed into a
sand mill, a large cylinder that agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to grind the
pigment particles, making them smaller and dispersing them throughout the mixture.
The mixture is then filtered to remove the sand particles. Instead of being processed
in sand mills, up to 90 percent of the water-based latex paints designed for use by
individual homeowners are instead processed in a high-speed dispersion tank.
There, the premixed paste is subjected to high-speed agitation by a circular, toothed
blade attached to a rotating shaft. This process blends the pigment into the solvent
(Secrest, n.d).
Thinning the paste
Whether created by a sand mill or a dispersion tank, the paste must now be thinned
to produce the final product. Transferred to large kettles, it is agitated with the proper
amount of solvent for the type of paint desired.
39
Canning the paint
The finished paint product is then pumped into the canning room. Paint can now be
available to consumers, empty cans are first rolled horizontally onto labels, then set
upright so that the paint can be pumped into them. A machine places lids onto the
filled cans, and a second machine presses on the lids to seal them. From wire that is
fed into it from coils, a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before hooking them
into holes pre-cut in the cans. A certain number of cans (usually four) are then boxed
and stacked before being sent to the warehouse (Secrest, n. d).
Paint and other coatings are things you don’t think about often but significantly
impact your daily life. These finishes go beyond adding colour into everyday objects,
offering protection, cooling, grip, or other properties (Banks, 2021).
Paint allows you to change the look of a building through colour – a simple lick of
paint in a fresh new colour can do wonders for the appearance of a building. Paint
allows you to modernize older buildings, enhance the colour of dimly lit rooms or
make larger rooms feel more homely with a warm colour. Certain colours make you
feel calm and relaxed, while others bring about a sense of joy and positivity. The
main reason for which we paint buildings is to protect the building. A layer or two of
paint protects the exterior and interior of a building from elements such as water
penetration, wind, UV rays, stains, dirt, mould and the degradation of bricks and
plaster (The importance of using good quality paint, 2017).
Use top of the line coatings for maximum longevity and performance. High quality
paints provide better surface protection, are easier to maintain, and reduce repaint
frequency (Moore, n.d)
Inspect painted surfaces every 3-6 months and clean, repair, touch up, or repaint as
needed. Routine inspections of your paint job will help to proactively identify
maintenance needs and avoid major issues (Moore, n. d)
40
Allow up to 30 days after final application for full cure and durability of your painted
surface. Although a paint can be dry to the touch in as little as an hour, most paints
take up to 30 days to fully cure and to achieve full performance characteristics
(Moore, n. d)
Extra care should be given when using darker colours. Darker paint colours will
require more time to cure than lighter paint colours. They may also show marks,
discolour, or damage more easily and require more frequent maintenance (Moore, n.
d)
Conclusion
We made sure from the beginning of the project that we would give the client only
the best materials possible while staying below her spending limit. When selecting
materials, we ensured that they were of excellent quality, long-lasting, and able to
adapt to any circumstance with little to no upkeep. The goal of striking an acceptable
balance between the quality aspects and getting the most value for your money was
achieved by using the right selection of construction techniques.
References
2022. [online] Available at: https://civiltohttps://www.claybrick.org/tn37-how-build-
water-tight-thermally-efficient-cavity-wallday.com/construction/wall/339-partition-wall
[Accessed 19 August 2022].
Banks, M., 2022. 7 interesting innovations in paint and coating technology. [online]
Techaeris. Available at: https://techaeris.com/2021/11/05/7-interesting-innovations-
in-paint-and-coating-technology/ [Accessed 19 August 2022].
Brennancorp.com. 2022. How is Glass Made and What is it Made Out Of? |
Brennan. [online] Available at: https://brennancorp.com/blog/how-is-glass-made/
Classic Metal Roofing Systems. 2022. Our Manufacturing Process – Classic Metal
Roofing Systems. [online] Available at:
https://www.classicmetalroofingsystems.com/about-us/our-manufacturing-process
41
Design Scape Architects. 2022. 6 Stages of the Building Proces | Design Scape
Architects. [online] Available at: https://dscape.co.za/six-stages-building-process/
Findlayroofing.com. 2022. [online] Available at:

https://www.findlayroofing.com/news/5-high-tech-roofing-innovations [Accessed 19
August 2022].
Highlights, N. and TO, F., 2022. Floor Finishes HOW TO | Flooring Feature – floor
finishes brands products. [online] Specifile.co.za. Available at:
https://www.specifile.co.za/floor-finishes-how-to/news/flooring/#:~:text=The
%20purpose%20of%20the%20floor,appearance%20and%20slip%2Dresistant
%20surface [Accessed 19 August 2022].
Inspectapedia.com. 2022. Interior Ceilings: How to Inspect, Diagnose, & Repair

Problems in Building Interior Ceilings. [online] Available at:
https://inspectapedia.com/interiors/Ceiling_Finish_Choices.php#:~:text=Ceiling
%20finishes%20provide%20a%20decorative,better%20ceiling%20finishes%20are
%20durable [Accessed 19 August 2022].
Kelly-Moore Paints. 2022. Care & Maintenance. [online] Available at:

https://kellymoore.com/products/painting-tips-guides/painting-care-maintenance/
Liddy, J., 2022. 8 Tech Advancements in the Paint Industry – I Source VC. [online] I
Source VC – Tech Investment. Available at: https://www.isourcevc.com/8-tech-
advancements-in-the-paint-industry [Accessed 19 August 2022].
Madehow.com. 2022. How paint is made – manufacture, making, used, components,

composition, product, industry, machine. [online] Available at:
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Paint.html [Accessed 19 August 2022].
Pro Remodeler. 2022. Top 10 Innovations in Window Technology. [online] Available

at: https://www.proremodeler.com/top-10-innovations-window-technology [Accessed
19 August 2022].
The Balance Small Business. 2022. Factors to Consider Before Building Foundation
Walls. [online] Available at: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-to-build-
42
foundation-walls-845114#:~:text=A%20foundation%20wall%20provides
%20support,the%20structure%20can%20also%20occur [Accessed 19 August 2022].
8 Tech Advancements in the Paint Industry - I Source VC. (n.d.). I Source VC - Tech
Investment. https://www.isourcevc.com/8-tech-advancements-in-the-paint-industry
Care & Maintenance. (n.d.). Kelly-Moore Paints.

https://kellymoore.com/products/painting-tips-guides/painting-care-maintenance/
The importance of using good quality paint. | T-rifik Painters. (n.d.). T-rifik Painters.
https://www.t-rifik.co.za/2017/11/03/good-quality-paint/
Is Acrylic Base Coat Water Based? Is Acrylic Paint Latex? (n.d.). PaintRite Pros.
https://www.paintritepros.com/blog/is-acrylic-base-coat-water-based/
Top 10 Innovations in Window Technology. (n.d.). Pro Remodeler.

https://www.proremodeler.com/top-10-innovations-window-technology8 Tech
Advancements in the Paint Industry - I Source VC. (n.d.). I Source VC - Tech
Investment. https://www.isourcevc.com/8-tech-advancements-in-the-paint-industry
Bennett, D. (2002). Innovations in Concrete. Thomas Telford Ltd.
Müller, H. S., & Haist, M. (2011). New Types of High Performance Concretes –
Potentials for Innovations in Concrete Construction. In Innovative Materials and
Techniques in Concrete Construction (pp. 43–58). Springer Netherlands.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1997-2_3
43
CHAPTER THREE:
QUANTITY SURVEYING
44
QUANTITY SURVEYING TAKE OFFS
QUANTITY SURVEYING ABSTRACTING
QUANTITY SURVEYING BILL OF QUANTITIES
DOUBLE CLICK TO
VIEW BILLING.xlsx
45
CHAPTER FOUR:
CONSTRUCTION
SCIENCE
46
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2
Alternative roof covering.........................................................................................................2
Paint selection and method for the exterior and interior of House Leonard............................6
Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 9
Bibliography......................................................................................................................... 10
47
Introduction
In this chapter of the project the focus is on the aspects of House Leonard that involve the
contents of the construction science module. The content being covered is roof covering and
paint as the client would like the corrugated roof sheeting to be changed to a suitable
alternative option and the paint for the interior and exterior of the house is required to be
chosen.
Alternative roof covering

The client is not happy with the specified corrugated roof sheeting that the architect has
provided for House Leonard. I have done research on common alternative options and listed
them below along with the option that I would recommend to be used on House Leonard.
Three good alternative options for roof covering for flat roofs:
 Three-layer felt system

 EPDM (rubber roofing)
 GRP (fibreglass roofing)
Three-layer felt system
The three-layer felt system is a system that makes use

of three separate layers of material that are applied on
top of each other by heating the bottom side of the
sheet, usually by use of a blowtorch, to allow the
materials to adhere to each other resulting in a finished
product. The finished product provides a smooth
surface which is sealed tight and waterproof. The first
layer is a vapour control sheet which is a 3G Figure 1: 3 layer felt system being installed on roof
perforated membrane. The first layer is rolled onto the
deck which should be primed already. The membrane is heated on the underside of the
sheet by use of a blowtorch to allow the membrane to adhere to the primed deck. The
second layer is a reinforced felt which is a sanded underlay. The second layer gets heated
by a blowtorch as well in order for the layer to bond with the first layer. The third layer is a
cap sheet with a mineral finish. This layer is fire rated polyester based mineral cap sheet.
The layer gets heated on the underside like both the first and second layer so that it can
bond with the first layer. The third layer is the final layer and therefore provides the finished
48
look of the roof which is a smooth surface which is very fire resistant and is available in a
variety of colours. (City Building and Roofing LTD, 2020)
EPDM (rubber roofing)
EPDM roofing is available in either white or black and there are three methods of installation.
These three methods are the ballasted system, the mechanically attached system and the
fully adhered system. The ballasted system is the easiest out of the three options using large
sheets at an approximate size of 15m by 60m. The ballasted system however is heavy and
therefore is more popular in large construction projects. The mechanically attached system
uses large panels that are attached to the deck using round plates or batten strips. This form
of EPDM roofing is convenient for all different sized buildings as it is lightweight. The fully
adhered system has become a popular method of installing EPDM roofing in recent years
because of technological improvements in the field. The fully adhered system makes use of
panels measuring at around 9m by 30m. A layer of insulation is attached to the deck via
adhesive, mechanical fasteners or stress plates and the panels are then bonded to the
insulation. The fully adhered system would be the most ideal method of installation out of the
EPDM options as it is lightweight and is compatible with many different building sizes and
shapes. (EPDM Roofing Association, 2022)
Figure 2: EPDM roofing installed on a building
49
GRP roofing
GRP (glass-reinforced polyester) is a durable yet lightweight material better known as

fibreglass that is used for a variety of functions in the modern day due to its diversity. It can
be shaped and moulded into any shape or form and provides a great amount of strength
while being extremely lightweight. GRP is made of extremely thin shavings of glass that can
be woven together to form different shapes and sizes. A variety of resins are applied to the
material to allow it to hold its form while giving it increased strength allowing the material to
take on any shape or form required (Johnson, 2020). When used for roofing the GRP is
produced as a layer available in 450g or 650g thickness. For a standard sized roof like
House Leonard’s a single layer of 600g GRP is required. The layer of GRP is rolled over the
deck which has already been insulated. The GRP should be cut to fit the shape of the roof
and there should be no joints therefore the layers should overlap each other slightly where
there would be a joint. Once the GRP is laid across the entire deck it is ready for resin to be
applied. A polyester resin is used to spread over the GRP and is mixed with a MEKP catalyst
which is liquid used to speed up the drying process and hardens the GRP further to increase
durability and strength. The polyester resin comes standard with a grey pigment in it
although there are a variety of pigments that can be added to change the colour of the finish.
Once the resin has been applied and is dry a top coat of resin is applied to properly seal the
roof making it waterproof. (Resin Library , 2020)
Figure 3: GRP roofing being installed on a roof
50
Recommendation for the best roofing option for House Leonard
I have taken into consideration the ease of construction, durability and affordability to come
to a conclusion on which of the alternative options are the best suitable choice for House
Leonard.
The three options I chose range from the most affordable which is the three-layer felt system
to the GRP roofing which is a bit more expensive. The EPDM roofing sits between the two in
affordability. I’ve used a standard single garage as a reference to pricing the three options.
The estimated cost for the materials to roof a single garage with the three-layer felt system is
R8600 Inc. VAT (Job Prices, 2022). The estimated cost for the materials to roof a single
garage with the EPDM roofing is R10500 Inc. VAT (Job Prices, 2022). The estimated cost
for the materials to roof a single garage with GRP roofing is R19500 Inc. VAT (Job Prices,
2022).
The three-layer felt system is the cheapest out of the three options and it is noticeable when
compared to the EPDM and GRP roofing. It is not as durable as the other options as it has a
lifespan of approximately 10-20 years and is prone to tearing if there is foot traffic on the roof
during hot weather (ROOFRESCUE, 2021). It is a quick installation compared to the other
options as there is no adhesive involved that requires time to dry and cure (City Building and
Roofing LTD, 2020).
The GRP roofing is the high-end option for flat roofs. It provides the best finish out of the
three options and is very durable providing a lifespan between 20-40 years (Johnson, 2020).
The downside to GRP roofing is the affordability. The steep price is mainly due to the fact
that GRP roofing requires new OSB boards to be laid down for the fibreglass to be laid onto
and these boards cost R9000 out of the R19500 it costs to install GRP roofing (Job Prices,
2022). The GRP roofing also has a more complex installation process as the preparation for
the GRP needs to be thorough and the resin requires up to 24 hours to fully dry and cure
(Johnson, 2020).
The EPDM roofing is situated between the two other options in price as well as durability.
The fully adhered system of installing the EPDM roofing is the most suitable method as
stated above in the report (EPDM Roofing Association, 2022). The EPDM material is very
lightweight and the most durable out of the three options with a lifespan of over 50 years
(Firestone, 2018). The installation is extremely easy as it is a joint less membrane that can fit
over the entire roof of House Leonard (EPDM Roofing Association, 2022). The rubber finish
is the only downside to the EPDM roofing as it is not as smooth and shiny as the other
options although it is not an unpleasant finish.
51
My recommendation for an alternative roofing option for House Leonard would be the EPDM
roofing as the price is slightly more than the three-layer felt system yet you get over 50 years
lifespan and although the GRP is the more high-end option it is almost double in price with a
shorter lifespan and a more complex installation process.
Paint selection and method for the exterior and interior of House Leonard
The two most common choices for painting walls for a house are a water-based paint called
acrylic paint and an oil-based paint called glycerophtalic paint (The Best Paints, 2022).
These two types of paints are very affordable and easier to apply. Acrylic paint is convenient
as it easy to apply and can be cleaned easily with just water and a cloth. The paint is
breathable which allows humidity to escape from the paint preventing the paint from peeling.
Glycerophtalic paint takes longer to dry than acrylic paint and can only be cleaned with paint
thinner. The oil-based paint is more durable than the water-based paint and has more
protection against the sun’s UV rays (The Best Paints, 2022). The oil-based paint is less
environmentally friendly and leaves a potent smell when being applied.
Acrylic paint works well on all materials besides metal making it very versatile. It will save
time as it is easy to apply and dries quickly. The acrylic paint is available in a matte or satin
finish (The Best Paints, 2022). The matte finish is very effective on surfaces that aren’t very
smooth as it hides imperfections and gives it a smoother finish (The Best Paints, 2022). The
research I have done has brought me to the conclusion that the acrylic paint is better suited
to be used for House Leonard. Since the houses walls have never been painted before, the
acrylic paint will need an undercoat or primer. A water-based primer is used since we are
using a water-based paint. Water-based primer contains water as a solvent resulting in very
quick drying period (Adams, 2022). In conclusion the undercoat will be a water-based primer
and the top coat will be a water-based acrylic paint. The colour for the exterior walls and
stairs will be matte grey and the window sills will be white to provide some contrasting
colours similar to what is shown below. The colour for the interior walls will be an off-white
colour.
52
Figure 4: House painted grey with white accent pieces
Method for applying paint on exterior surfaces:
The preparation of the exterior surfaces for painting is extremely important as there is
exposure to the elements of weather. Wrinkling is a common issue that can occur to painted
surfaces. To prevent it from happening ensure that you do not paint when the temperature is
too high as it causes the top film of paint to dry faster than the bottom leading to wrinkling
(Dunn Edwards Painting, 2022). Do not paint when there are high humidity levels either as it
leads to wrinkling (Dunn Edwards Painting, 2022).
The entire exterior surface needs to be cleaned using a pressure washer. This will ensure
that any dirt sitting on the surface will be sprayed away. The walls should be allowed to dry
completely before applying primer. Once the walls have dried you will need a roller and the
water-based primer. Mix the primer inside the bucket using a stick or rod till it is well
combined and a smooth texture. Apply the primer to the walls rolling in one direction and
covering a square area of roughly 1m by 1m (The Best Paints, 2022). Does this until the
entire wall is covered then repeat this for all six walls around house? Once the water-based
primer has been applied to all areas needed it should be left to dry for a few hours (Adams,
2022). Rinse the roller out once you are finished so that it is ready to be used for the
topcoat.
The next step is to move on to the top coat. Ensure that the primer is properly dry before
moving on to the next coat or else the paint could wrinkle (Dunn Edwards Painting, 2022).
Repeat the same process as the primer by mixing the paint until well combined. The topcoat
needs to be applied with more care as it results in the finished look of the paint. When
53
applying the paint don’t apply it too thick or thin or it could lead to wrinkling or chalking (Dunn
Edwards Painting, 2022). Apply it in a square area of roughly 1m by 1m and roll in a
consistent direction to result in a smooth application of paint on the wall. The paint should be
evenly applied across the entire wall. Repeat this process for all six walls around the house.
Once you have left the first coat to dry for about 24 hours it will be ready for the second coat
which will be the last coat. Repeat the steps for applying the first coat making sure you are
evenly coating all four walls.
Method for applying paint on the interior walls:
The method for applying paint on the internal walls is very similar to the exterior walls. A wet
cloth will be used to wipe down the walls on the inside. Allow the walls to dry before
preparing your plaster. Plaster all the internal walls in the lounge, dining area, bedrooms,
bathroom and the kitchen. Once the plaster is set completely the walls are ready for the first
coat. Internal walls will not require any primer as it is not exposed to harsh environments like
the exterior walls. Prepare the paint the same way you did with the paint used for the exterior
walls. Once the paint is prepared it is ready to be applied. Work in one room at a time and
coat all four walls with the first coat. Ensure the paint is applied evenly so that it is not too
thick or thin. Paint that is too thinly applied can lead to chalking once dried (Advanced
Painting, 2019). Once all the areas are painted with the first coat, allow it to completely dry
and then proceed to apply the second coat to all the areas. Peeling often occurs on interior
walls due to humidity so ensure all the steps are followed to correctly apply all the coats and
allowing each coat to dry completely before proceeding to the next coat
54
Conclusion
After assessing what the client has requested to be changed or chosen for House Leonard,
the suitable choices and suggestions have been decided. The corrugated roof sheeting was
required to be changed to a suitable alternative. After thorough research the three options to
consider were; three layers felt system, EPDM (rubber roofing), GPR (fibreglass roofing).
Once the three options were analysed further the option that stood out was the EPDM
roofing which was ultimately chosen as the alternative roof covering which was most suitable
for use on House Leonard. The interior and exterior of House Leonard required to be
painted. The two options focused on for the type of paint was between a water-based acrylic
paint and oil-based glycerophtalic paint. The water-based acrylic paint was chosen to be
applied to the interior and exterior of the house as the research proved it would save time as
it dries quickly and is a simple paint to apply. In conclusion the research done for
This chapter highlighted the best suitable options for both the roof covering and painting for
House Leonard therefore, those options were chosen to provide the most suitable finish.
55
Bibliography
Adams, T., 2022. Oil-based vs Water-based Primer (What's The Difference?).
[Online]
Available at:
https://www.diygeeks.com/oil-based-vs-water-based-primer/#:~:text=Water-based
%20primer%20%28latex%20primer%29%20is%20an%20undercoat%20that,don
%E2%80%99t%20have%20to%20use%20any%20solvent%20for%20that.
Advanced Painting, 2019. How to Prevent Paint Surface Chalking. [Online]
Available at: https://advancepainting.com.au/how-to-prevent-paint-surface-chalking/
#:~:text=This%20breakdown%20can%20be%20caused%20by%20several
%20situations,dirty%20surface%20can%20cause%20chalking.%20...%20More
%20items
City Building and Roofing LTD, 2020. Three Layer Felt System Roof in London &
Surrey. [Online]
Available at: https://citybuildingandroofing.co.uk/three-layer-felt-system/#:~:text=The
%20three%20layer%20felt%20system%20is%20a%20tried-and-true,which%20are
%20perfect%20for%20all%20types%20of%20buildings.
Dunn Edwards Painting, 2022. Paint Wrinkling: Definition and Solutions. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.dunnedwards.com/explore/how-to/paint-problem-solver/wrinkling/
EPDM Roofing Association, 2022. Standard Attributes. [Online]
Available at: https://epdmroofs.org/what-is-epdm/why-epdm/standard-attributes/
Firestone, 2018. How Long Does an EPDM Roof Last?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.firestonebpco.com/us-en/roof-topics/how-long-does-an-
epdm-roof-last
Job Prices, 2022. Flat Roof Prices. [Online]
Available at: https://job-prices.co.uk/flat-roof/#torched-felt-prices
Johnson, T., 2020. What Is Fibreglass and How Is It Manufactured?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-fiberglass-or-glass-fiber-820469
Resin Library , 2020. How to Instal a Fibreglass (GRP) Flat Roof. [Online]
Available at: https://www.resinlibrary.com/knowledge/guide/how-to-install-a-
56
fibreglass-grp-flat-roof/
ROOFRESCUE, 2021. Which flat roof covering is best for my property?. [Online]
Available at: https://roofrescue.co.uk/flat-roof-covering-best-property/
The Best Paints, 2022. What Kind of Paint for Exterior - Discover the Different
Types. [Online]
Available at: https://www.thebestpaints.com/what-kind-of-paint-for-exterior/
57
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONSTRUCTION
HEALTH AND SAFETY
58
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RISKS AND POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH ACTIVITY AND
IMPACT ON WORKERS
3. WAYS TO MANAGE OR ELIMINATE RISKS IDENTIFIED
4. CONCLUSION
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
6. REFERENCES
59
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry has for a long time been considered the most hazardous industry
(Bomel, 2001). Accidents cost national economies nearly 4% of gross domestic product
(GDP) and there is consequently a dire need for improvement in terms of health and safety
(H&S) performance (ILO, 2003: 15). Construction workers are more at risk of an accident, ill
health and/or even a fatality at work than other manufacturing-based industries. The risk of a
fatality in construction is at least five times more likely than in other manufacturing-based
industries. According to Bomel (2001: 0.5), the construction industry is a hazardous
environment where workers have direct exposure to heights, forces, and power. Workers
face these risks every day of their working lives. (Musonda et al, 2012). Of great concern,
therefore, is the exposure of workers to hazards in construction projects.
The continued poor state of construction H&S and the inability of designers and contractors
to influence an industry-wide is not a good thing for the industry as it raises concerns. It was
also recognized that one of the reasons the construction industry continued to lag in H&S
performance was the way in which H&S implementation and management was organized.
Construction is a complex and challenging process, many factors are unknown at the start of
any project. Not surprisingly then, risks are an expected part of this process. The meaning of
risk changes when time goes on and the meanings differ when they are at the specific socio-
cultural and historical contexts which we are located in. (Deborah Lupton, 1999) Risk is
exposure to the possibility of economic or financial loss or gain, physical damage or injury, or
delay, as a consequence of the uncertainty associated with pursuing a particular course of
action (Cooper, Chapman, 1987). A construction risk can be defined as any exposure to
possible loss. Because every construction project is different, each offers a multitude of
varying risks. To ensure the success of a project, a contractor starting on a construction
project must be able to recognize and assess those risks. And then the contractor must be
able to manage those risks. Assessing risks involves a systematic approach to the
identification and characterization of physical, chemical, and biologic hazards to individuals
and populations in their environment. The consequences of such hazards can include
severe illness or injury, an irreversible health consequence, an unfamiliar disease, and an
undesirable situation that might have been avoided by use of an alternative approach or
technology. This is obviously a huge problem. First, of course, there’s the loss of human life.
But there’s an economic effect too. Accidents disrupt site activities. Projects can then run
behind schedule, leading to cost overruns. This affects productivity and the industry’s
reputation as a whole.
60
The consequences of undermining health and safety rules is a huge problem as it crates a
threatening environment, it also creates challenges for the management and causes
accidents. The management may be forced to increase the original budget. Upon the
accidents that keep happening the management may see the need for a risk assessment
and ways to manage these Hazards. ((Bomel, 2001).
Creating an effective safety and safety program may be what is needed as it has been found
that effective management of worker safety and health programs reduces the extent and
severity of work-related industries and illnesses, improves employee morale and productivity
and it also reduces workers compensation costs.
We must also create a worksite safety and healthy, and safety policy and provide visible top
management to supervise the programmer. Effective management actively analyzes the
work and the worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences. Worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing hazards, but also conditions and operations where
changes might occur to create hazards. Provision of personal protective equipment must be
handed to the workers. Facility and equipment maintenance needs to be done every time.
2. RISKS AND POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH EACTIVITY AND

IMPACT ON WORKERS
EXCAVATION
Risk and possible accident: Materials falling into people, Electrocution
Impact on workers: Major injury
CONCRETE FOOTINGS
Risk and possible accident: Ground water contamination
Impact on workers: Average lost time injury
RISK OF COLLAPSE
Risk and possible accident: Falling from height
Impact on workers: Fatality or Permanent disability
FOUNDATION
61
Risk and possible accident: Material falling into people
Impact on workers: Medical treatment or less
BRICK REINFORCEMENT
Risk and possible accident: Bricks falls into people below, fall from scaffolding
Impact on workers: Fatality or permanent disability
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION
Risk and possible accident: Slip and Trip
Impact on workers: Minor Injury
SUPERSTRUCTURE BRICKWORK
Risk and possible accident: Falling from scaffolding, Bricks falling into people below
ROOF CONSTRUCTION
Risk and possible accident: Fall from height
FLOOR FINISHES
Risk and possible accident: Inhaling wood dust, material is flammable
Impact on workers: Medical treatment or less
WALL FINISHES
Risk and possible accident: Falling from height
Impact on workers: Minor injury
DOORS
Risk and possible accident: Injury to muscles, low back disorders
Impact on workers: Permanent disability
WINDOWS
62
Risk and possible accident: Slips, trips and falls,
Impact on workers: Fatality and permanent disability
3. WAYS TO MANAGE OR ELIMINATE RISKS IDENTIFIED
Excavation
The identified risk in excavation is material falling into people and electrocution. In order to
manage or eliminate material falling into people we may need to install the guardrail system
on site and also place some barricades. Workers would need to wear gloves in order to
avoid electrocution.
Concrete footings
In concrete footings we are experiencing the risk of groundwater contamination, so in order

to manage this risk the workers would have to wear gloves, hard-toe cap boots, goggles and
also filter respirators.
Risk of collapse
During risk of collapse workers are at a risk of falling from height which could result in
permanent disability. In order to prevent this from happening we would have to place the
guardrails and workers would always be required to wear the lanyards and the hard toe cap
boots and Hard hat.
Foundation
In foundation some of the risks that are identified is material falling into people so we would
manage this by placing guardrails and where feasible, prevent hazards by effective design of
job site. The company would also have to provide fall protection equipment when working
above 6 feet.
Brick reinforcement
The risks that are identified during brick reinforcement is bricks falling into people below and
people falling from scaffolding. The workers would need to use lanyards, hard hat and steel
toe boots in order to reduce damage if accident happens. The company would also have to
provisionally check the maintenance of the equipment.
Floor construction
63
During floor construction workers are likely to slip and trip which could result in minor injury.
In order to manage or eliminate this, the company would have to place barricades in the
risky areas and workers would need to wear their hard hat and be given respiratory
protection.
Superstructure brickwork
In superstructure brickwork, workers are at risk of falling from scaffolding, bricks falling into
people below. In order to manage this the company would have to carry maintenance check
on the equipment everytime before use. The guardrail and barricades are to be used and
workers are required to wear hard hats, hard steel toe boots, gloves and also wear lanyards
when working on heights.
Roof construction
The most likely risk that is associated with Roof construction is people falling from height. In
order to avoid this or eliminate it the company would need to create a health and safety
training. Workers would always have to use the safety harnesses when working on heights
and wear non-slip footwear and hard hat.
Floor finishes
Some of the risks identified in floor finishes is that workers would inhale dust and the
material is flammable. In order to manage these risks workers would need to wear
respiratory protection (dust musk), eye protection and foot protection
Wall finishes
The risk that is associated with wall finishes is people falling from height which can be
eliminated or managed by having barricades and guardrails. Workers would still need to
wear head protection, gloves and respirators.
Doors
In doors the risk that is more likely to happen is having injury to muscles, low back disorders.
In order to manage this risk workers would need to be provided with respiratory protection
and gloves and steel toe boots
Windows
64
The most common risk in windows is that workers may slip, trip and fall. In order to manage
and eliminate this, the company would have to provide the safety glasses, hard hat and the
workers would need to wear safety harnesses and lanyard and gloves.
4. CONCLUSION
It is important that a company must carry out a risk assessment as part of the safety and
health statement to know how much risk the workers are exposed to. This can include
people other than your employees. Look at how you carry out the work and how you can be
harmed. When you know each of these hazards that are on site, you need to assess the
level of risk that you and your employees are exposed to. This is a simple step to take; it will
help you rank the hazards. Some will be high risk, others medium or low risk hazards. At this
stage you should have a written list of hazards and the level of risk for each of these. You
now need to decide on how you are going to eliminate or reduce the hazards. Then you
must show them to your employees. Client H&S culture was found to have an indirect
influence on project H&S performance. This influence was mediated by contractor and
designer H&S performance. Procedures and commitment had a statistically significant
influence on project H&S performance.
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
First, specific policies are needed that will improve health and safety leadership by top
management, safety professionals and operational managers within contractor
organizations. Policies like this should provide guidance on the minimal requirement for
systematic health and safety management to be voluntarily adopted by contractors. There’s
also a lot of work to be done by principal contractors. These organizations need to introduce
mechanisms that will manage their subcontractors’ health and safety more efficiently. We
can eliminate or manage health and safety in the workplace by creating an effective
occupational safety and health program will include: Management commitment and
employee involvement, Worksite analysis, Hazard prevention and control, Safety and health
training.
65
The management also needs to conduct periodic surveys for safety and health, provide for
regular site safety and health inspections. Where elimination is not feasible, control hazards
to prevent unsafe and unhealthful exposure. The company may also need to provide the
provision of personal protective equipment, Facility and equipment maintenance, Plan and
prepare for emergencies and also establish a medical program and First aid must always be
provided on site.
66
REFERENCES
The conversation. South Africa’s construction industry could become safer.

(https://theconversation.com/south-africas-construction-industry-could-become-
safer-heres-how-120913), Accessed on 7 October 2022
Bomel. 2001. Improving health and safety in construction. Phase 1: Data collection,
review and structuring. Norwich: HSE Books.
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1021-
20192018000300006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
CIDB. 2009. Construction health and safety in South Africa – Status and
recommendations. Pretoria: Construction Industry Development Board.
Huang, X. & Hinze, J. 2006. Owner’s role in construction safety. Journal of

Construction Engineering and Management, 132(2), pp.164-173.
Levitt, R.E. and Samelson, N.M. 1993. Construction Safety Management. 2nd
Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
67
CHAPTER SIX:
BUILDING SERVICES
68
Contents
Introduction:................................................................................................................71
Sanitaryware:..............................................................................................................71
Electrical:....................................................................................................................73
References.................................................................................................................74
69
Introduction:
This chapter of the project relates to the Building Services module. The
requirements for this chapter is to draw the reticulation routes of the various services
for House Leonard. The most economical and practical route for the services of
water, stormwater and electrical will be determined and shown in this chapter
through the use of technical drawings.
Sanitaryware:
1. Room
 None
2. Sanitary fitting specification

 1 x Showermate tri-glide (en-suite)
 1 x Sovereign corner entry shower (main bathroom)
 1 x Stainless steel sink (kitchen)
 2 x Large vanity basin (en-suite and main bathroom)
 2 x Close couple W.C. pan (en-suite and main bathroom)
3. Taps
 2 x Single lever basin mixer chromium plated (en-suite and main
bathroom)
 2 x Single lever concealed shower mixer chromium plated (en-suite
and main bathroom)
 1 x Single lever sink mixer with aerated swivel outlet (kitchen)
4. Gratings
 2 x Shower grate stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
5. Traps
 2 x Rubber P waste traps 32x40mmØ (en-suite and main bathroom)
 1 x Rubber S waste trap 40x40mmØ (kitchen)
70
6. Accessories
 1 x single towel rail stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
 1 x double towel rail stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
 2 x towel ring stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
 2 x toilet roll holder stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
 2 x soap tray stainless steel (en-suite and main bathroom)
 2 x glass shelf (en-suite and main bathroom)
71
Electrical:
Lights & Plugs
 Lounge
 2 x 6W CF
 3 x plug sockets
 Dining
 1 x 6W CF
 1 x plug socket
 Kitchen
 1 x 6W CF
 Bedroom 1
 1 x 6W CF
 Bedroom 2
 1 x 6W CF
 Bathroom
 1 x 6W CF
 En-suite
 1 x 6W CF
 Patio
 1 x 13W CF
 Carport
 1 x 13W CF
 Perimeter
 2 x 13W CF
Building Services Building Services Building Services

ICP-PLUMBING.pdf ICP-SEWER.pdf ICP-Electrical.pdf
72
References
Cobra, Elements by Cobra. Karoo Brochure. Available at:

https://livecopp.sharepoint.com/Product20Catalogues/Forms/Tiles.aspx
[Accessed August 10, 2022].
Cobra (2019) Cobra showroom product catalogue. Available at:

https://www.sadecor.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Cobra-Showroom-
Catalogue-2019.pdf (Accessed: August 10, 2022).
Dawn Sanitary Division, Vaal . Available at:

http://media.autospec.com/za/vaal/pdf/dsdbrochure2014.pdf.
Grobbelaar André & Grobbelaar, A., 1993. Building Construction & Graphic
Standards 14th edition, Jeffreys Bays, South Africa: Anglo-Rand Publications.
73
Content
CHAPTER SEVEN:
CONSTRUCTION
ECONOMICS
74
s
Introduction.................................................................................................................78
Construction ethics and Corporate.............................................................................78
Conclusion..................................................................................................................79
Reference...................................................................................................................81
75
Introduction
Promoting good ethics in the workplace is admirable, but there is a stage before this
in planning ethics.
Construction ethics and Corporate

1. The construction industry is considered as one of the most unethical practices because it
involves substantial capital investments, providing large scale opportunities for rent and
investments that are irreversible after being implemented. However there are ethical ways
that can maximise the profits for the relatable contractors in the industry and we here to
discuss that.
Ethics are part of our decision making in both everything day life and business integrity more
especially in construction.
Social Responsibility (CSR) goes hand in hand, and while this isn't currently a legal require
ment for construction companies, it is good business practice and a great way to demonstrat
e good ethics.
Consider this: does the fact that something can be built imply that it should be built?
This is a set of standards that a business agrees to uphold and which are related to its belief
s and ethics.
Guidelines for ethical workplace behavior and actions that would be deemed misbehavior ar
e just a few examples of construction ethics that a company may decide to include in its cod
e of conduct (and therefore not tolerated in the workplace).
A code of conduct for a construction company is a sign that the business appreciates ethical
behavior and moral principles in the workplace.
Companies who take these actions should be regarded as going above and beyond what is r
equired of them to promote ethical business as it is not a legal necessity.
The strategies that are to be used when maximising profits are as followings
1. Accurate General conditions and estimating for profits
2. Charge for all amendments on change orders
3. Implement technology
4. Minimise waste
5. Improve and increase safety training.
1. Accurate General conditions and estimating for profits.
According to Goodman (202U), profit maximization and project completion on time should be
top priorities.
Lang made (2018) reported strategies; Goodman (2020).
2. Charge for all amendments on change of orders

The original contract agreement between parties observing a change or addition to the scop
e, price, time, schedule, terms, or work items on a construction project.
76
Most of the time, they have extra funds for the additional services required by the change.
To avoid this issue.
Before beginning the lob, present a complete cost breakdown for each proposed change ord
er that our customer requests.
Make use of a standard format, cost template, and rate.
3. Implement technology
The quicker you adopt construction technology, the higher your productivity and revenue will
be. Various software solutions are available on the market. There are no mimes to wait for!
Whether a company requires assistance with project management organization, software
technology will enable the company to work more efficiently and quickly. These will not only
help the company meet all of its deadlines, but it will also eliminate the need for rework.
4. Minimise waste
Optimise designs to make the best use of purchased building materials at the specified
dimensions.
"Store materials in order to reduce the risk of damage and theft.
Have supplies delivered in returnable containers whenever possible; you won't have to pay
to dispose of them, and the supplier can pick up empty containers for re-use at the next
drop-off. "Negotiate supplier buy-back of unused materials if necessary."
Donating usable leftover materials to organisations like Habitat for Humanity may also be
tax-deductible. So speak with your company's tax advisor about this option)
"Save scraps for backup or patch pieces."
Only order what you need, and avoid materials with excessive packaging.
"Inquire with state or local officials about programs that provide incentives for waste
reduction, reuse, or recycling.
5. Improve and increase safety training
According to Riddell (2017), training, like employee training, is critical to maximising profits
and construction revenue. Accidents on the job site cause delays and increased costs for
construction companies. Employees learn how to avoid potential risks and increase
productivity by investing in better training. It is also critical to constantly educate and train
employees so that everyone is up to date on the most recent safety practices.
Practicing not only helps to avoid project delays.
Conclusion
2. Industry full of experienced workers mean large amounts of money will be coordinated
fraud and bribery will take place, I’m going to uncover everything that’s unethical that might
be done.
Clients who 'bid shop.' When a number of contractors have provided competitive pricing
for the project, the client informs their preferred contractor of the price that must be provided
in order to beat the other contractors. Contractors who submitted the lowest bid squandered
their time because the client rigged the bidding process and only wanted to award the
project to their preferred contractor. Contractors will eventually stop submitting prices to
these clients, who will ultimately pay more for their projects in the future.
Making a lot of money on a project. Many clients believe that contractors have no right to
make a large profit on a project and that the only reason they have made significant profits is
because the contractor 'ripped off the client.' They consider these profits to be ill-gotten
gains. Construction is a risky business, and contractors occasionally lose money on a
project. On occasion, projects go well; the risks that the contractor factored into their price
77
were not realised. The contractor developed innovative solutions that reduced costs;
productivity may have been higher than expected; or the contractor purchased materials at a
lower cost than expected. Yes, things do occasionally go well, just as punters occasionally
win at the casino or the lottery!
Any of the parties may raise vexing legal issues. Contract documents are usually clear,
but one expects all parties to enter into a contract in a fair and honest manner. Legal
disputes take time and money, and the only people who win are usually the lawyers. I've
discovered that most disagreements can be resolved through open and honest
communication.
Deducting money from contractors, subcontractors, or suppliers for legitimate charges for
items they should have supplied but did not. However, it is best practice to notify the
contractor, subcontractor, or supplier of these charges as soon as possible, and to agree on
the amount of the charges ahead of time.
Prices are rigged or fixed by contractors. Clients typically invite several contractors to bid
on their construction project, with the expectation that the bidding or tendering process will
be competitive and the contractors will submit the lowest possible price. These bidding
processes have been known to be organised by contractors. This could be accomplished in
a variety of ways, including having all contractors who bid on the project include a pre-
agreed-upon 'losers fee,' which is a fee that the winning contractor will pay to the other
contractors who bid on the project. A fee that the client, unbeknownst to them, is actually
paying. In other cases, contractors plan ahead of time that will have the 'lowest' price. This
price is frequently inflated, and the other contractors must then ensure that their prices are
higher.
Intentionally omitting items or supplying products that do not meet project specifications.
Some contractors attempt to save money by using subpar materials. There have even been
reports of contractors failing to install all of the reinforcing steel in concrete structures, even
after the work has been inspected by the client. In 2016, an earthquake in Asia caused a
building to collapse, revealing that the concrete foundations were filled with empty oilcans
used by the contractor to save concrete.
Giving the client a poor-quality or defective project. Contractors frequently conceal mistakes
and poor quality work on purpose. In some cases, these flaws have caused buildings to
collapse, killing people. Contractors have signed a contract that obligates them to meet
specific quality requirements and specifications. Delivering less is essentially stealing the
client a poor-quality or defective project. Contractors frequently conceal mistakes and poor
quality work on purpose. In some cases, these flaws have caused buildings to collapse,
killing people. Contractors have signed a contract that obligates them to meet specific quality
requirements and specifications. Delivering less is essentially stealing.
3. I would advise them to join the union craft trade

Workers belonging to the same craft, specialised skill, or occupation, regardless of industry
or trade, can form a trade union. For example, mechanists from various industries may form
a union of only mechanists. Similarly, electricians, carpenters, and turners can form their
own unions.
As a result, craft unions are open to members of a specific trade or skill, such as Air India
Navigator's unions and the Indian Pilots Guild. The main disadvantage of this union is that
during a strike in the craft union, the entire operation of the organisation is paralysed
because the workers in this union are difficult to replace with other workers. Their unions are
generally opposed to technological advancements within the organisation.
78
Craft union, trade union combining workers who are engaged in a specific craft or skill but
may work for different employers and in different locations. Craft unions were formed in
Britain and the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century to improve wage levels
and working conditions. Their power stems from their control over the supply of skilled
labour, which they maintain through licensing and apprenticeship arrangements. A local craft
union strives to organise all members of its trade by using slogans such as "One craft, one
union" (e.g., plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, ironworkers, carpenters, machinists, and
printers). Some craft unions grew to include skills that were not directly related to the original
craft in which the union arose. For instance, the Aircraft.
Reference
Danielson, D. (ed.) (1999) The Cambridge companion to Milton. 2nd end. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Fitzgerald, F. S. (2008) the great Gatsby. Edited by Prigozy, R. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Greenblatt, S. (2010) 'The traces of Shakespeare's life', in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S.
(Eds.)
The new Cambridge companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 1-14.
Maceachen, D. B. (1950) 'Wilkie Collins and British law', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 5(2),
pp. 121-139.
Mann, T. (2011) the magic mountain. Translated from the German by H. I. Lowe-Porter.
London: Vintage.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th Ed.
London: MacMillan.
Saramago, J. (1997) Blindness. Translated from the Portuguese by G. Pontiero. London:
79
MEETING MINUTES
Meeting Minutes
Date: 11 May 2022
Agenda: Introduction
Meeting Via: Whatsapp Video Call
Minute-Taker: Damian Smidt
Members Present:
1. Kwanga Mgxaji
2. Gajana Vuyo
3. Damian Smidt
4. Selloane Koena
5. Thulubuke Nyathikazi
6. Ernie Wyld
7. Cailin August
Cailin was appointed as group leader.
Everyone introduced themselves.
We discussed the due dates of the assignment.
Decided collectively that the project will be unravelled in the following meeting.
80
Meeting Minutes:
Date: 20 July 2022
Agenda: Draft Submission
Meeting Via: Whatsapp
Minute-taker: Damian Smidt
Members Present:
1. Kwanga Mgxaji
2. Gajana Vuyo
3. Damian Smidt
4. Selloane Koena
6. Ernie Wyld
7. Cailin August
Group leader, Cailin August suggested that we split the work and each one takes a certain subject
and work on that. The group was in favour of that motion and proceeded in doing that.
They agreed that the draft submission should be submitted on the 12 th of August to be compiled for
submission on the 15th Of August. Each member took a subject and made it clear which they are
taking to ensure no confusion.
1. Kwanga Mgxaji – Construction Economics

2. Gajana Vuyo - Construction health and safety
3. Damian Smidt – Building Services
4. Selloane Koena – Construction technology
5. Thulubuke Nyathikazi – Quantity Surveying
6. Ernie Wyld - Construction science
7. Cailin August – Construction Management
81
Meeting Minutes:
Date: 01 August 2022
Agenda: Assisting each other with the draft submission
Meeting Via: On CPUT Bellville Campus
Minute-taker: Damian Smidt
Members Present:
1. Kwanga Mgxaji
2. Gajana Vuyo
3. Damian Smidt
4. Selloane Koena
6. Ernie Wyld
7. Cailin August
It was suggested by Cailin August, that if the work load is too much, we should assist our group
member as it is a group assignment. The group members also discussed Appendix A, to understand
each part of the assignment fully. The group members worked together to ensure the draft
submission is ready for submission.
82
PLAGIARISM STATEMENT
83

Icp Technicaal Report Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Icp Technicaal Report Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND QUANTITY SURVEYING

INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS – ICP260S

Construction Management (CNM260S) – D Tshobotiwane

Construction Technology (CTY260S) – A Butler

Quantity Surveying (QSU260S) – B Damba

Construction Health and Safety (CHS260S) – L Bikitsha

Construction Science (CNS260S) – MF Fakier

Building Services (BDS260S) – MF Fakier

Construction Economics (CEC20S) – P Sikhosana

1.Kwanga Mgxaiji – 218336203

2.Thulubuke Nyathikazi – 220275378

3.Gajana Vuyo – 218337264

4.Selloane Koena – 221793011

5.Damian De Smidt – 213077876

6.Ernie Wyld – 221372865

7.Cailin August - 220072523

Activity Sub-activity Optimistic Probable Pessimistic Star E

Foundations/ Excavations 1 1 2 05- 05

Superstructu 230mm Walls 10 15 16 27- 18

Windows Window Frame 1 2 3 06- 07

Roofing Roof Truss 2 3 4 10- 13

Ceiling Gypsum 2 3 4 30- 04

Task Predecessor Duration Days

Task Predecessor Duration Days

Task Predecessor Duration

Task Predecessor Duration

Task Predecessor Duration

Task Predecessor Duration

Task Predecessor Duration

Task Predecessor Duration

CONCLUSION: NO CRITICAL PATH

Appropriate selection of construction methods used in the execution of a project is a

TYPE OF SOIL UNCOVERED ON SITE

STAGES OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

3.Plinth and slab

8.Electrical and plumbing

9.Exterior and interior finishing

NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIALS SELECTED

Concrete blocks 390mm x 90mm x 190mm and the quality is 27Mpa

INNOVATION ON THE MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICKS

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIAL

Brick is an important building construction material and used in huge amounts in

MAINTENANCE CULTURE OF THE MATERIAL

2.Floor and wall finishes

NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE MATERIALS

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIALS

MAINTENANCE CULTURE OF THE MATERIAL

NAME AND QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL

125mm Watertite ogee domestic extruded aluminium gutter, fixed to 15x225mm

76mm Cove rhino cornice

INNOVATION ON THE MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE MATERIAL

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIAL

Ceiling finishes provide a decorative skin to conceal building components. Ceiling

MAINTENANCE CULTURE OF THE MATERIAL

4.Windows and Glass finish

NAME OF THE MATERIAL

INNOVATION ON THE MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE MATERIAL

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MATERIAL