YDROCORBON (o1)

(yenehun ilhManl)
Rene n)
(tkutkitio 7R-R
(Wuntz Roaoion) RX +Na

R-XPh-xN Ph
A
Radction) Ph-x +Na
(Filig
PhPh
Renetion) (Mamklamd Ran otioen
(Wmann
Ph-X
Cu Ph-Ph Ph-X n Ph-Ph
R-X 2n R-R
EHL RadialCaxbamien both a intexmned ate
Um 8X
ROs imuo)ve C-X Bond AkU
Ca
Teduco
R0-R 8 RI RB? RCR

*dymamalkue al alkones axo obtaumo d

CHy Cam nuwe be obtauma d. 6idib

duspxopolionaion)
eactiem

Hoignad favmatien

R-X 8 R-Mg-x

MgR M R-MgX d
2e
#(Kolbe'sElecbolaib)

AnDds- R-C-0 R C-o R+CO2 TT

NaOH + Ho T
Cuhods-OH R-R
F
* CO
* pH

Tn casa
RCOOR
&

ma
l
Radical Tntevmadiato Fomad

H2 olhasts at omode

dcum

o yaxmie
be
um 00ases

majon R
aid (Hcoo),Ha
anmd

(NaOH

us
11)
cathode vospeotwely

gas willvaloase atomo de

terthay .
amdl cathod: borth
 02 HYDROCARBON(02)
t#
(Photahalogemaben
Uabe
ilpAR Odical untewm dinto obtaumad

R-H Xa/h y R-xHX

tomplh o dia ubslitulioo oaacti00

:ds
TniliatenX-X
R-H+X
hN2xO
XKimelio dsotbpia
Kumelio sobp'

raumation
aotu ohsued
Hc-0C-T)
fee" Hadical s Ros
RO +H-X
R+X-X R-x 4X fatan Oadto slabilidy
o ()

Clwronntien) lodumatien) ChWayinatien) (BHomumatien

Highy enotheemie XSboest RaveuibleOnstabl los abe u
CHy+2 hi 4F|CH+T2 *Ma Reochwe *LssRadnolite
black CHg+
HI*Los3Aeleclive &Mao aluebive

2
Rates Rados
eidias unto T2 by Reachivty Reactio4
o:A-(HLO3,HNOs) (1:
3-8:4-5) 80: 1600)
12 3 3

+HRenction oithNBS:-)

NBS N-8Homo Aucciimide N-&y alylie Bemaylie oy oi

fe Hadical utexma diate obtaumad
*Eompla
Kinaic
ouRacical Aubstitilion
Tsobpic oplaat
Rondtin
us
o baaxueel (C-HC-D>C-T)
NBS
%Pura
(Jubatihdos"nly
int so
allie3 8emzylie positien) A
NBS HB BH2 is addad as
impwily .
To odain maximum
stabiuty (Heawramgernort Canbocation
CC
HOaramges.
3C-2e bond un Uolved um cas o88,migrataxy apltuda us
3 MCTS unvolued odowea
* Occwts
1,2-4hift H7 AH7R
Duung uastiamgemont,conguwtaon Ring Expanaien 8- 4-S()6-1(x
chomges.
nawey S-6(
*Caxbocatien must get 4tabilitu BicyclnFS
un enh lap uaHoNamgemamt
 HYRoCAR BON (03)

(ECeobophllin
dddilionReaohion

A
N
x
unmaroel
have

X Camt y
Y
*closaical
y
can'haue

unshaod
Non-caujcal
Caxbocotion
cc)
CC Carbo caten
(NCC)
P2
Raagent e Nu Path
H-C4/H-8M/H-I
0- Co 1
H/H20
di
eH Hso @
H2SOy H HOH
ROH/HO HO ROH
RCOOH H HO RcooH
X2/CCy X 2
BH2/H20 aH HOBy & Ha O Br 2
Br2/H20 un Brime
boln He 0,B9 ca 2
NoR NO 2
TN3 2

Addiien H CH2 CH2 y

CHa - CH

CH2 ECH
1)CH2 CH3CH2 Canbocauen yamod /abtauned as Pntbumocua

GHO * Keaoiamgemtont may be pai

Fovmabn of cC R:0S.
X Both yn b Anti addition paisible
2) X8 Y may- may not be vicnal.
CHa-CH2 CHg-CH2 XRale HI>H&n)HCa K
o Raachion

Rata E addilion nuelhophilueity of

alkona

Caxbo cationstabillhy

4tabilihyof alkema
 HYOROCAR BONO)

CHaCHXXONdu
) CHa CHa CHa CHa
Cc

du ala
XNon-cdasaical Caubocahon (Ncc) nteuma
Gxd
XNo- J avoramy em.om.t

X8oth X 8X mus} bo uucinad

2) CHa-H2
CHa-CH2 XInvoloesamti addibon
R0:R FaCla A1,2

tà
TptsAkant

(-munms
dnti
()ym
P Procduct

(-)
cnt
(4tis ( (+)
(4)

X
#(4Um Poc)* Uatd to elaet ums wm compo wnd
aturatien,
XReddiuh Bxown colowt o! &2 becomes colowloss

+X2
&oon
Coloun O (Colousles)
O
#RCPand TP RcP)
contalled
XKumatically *Theemo dy namicall Conty ollod
Rat (fdst) (PModue atable).
Atability
fauourS at dow dmp fauowts at hoh domp
* aloays ,2produet s amumed Ttcam he L,2 0 14
08 RCP

* Jost am caxbo ontien 8 attack A

x Thom cation wi0 Aho Rabo bo chook
atabilhpHo duct TCP wl be pModuet
#yduation Alkumas) H/H20 Reatnamgemem
dit-HaSoy O
O CC
OM DM *No eOJUHagemamt
NCC
XMaknolKou
HBo HO No Juawramgemam
NCC
&Antimaxkomikou
 HYoRoCARBON (05)
ydbtatien ofAlkyn
OH
CH-CCH d Hg SOy CHa--CHaCH -CCH2

JA (maould
Poor

highayumstablo
(Tum@)

CH3-C CH,
dus do (+Ue) On alken

#Kuchvou Randen
OH

CHg-CCH 17.HgSoy
dio Hasoy yold as vy g0oa
Tmum@)
(majo)
OH

CH-C CH
H20 CH3-= CHa

o alecHophilie addition oaction

Enamelo
*NCC THRA
umteume diato InuolvesTaudorousm
Mimed Covubony a obt amed

#Czymo1nation Domoycun atisn (DMDM)

(
)Hg-(0Ac)2/H20
Makoni kous additien
R-CHCH2 R-CH-CH3
i)
Na BHy/Na0H withod tOUamg emomt
OH * Both yn amd anti add"
1RCH CHa 2R-CH-CH2-HaoRc
H20
OM us amti add"
A
4o fc OAc KCH2
R-CHCH2
(XNccL
HaO
DM
S0
umuolves

un amd amti
both
0o Hadue a

GHa *Mtal (Ha)sobtaumed

OAc (No-ment
Roaetange
OH
OH

R-CHcH, oC NaBHy
NaOH
R-H-CH3

(*Hg (ofic)2/h0 OM
*NaBHy NaOH DM
 06) HYDROCARBON (06)

FEdo B0 atien bidatiom HBO)

(
Rx)R-CH=CH )82H6-THF R-CH-CH20H
i)H202/ Na OH

R-CH-CHo
B2
TC
THF
H6
H

R-CH2CH2-BH2
R R-CH2-CH2 -B-CH-CHa
CH2
-
R

BH3
CH 2
BB
R-CH
BF 8e8F
HBH2
h4MCTS
CH2

A
*qn add"

|2)(R-CHa-CHz-B9
0R-CHa-CHz OH
OH

HhoHa0 R-CHa -CH27H

R-CooH R-CHa -CHa-H

X2
NH2
R-cH2 -CHa-X

R-Cta-CHh -NHa

7eidation) H202-H20
Hoo
RO
RaBH-0-0Ra-B86H 6-OR BOR)3 B-OH
Rovo RO
6
3ROH H
A R
OH
B03
3 RO
B03

XRx
Commex.ciad mažhod

de oxm phanal

o-0-H
CuuTemLR HyduopeH0zidd)

o-DH
H
o-OH2 Ph
pn

(o) H20 oPh

(Phamul AJhi)
HO Ph (o
 HYDRO cARBON (o7)

Bieh Roduction

Case I R-CEc-R Na/dig NHs

OH
R
CR
H
H

R-CECSR R---R
H
2)
c-C
RCC~R EtoH
RcC
H R
RccR
h
COso T- Na ig,
NHs
EDH

e
EtOH

Na /0i9NHa s a blu olou solutien

Both bo odieal amd cavbamien

ROH us used 0b pHoton sourC

*Tewmim al alkyne wul not gwe adkana( T do
acid Bass Rxn ond
am
ae eaibl and
vteD

In cosa oalbsuluds banz eme m@u 09aumaxm compound)

stable alkane us mo pHoduut.

Caialhie Hudrogematen

HO daion ta tA 4 us am
enample o additien

Ha/Mi on Pd o P HOnctien amd vodox onotipn2

H An ezanph e n add
addilien
B8 Raduetion
Enanplo wace phumomamon
BF BeBA amd 4 MCTS
HH unvolues

Lindday Catalyst *Pd/Baso a CaCog kmown

us addod
asundlo
as

A) Atum CatalyatQumaluns

d2) Add Hadido ene

PQLben

* Tn cae of conyugatod
duu
dibna

to 6MCTS
L,4-
takes placo
addihon
 yoROcARRoN-(o0)
F(Rasemmumd
Renetien
R--Ce H2 R-CHO
Pd fwdhuot o dalt@n H20
0H
BaSOy
pau oxicdizehoga
R-CHO Ha2 RCOO
RHt (Ha0 /Ha02)

*Ozonolyis Zn.,s
Og3
R-CH CH-RT R-CH0 +R-CHO (duotwe
)znH20 020lysis
902ygan trapp0
i) Og R-Co0H +R'C0OH 0zidabwe
i)Hao H202
o2onobyai

Og
H3C-CHO CHO-CH2 -CHO HCHO
2n/H20

03
Ho0 lHa. 3C00H + COOH-CH2 -CooH + OH-C-OH
202
H2 C03

loko nolb lo H20tCO2

+xiclahien Akoma
(S.0-A) 2CH3CoOH
KMn04(Oci
HO dabwe Ozonoyu)
*HC-CHFCH-CH3
7:
RMn04
CH3
213K(0°c -CH -CH- CHs50yes
Sun
Rragsnt
OH oH Acld
CH3-CHCH-CH3 K Ma M Aad)
*Gauch àtabl *yycoluaton
OH,OH)*M Mnt6 (Base)
*BHouon
H-Bondun
PPtS(Ma Mn (Ntubal)

CH3

H
H
O OH
-OH +Mn02
Mn eslo
indevmedido

o CH3 Ayn
qyco
Add

ubatien
 HYDROCAR BON(O9)

CH3
Lochemuby-
-0H
CH3
KMnOy
L7- KMn04
CH3
Colcd
OsOy H0HOH
H
CH3

R-COf0H R-CoyH OiAoACH H

CH3
A20 HOHHO -on
Agues nacondt HO-H HOH
Lo) CH3
OTHaen CH3
bond
Sn add"
*panoy
m-CPBA 4buad

*Bruyy's Ro0gent alsoozidusoaldahyclos KMn0y

R-CHO R-CCoH
0c
lhsodha

LHO OHC CHO

+ HCHO Roduuctuwe
OHC

nint cooH +HCoOH

+HOO uelhtCo+HOOC Ozidntiwe h

CO2

#PHoet kekulae8-

3x+ 24 + dimelhyl
Z

CHO
+CHO CHO
CHO
O Gyoxol)
CHO
O CHO
(mathu
yoxal gyoxal) Dimathy

faimehy
HOxal
 HYDROCARBON(10).

7T Complor
Colbr charye

(Elacbuophilie

Rxn

Mechamusm

J M
a H
*o Comploz
*Cavbocahon

,
Ke fndexmoclicb
[O) *whe dand
Comp lor
(1weAible) Reuveraiblo)

Eve
PE tabd TTodinalion)
utnh
Biomolecula (Alklaion)
Hale =KA-H][er) coCboylahen)
(soa,
gadeous produet
Sulphonaien)

D
P&

PoR Compx

A
#(Reacbuit PoR
Robinhood
EDO

o] Rat
(+R,+1)(+H
(aclijvang)
3
(Daachoatung)
(Net-7)
2)
lo] Rada (CR Robinhood eWG
(-R,-)
(D2actuai)
 HycbvocaNben(1)

tntahisn)
& DO &DO EDO
ED4
PoM)
2
Mo
Robim hood Rcbinhoed Aobinhood
Robinhood
o,P>M
PoM
Robunhood shoos Induehve
ect(-7) a achi
Resonanca
ct (+R) or auentahen
actoxs Forauentatisn

ei\k
1) B AtablitO-Comploe, dacido the maja pioduct

2) bame
3) AL
-Comp en ,Hhem
yactars sama Hhon
Aluia hindotwm
e uich it
D T (P,9,9 elaebonie ecto alk
2) sizeo} x
X 8 0i(9,5)
3)texicefAlky
aO A
OA
TO Monol 9)

P:9,s()
o-N
HNO3 Ha SOy

OH2
Nog(hHao
HYDROCARBON

O
2
2iso
HSOy

No
. (12)

eordboomdo
exnmplksAS)
HNOS HS0y
(o) NLLbyatLOn

Conc Haso
o Audphonati @n

R-xFACl3 Ak ahen o
Nehen cam b)HNO3/ H230y
Nitsaien Aenolin W2Os CHcooNO2
No2
oYtoM 02 Cone HNOg S)NO28 Fy NOgwOy

3)dilHN03 6)HNO Pallowedby

Rxn:[O
HNOG
Mochaniurm- ) mix
aorls HNO3 tHSoy H n0g Ha0 tNO2+ HSo
NO 2

Hso No, 20
2) B Cone HNO3
3)Py di HDO3
2H NOg H o-NO2 +Nog NOg

+No2
NO 2
( NO2
A A
4)8oyBfy OA oX
ND,CIOy Noy.co

NO2 Bfy

Na0s CH3cO0 NO28

S) By NO2

Nfo
ND3
0 C00
CH3 O1
6)B HN02 & HNO3 No NO2+HCA HtNal Ho-ND NO
NO N0 HN03
(o-A-)
 HYDRocARBONJ (13

ubatienAnilin)
NH2
NH2 NH2 NH N02
HNO3/H2 S0y
NO2
NO2
(27)
(47 7
Roasen DO de aum alion (S7)
Mcy@
Mayo

Ac20/Pgicin(trong
Aciclia
M A Maclu

8Ac0/Ppicio utd
Fo lBrthyYeld
WHAc NH
NH2 NHAC
Ac20 HNO3 H3o *qpod yeld
PPyidune HoSo4 O
a HaSo04 NO2
N02

R-NH2 RNH-ACHNO RNHACLHa0T & NH 0 o

Pgvdin H2SDy NO2

R-OH Ac,0y
Pyicine R-CoNH2
hl Acg0
Pyidine

FF{ Nubralien Phamol

OH
OH Pioxie Acuol
Cone HN0 NO2
3 Bad Yeld/Pao7 Jield

OH

Conc
ND

Ha SOyNO
rNO

O
OH

SagH
SOgH
N02

Cenc

HNO3
ON O
OH

NQ2
NO2*PucrLe Aad
Good iedd
 HYDROCEARBON(4)2
F(Cbulphonatien
Readien KX-may Cond H,S0

SagH

Ranction:[0)

Mechanism SOgH
Conc:H2 S0y

HaS201

H2SOy
t HaSoy

1 HO--OH+H2S0y H20-OH SO3

A
)
#(Halogunaben
o Renchen)
SogH

Xmay
OH

Ha9/
1)X(un
afW
Os

bs Colso Achvatad vung kp

OMe
2)XalLtoisAod (Fe,feXg,Zna,
AK3)
Rxn8-[O 3) Tdeehalogen 1-8)amd (TN3)
(1-8,
Xa] PPS (Ha0,CHa C0OH)

Mach.6
1)xfx
a
FeXs8 Fe xtx
x I2 eyeribl
So HNO O H
LO

X-X Fe Xa

O2 /ho OtAT

(encos)

[o Ceacosb) A
 HYD ROCARBON (IS)
Halogen atien on Phanol

NPS

9
OH
Rta1(CSy
H Anio
CC
CH03

QH
XDuy ts Haum atitn
BH2/H20 B
PPS
B (1ohitoppt)
Ph-o9

+ (Haloganalien o Anline
0H

BH2/ CS2 By
NH2
CCly
BH
OH
B2/Ha0 B

A)MAAA
o
X OH

SogH
B HB/H20, Au.
HUeHsyble.
B

F(THudal Cuat Ronctons

(ALrylatisn
Xmayba-)R-x lLeis
Auid (Fe,
fex3,8F3,
ARX3)
2) R-0H HO
3)ADkume /H
) R-OH 1 Alkama/LA (BF3)

Mechamism-

R-x-AX3
2)R-oHH R-OH2 R+H20
 HYORoCARBON (16
3 R-CH CH2 H
R-
Cawbo calien us obtaunsd as untewmocliaty

XReaeramgement may b pasajble

XHghty detiuatd uimgs coesn'tshow this Hdaoien

R-x
AL X3

don't gwe ths HaAion.

XHighty doactivatod wngp
ND2 HO NR3
glhues)

Daachuabd ungb cam bo ued ab Joluent.

Polyalkglatienocws duingUaoien. diaduantage..

ALK3

2)(AcRatien)
K-may bs3-1) R-x/-
A (AY3)
( O
Reac-[O) O 2)R-C-oH/H2Soy
R-
3 (Rt),0/Ald
Ha POy

Machamusm 1)Suecine Anhydida/Alclg

R-Ca
. R-c=8 R-o
R-u-AKs
O

R--0--R R R-C-o

o-H
H R-C~oH
R-C-oH OLACR3
oAL CO3
DH

u)
ACl
Vey (
impov tant Maund()) Aclu (2011-2022)
 IYDROCARBONI7)
u Catien us oblaunod as imtewmadiate

RiarHamgemand not
possyblo .
Hh achuatod
H
ung doesnt how hu utdachon.

OR--x
Sneess amourt of L nouyenr
*Aylalen sbexod ouey alkylatiem.
favmyl atien
not pbl
H COCR ALCl3,cotHU +AR3
* Gatomam Koch ReaciLPn
CHO

CoHCO
a
ANcl3
O CuCR

R-0H/ RT7H2 RcocalAAC,R-ococPlR-NHcOCH3

Acz0jPyeiciny

do neutnali tha HC

If
*Ppurcling

In
, RH
addod

than

aceipadien
wa0
wn, mass
ze

inouasos
)
is avmylalien.R4H3 than
b42 gm (-C-CH3
"Acadabion

Raachen lmoun as (SchotenBaum amn Raactien)

#F (HUnsb04 Test lA M
Ph- SOgC a9-KOH
RNH2 Pyridsre
NH-S R-
AlKal
(Hünabexg )
Raagert) Aulphonami da)

Ro-NH Ph-S02 Ce
R:N-
PsidinnRzN-o2koH
Alkal
X
Ph-So20
R3-N Pygdimo
 HYDROCARBO

t Poc) h
N19)
li
*acd to pate and dotiyuih 233 amun
A

Ph$o
(3
Amine) fithey (1Amino)
add

olidot P88 9 NadH

A Youid e
De cam also ue dyl ch!axide a 2amum

Cits
2
00.
Fomt eot Reactions
O D

OH OH NH
Zn
+Zno K2Ct201
dut,
A
(8em20quunêna)

# (Diptiatien)
Rxn-KNH2
Na N02
HCA
R-OH G 0 on

Machanum 1 Na NO2 + HC
( Ho N0 HNO2
oda
(Nitto
us Aid)
NO
2) R-NH2 R-NH- N=O R-N=N-OH
3) R-NFN-OH + HU RHM=N R-NEN
R-NNf0h2
H20
4)R4NEN OH
R-OH + N2
(Maya)
R-CL (R2NA
RaNA faN-N 0
Gydlo aillydog)
RNO2R-
H20R-0H
+R-0-N0 NO2
XCanbocabon umteuma
* Reavv1angemont may bo pasaiblo
diate

edmay Avomatio Aminas fann Atable Boc

Can buaerl de dalinguish1,293 at 0-s"c
minos.
 Hdvo
caubon/19

Unimoleeulay AMomatio Nuedophilio ubstilulion

NH2
Na NO2
EN
HC,0C
CO
o+Na
&tabloat 0-s°c
* Colouwrless
*Wate doluble

os
Ph-F H8Fy Ce HCO
Ph
H20 ay
Ph-0H CuB/H8
Bei led Ha0 PhB O
Ph-NO2
HBFy
Na NO2 /u CuCN /RCA Ph-CN

Cu/HCA
oluble Ph-o
HsPOg +0 W

Colbuloss
atoy

*BDC Cu/HB Ph-By

CHg CH20 H

CtgCHO RIPh-Ti
HBFy PhN2

R-NO2
H2/ Po
EthoH
R-NH2 R-NO02 HCA R-NH2
H2 F2 R-NH-0H HeRNH2
R-NO R-N-
*3mo H2 H2

AA R-NH foH2
H

d -
R-c H
H
Sn-2e HO Sn -2
R-CH =CHSn
XH
R-CH-NH2
-CH-NH2 4
R-CH2-NH2 Lud =6

CHg CH20 A 6mol HC ,3molS

R-CH2-NH2
Sn ued
R-NO2 /R-CEN HC R-NHaR-CH2-NH2
 HYPROCAR BON(20)

FSom otheRenolens8

V20s
2s0

O vz09
Soo'C
(Maluie Anhyubido
ol
CHO

CHOgCla
HIOCNOHC)

U 2
2H20 ,o *&tand Raantion

CHS

N
CH(o GrCH3) GHO
CHO3 Oolio
Ac20 2H0 0 NH2
NO2
3 Sn HC
NO2 R
H HCA
NH2
6 HC&
NO2 NH3 HS NH2Aadecotu
L-aN7 Redn
(MHA)S Wo
(Coupln Reactien)

QH OH
ph ca
*C-NCouplung
Otamge
Sight Bae Colod Py
*Antibiotic
NFN-Ph
Sumnay
NH2
NH-NN-Ph
Ph u co9
o N-N Couplun ht Bas Phonol
aightBass
(Paxa)
NH2
NH2 6lightAide )Anilinp
Phn coG C-N Counlung (Pana)
Vedlo D
) NN-Ph
Nothung Momhon
N
Aniun
N-N-Ph
0H PhN OH
C-N Couplung-
O daut[OTo XRod-ColowtDy

H PhNa OH

n*C-N Coupling AU
Atight Base [olo
A N -Ph
 HYDROCARBON (21)

Chemuty

k)Ractivity
f
O
Naphtalene)

6R S

Carbylamim Reaction) ISoyanido Testt

* Foullbmoll
Rxn + 3H20
R-NH2 CHU3/KOH R-NC t3KC Only by L-NH2
O
Machamum- )R-NHa)+ -TH
- ca-0H
R-NH-G

a R-=C-
R-NH2
0D6 U
-H20

(
DR-NH ol Auno72l M lil il
c) R-Nfce R-N=C
QLchlayo axbene u Obtaumsd as un teumodiaty
Move e densihy on Nmwo leasily
Vattack idm oi
*endy shown b Pümay Amunp.(1°)
*L mol CHC 3 3 molés of KOH dtequuiy ed

P(RLumoH emamn Reactiom

OH OH

CHO
i)CHCR3/Na0H
i)HO 4O (Minan)
(Majo) CHO

oNa
CHO3/NgOH Intewmadialo
o LD/ ROS
CHd2
Aubstitalod
Bemzal Chloide

ONa oNa
2) CHCR2 C20
C LonieChalatien
OJ
 HYOROCARBON/22)
Di-chlavocwbene us obtaumad as intexmadyato. JUNSAA4
*ctho s maj@y pHoduot duw to ionic chelato
Anothor intewmediato s substitusd Bunaal Chwaxids
* allpasilionsax blockad then attaok yrom Pona

# (KolbeReaotisn)
OH
OH
CO0H add
*Salicylie
NaOH
+Co2
H

O
O
a
Basie mduum s gwen umow as of bemzen
nueleophilicily
bacauss CO2

wenk alacbi
ophil
tho dubstiiutbd s ma@ pHooluct bicusa uo nie chalahen.
We com also ust (CCA)unstead oCO2
(Ouidation with Hot RMnOy)
ut ww e od
has amyH O RHOs enthom Conu

Bemzylic Canben
Ban2ofc acid.
C00H \OA
CH3
RMnOy,kDH /A
fo CH3 Hot KMnDy
CooH

CODH
CH2CH3 1
2) oCH3 oCH3
 HYDRO CAR BON (23)

(Pexozid keta Khayash eet

H&y

Roactien
HAH
(Phcoa)

Machanum 3-Ph--ofo-2- h 2Ph-0 Ph +Co2

T

2 Ph +H8

(3) B ()moa tabldua de stablihy o

Popepation)K
(n Hadical.

9 8B H-B ,B &y

paR Radical untewma oliatn obtainod

Enample o
Anamaxkovnikou
u s
Radieal adelitionseaotion

addibien unvolued.

HU HI doest show pyozide ect.

*f Radical Intevmu diata omud /bbtaimed.
X
enanplo of
Kimatie otopue
u eotHadical ubsbihibion
w obaewed (C-H)C-D)-T)

N8S 3
substitubs only allylie Benzylic
pasition Av 3Ph-c<
* Puwra NBS us Jmat bo HB Bx2 s added as
impuuty

B
NBS
a-S(T-S)
t2) b= 9(Steuo)
h)
(c 8(cc)
Bbt h B (9
d 5(Frachon)

B
(13)

POmahon
ytydbocakbon)

0)HydbvolyuoCobidas
*AR Ca+ H20 4A(oH)2+3Hi2 (CHu)

*Mg2Cg Ha0 + 2 2 Mg (oH)2 +CaHy (CHg-CECH)

+ Ca H2 (ethyna)
* Ca C2 +H20 ca (OH)2

Be2 C + H20 2 Be(0H)2 +CHy

6) Aomatiuation

)8 Red Hot fe Tubt

HCECH (o), (Bem2ea)
CH3

CHt-C ECH HoC -CH3 (Maibylama)

*CHa-CEC-CHa Hezomstl Bem2enu)
(1,1,3,4,5,6-
)Bu Ae,A a
Palc
Pd/C
Pd/c-

|O+ 2H2 w l
2H2
N H2

*O 2H2

i)By Al0s/C0a/Mo Og3

(o CH3
LCHs
CH CH o

CH3
) CH3

CH3

C)Tsomeahon
Alcls
H,
8-
(mao
HC o CH3

may@
(maqa)

(fenchons tydhoCarbons)

a)Combution
CxHy+)o2 xCOg +H 0
b) B KMnOy, D (only toith 3-H)
KMnO4 OH(Teiox Budanol)
C)Nbraion
NO2
NO2 + CH3 NO2 + &tNO 2
HNO3
A
d)AudphonizuDnR
SOgH (

Ha$04 + SegH

e) Thcomp.latoCombustion

CHy +02 Cs)+2H20()

RoactiDn wth TeuminaALkyne
1) HCECH 20
OH
2) HCECH u2U2
NHyDH

3) HCECH Cu22
Nh4C

Contby@Wacd xidation
Cu CH304 (Mthanol)
1) CHy+02
(s23 K)
0H CH2=0
2) CHy +02 MOg03
MO203 CHL
CH2~0H (Aldehyde)

0H
MoCHsc092, cH-OH CHaCoOH(thamoic acid)
3)CH-CH3+O2 OH
CH3

steam
hReaction toth

CHy +Ha0 Co +3H2

) Pprolysis(Oxaeking)

13
CyH3
6Hi2 + H2
+C2H6
CH4 C3H +CaHyt CHy

2)Ci26 CyH6C7H16 +CsHio +othas

FOamal Chauge Chau acteustic of InduetiveElset
whom am atem o
haue lessb Inductive}Hectus displocemont o
with
Chavge Oubital)|etooavds nad
tVacont ahcbionuga
o Ro
moe bond lomomt weaR
(Fouma u apamanomt alloet and

1) Ha0 (faumal)4)
FOmaChage)It
Chag

8Hy (fomal) obron not

EDooton usill
et wl
change us adomua
notchon
bital
2)
(Wacant) It an additiveall
cuetuweoloct
eef.
is dill
e
3) paed,Causo afun
er2-enca un alecbonogauity
Nformal)6) vacant) I4 is distanco dapemdont lleet
H
p 5ormal) distaneo incduotiveRact
as

97umd
,
&lectronic
Dusplacamant ect a)
03
axdoy change

Peumare An Sy
b)
63
Inductiue(o-o)
sTempeHONy
Od276376
6 647S2 7S3
Inductomonic
Rosonamc

Pexcongugating
(T-n)
(n) Elhetiomaxiepes t biedailn

Inductuwe &ectnE C-29C-A ewithdHawing- (-I)

CL: HaCCH2CH2CHa C-3 C-B e donatng.(+
SS8+
( 8utans)
S+
o6S+ 6-locbHOTm
c2 HC CH2CH-CH, a Donalimg 6Lect-(tT)
twhen bondad pai et
shiltod a
(1-ChlaHO Butome) Luay om
any atom/ 9Houp Nt
whom a Covalemt bond us yomed b/uw C-H bond thun that guoup @n alem
atoms e
dikexent &lecbioag atwty the Shouas
e dongiing ect.
electuon deruity us mau tooawds the
(+7)
alecbnon donatimg gHoup
maw okcdyonadatye adorm o ho bond
Such a shittof elacbon -ve)chasaf Tausly-(+1)
vsults polah covalent bond
a
Bond polaxity leads to vaxfous elacbon Aley
0 Guop (Sigma Bonds of
-Ic ects in ougonie compownds C-HfC-D/c-T)
IsotopicEpect
Ahuthmg O O-e known
|1)
C -Ham)e density)CH<CDKCT
as Tnduotive fect. 2)CD (2gm) 8 Length CH co>C7
T (am)
3) 8 Strongth
;CTcD>CH
Examples ) -CH2 -NH
-O -0H
2)CC CH3
3)-CT3 -CO3 -CHg
CH3 CH3
3 2

+I SeHiJ
-CH2-NH
-ve chaHge)
O
3-2°-1 -
ee) Ccdo g
-c-co
-CH3

(Houp
ElectHon-ullithdnawing
(+I)
wuh espeat to
hum bonded paui of e axe dhifttdtowavds am
asom/ H0up

C-H bond than that proup/otom show tleobien-withduauoing eot.(9

a+ve) chae 14-NF3 -NR3 -ÑH3 ) -N0, (tuechagpd)
-I (
pactial
2 NO2 -CN -coOH Padinlychavped)
olectuonegatüurt
Hybaiaiatipn 3 FU BZ ORYOH >NH2 (6N)

SP Sp sp(e)N 4-CCH KO (215(Hybri)

Applicabennduciwe
1 Caxbocatien- (+)e
ect
donating gHoup

e withdrauing ioupPI
2
I
CaHbanion
(--
+Z +I
fe-withdyauwinggnops

Qustien

Y-T
R7Pg
3
(9)NH3 R)
F
I
(P) NO2
CH3 oCH3 O 9 PR I
- F
(P) (9) (R)

22
(P) (9) (R)
43
() -I-If-I (9)
-1
(R
K
(S)

RY S797P P9 RS
 Resomamce
Robimson yclo.

2Z C-csun'C=c134À 2 CC 1-39A
Kekuulat stuctiue 2 Benzeme
Redonatmg Abuctu 2 Rardonatung tybd
2 Hypcthatital 2 Aeal
han
LUhem popextes ol o compoumd Cam not be enplaum by o imgl 4luuchu
Uauous Jtutwes a
duuon Tmeso 4tuctwes aa kmbon as ason abng/
as
sbuctuxo 8 vteal moleculs us kmoon Hybruüd.
Canmonucal/ contubutmg
RA Point
Resonama s undH amoleculan pHocess
Mae stabls stuctuw contrubute maxe.
ductures art Hypothotcal and vosonatmg hybud au aal
Rebon atumg
Deso calizdtien of T-e u kmown 0 Resonamce.

Condition fa ResOn amce

must amd cotnuous.
AIl PT be paHalle
Al PT must be plamaH narly plan aH.

17 2 Ronana
x(me lbcals
ed
(46er)
(Pm) (defocalued)

49RASDnamu) 5? (Rosonamceb Resonoma)

(4Tedelocalied
(2neJocalsed (6ne deloco-)
( Prr)(toop)
(4re ocalsed) (6 Pn)(oopP)

17 MResonance)

4P) 4ne-dalocalised)
(Resonance) (Resononcevacan
ed)
(47TeDlocali,
67e-localied)
2 ne(3pn)
4 P)
10
(Rsolu)) (Reso(
(2ne) Reso()12

2
(67Te)
(27nedalocalsed)
P) (3Pm) (Loop) (Lo0p (Pn)
(LooP
Incase oamiln
137
(Sp2hybudusatien
noarlSp2 but
N
Reso(),e,3P RRso ()9me,3PT bemzyne amule
us

Sp3 Becawe oRoo

 6 )
Rosol)
6 ne
5 P
Robo

6Te
5 PT
Rbo(
(Loopant gne
Rebo ()
(fuwran)
prol) H Loop L0op Loop(6)7Pm

18
He(|9
Raso Resof209
5Pm
Reso

Loop16) 8 P CAOSS 67T e (Outende d) 5P

21 C-
Pm-dn)
u Roso (u22
80
Robo (
8-1s22822pL
Loop, 3 P, 27e

CRvaeand H LS 2s 2p2 A
d-Qtbitals
Ertemded CHOSS
whemow oeloctHOn us um enly whon ow of lectnonuh un
wingldiyerhien multiblo diyedtien
Leas Atable
Mou tab!

Tmpoutoamt Point

Hypothetica ect 22 Pewmanent ttecet

us dtahlisingphonomemon
34 enea vusonanc
we camt POulien o atom. Itunvolues only dlolocalusatio

4 In onamce,
chamgo
radicab/+ve charg
ofmeons pai-Vechogepa T- Stability
movablo
enery Jelbased
not fiod
Delocalisabien
stahility
edfivede-enoy oloased
Localis
5 Tnthamoleculan phomomomon
bo un Sam plame
un vOso namca must
6 Atoms @
In vwsonanco
arbital which patepato

pu p-oxbital pure /
d-oxbital a patiapatd (unhybrid
bitals
7
wm vwsonamco
nbutal rnowen paiepate
8 Hybrud
ae un natuwu while rosonaing
hypothstical
9 AL QJonatingstuetu
hybu'd is oal wm natuwu

mo conty buhon
Atable Bonabmg sbuuetuu willgiwe
10 M@
Oonating hybud
 Dxauwing o Rosonating sbucture

egunv alemt
2 +CH 2
CH2 CH 2 +CH2
(wdho) y(0dho)

lnaetiu
ating
+6CH2
(pana)
RA Point
(Hybid)
By onanca,e dunaihy deoraases

Hm Qrtho| Paua poitien

CH2
Hybud
49 CH2 CH2 CH2
OCH2

Achwahn9 J CH2

RA Point

Dus do Resoname, dømsity e- Ta Hybrud)

ad 0tho 8 pma positionunm Bemzene

59
NA2 NH2 +
NH2

6 c:0H OOH OH H OH

1)
Pybud)

6 6
 30
19 8 2 (1oR
Aduance 201S
T&&
2
90 7R S 100 (6 R-s

L19 124 3RS)

13
ERS) (Topylnum cahen)

Stability R:S
NON
Rulo 1RS. hauing Completn
actet us mow stable

Octet eg:CH-SCH3
inco mpltr
CH2 cH = CH FOumal
Octet

allynutal RS m@u atahlo tham ienic

us
Rul2|NeubialGemer

NH2 NH2

(neutnal (ienie)
Rul 3 veon mo &N RS hauing (-ve)en moo locbronogatuwe us

mor tab lo
NH 0 NH NH
(1) 2 06 (3)

choser to eoth othoy

Rug 0Ppasta Chauges RS hauin9 oppasite chaHgs

-HH -H
-H
m@He Atohl
OH OOH
H
1-5H273 (s)
(1) (2) (u)
(3)
 tabl
Rule S itsRule RS hauing maxe Benz ent u mor0

e
(L) (2)

Rule6 Inductiue8ect RS hauing al oetou sam9 , thon apply Induet

-iveelfect

(1 (2)
Resonamce Sect
ElactonDonating Heet (+R/+M) (-R-M)Elactnon w thdyau ing
ham
Pouo o heonus auayom amy tohem low of lectionus towaHds

otbm d gtoup hom that alom Houp to1ll amy group/adm thon that grouP/atbm

Shou efictnondonating tect. wilshow olecthon orthdhawing ghoup.

ve) chdwge 7 om duiectty 7Vacam(C,B,Vacamtd)

(+R/+M) Jon attochad odom -R/-M) (Obital
pain

(+R)
2)-NH2
+R)
3- CH ei)No2 2) N
-
(+R)

-NH-c- R)

-
RU
(Strongeat
CHa 5)-CH2-CH2 4)BH
3)-CH2
(+R) (NO Uso) (-R) (-R) (+R)(-R)
6) F (4R) 274
(27 (Robin h0od)
6 e (-R) C-OH
(-R)
(+R/-R)
Robun hood 8)-CH3 CH3
wham gwoup |atom shows both (tR)amd (-R (No g)-CHCHs
CH3
1o-NH3
Raso) (No Raso)
(No Raso)

eg-N =o -CH CH2 RA Point

-a,BH -T S-OR
qoHOups

aAet wll
uhich can show
Shouw
nt e
+R as well as -R

with dvauo ing

N=NH ecton
(-1) nubialsystem
egi--x
(halog en) ,

(-1) (-1)
 AMomaticity,
Compounds which PHoducos 0imgnatie Rumg Cuttamt un pas emco o Magnabic
old ao known as AMomatic Compounds

When compounds a HucklesRulo

UHomatie duo
toiens tham Poperties AvomaticAnti-Aromatic
Non Anomatic

that Conpound
that Gyclic Rebonane?
known as
(Rung uvwnt)
QuasiaNomatie 4n)
Te (4n+2)

No Te 23In),2.3 ,)2
10,19-re4,
Te 2,6,

Compounds which pHoduces Paxamag notic Rung Cwoumt u ptasemcg amagnatie

ildae known as Anti-Aromätie Compoumds

Sfabiit AHomatie Non-AHom atic Ant -

AHomatie

6e
2 Na) 3? A) 6Te
(AMomatic)

(NA) |6 (NA)

1 4me

(NA) 8
27Te
9
2Te

109
6Te
T @
67Te
12
Te
(8R)

3 47Te 144
67Te
15
A2/Te
QuasiaHomate
16 174 6ne
4Te @
Thikaund
0> 2Te-(NA a6me
197 @)6ne- 20 21

6ne-
o
67ne
229 23 2

0Te 6ne
6Te
25 A) 21
67Te

mor
Nocalised1

28 29 30
9ne
147e 8ne
(Annulone) Cycloocta
UTethaene NA) Ot af pland
mer-plana
MA)0ut of plana
(mo-planul)

*9 ung7 becomung AA,ham ut conu exd ütso0 umto NA Dy uaun

uth lezubility
Tn a ung,appl Huekle's Rul
singli
* Tn ca e-bond Co bond pesent than braok like --8fa
C=C,biak uch po so that allUumgs beromo Atomabie. h
Tn cass used vungs soloctdangest Joop &apply hueklos ule 8 Varget

ung/l6op doesn'thwe so naco, thom eladho doop hauing ingcuvvant

@HResename .
Arti
AHomaic Panamag neotic
* doesn+existat Hoom tempeHolue
Hghly unstable at 0om temp erati s0 that faums dumay

Toluon
5Pm (Entendad)
RingC
2RS
0 3RS O 6ne-(Delocalsed)
27e-(Loc alisec)
20H
(CrOs) Phonol- 5 RS
Spm
6Te(nelocalued) Rivg(v)'
2ne(Localsed)
Phemonido-2
2NH2
Ring (5-RS) Pa,1 SRs
8ne- (Delocalisecl)
one(Localis
ed)
Ringl)TO
4ne (Delocalis
ed) Ppidune 6 P 27e-(Localue
6ne-(Delocaliyed)
4 PTs Oping 2 RS

5Pm
Py ole
Te-(Delocalused) Rin gl)
6n e-(oelocaliy
5 RS
ed)
H
4Te-(Localscd)
 Hypecorugation(1932)
CH3
CH2CHs

(o]

Case I CaRbacaten
inding

l2)
H
CH3
-H73 2
CHa CH3

Hypeuconiugatuen
)
um Cobocatiem
7

Caxhen diuectly attached to cation u Kmoton a -C 8 Hydwogan

K-C s kmouon a -H
X

/ (LatH) (6H) (o or)

Tofa HS inuolving.C-H Bond -H|

Total HS -H+1

Co&e AIkenelAlkyne

CH2 CH3 2)
9 6) 7

HC
CH3 8) 9
CH3 (-C3
-H:5 5) S
 HpenceTyugatien un dokene
H H
HC-CH CH2 HC=CH-CH2 HOC =CH-CH2 H-=CH
H H H H

6H C CH CH2
6 ybrid)
fuind
fuincd Tota HS nuoluing C-H Bond un FolloingCompownd
H
10 9-
66
Aav 20 SH -
4H Bdh

H H Ben 2ylue
uperc.niuganen
HD-H P-H I1
um

. Bemzene
HDPca

Calbeo
Ous de Hypucony ugalien, e donsity 9 Hype +2
unbuasesat oP pasitien. o -Totdl 1 pen
Hupexconugotién loet
Peum anant et 8) tma
operdtas at oP pasihens Benzan
2)Hy pothobcal Contapt (HS) 9) -H,maxu (+tH) eet
notin
3)HC slctunvolue C-H6e 10)H)fut shoon
by -ccg(XJe€)
11)C-H CD C-7
1)
4)o eMOmti oly poubcipated un HC O0
un HC ffeeds e 4frong
5) HC let u uek cd than esonunce bcaus
bond a whulo un aboname
panticipalod 7 bond e a partiupotnd
Becausa C-H 'easy
Bond

R 7H7I do Be ak.

6)HC Hcct caplain Stahilih ot C

 Atom/utoup tR-R
)CH2 +R
2)-OH +R
-NH2 +R
4-CH2CH2 -cH
s)-NHCHs-N-GCH3 -I NR
9- -R
--0-CH3
-0
NH-CHs
-I R
0)-0-G-CH3
O
(-T) +R
9)-F/10)
1o)-Ca/1)-B
12-T13)-SHO+
14)-S-OK

16-NO02
15)-OR
n)-NO
-I
I
-B--1/-I
+R/tR/tR

-I
T
tR
+R
-R
-R
R
+R

+R8R
18-NMe3
20-CN
22)CH2
9-CH3
21)-BH2
23)
I +L
(Somuhme

+I
t1)

R
R R
24-PMe3 25)-CO0H -R R
26)CHO 27)-0 -I+I R +R)
20)-COC 29)-CONH2 I -I R R
80-CH CH2 31)
-I R tR
 CyckopHopame

ut us
Dut to high ongl tnoun
rog 60°
mast uMstable
O 2u.5 245

Bonds m
L
Cyclopape
sugma
hahawe
bonds

ike -bonds.
o yclopopam

ENGtyclopuopar H H

Du te Hiah 7.sun
C-H bond,ut bicom
60
H-C-H sT,
ENT

hu hly &N bond.

.t prDUides
Hesonamel.
shown by
vey h h
yclopopamo
,
amcing

(sigma
Resonmance
Mout stablising
Phanoman 9.

L
2 D
<
<D D
37
+
Ph- CH2

3
Dancing

Ohen vacamt bi 8) a prusent nmt|(A+3Damung

tal (c, Reso
toHeloprop ane thon sigmo 0s onanes e yddpop an Eno wn as 0aneag Riso

Brudt'sRule
H
AccaNdumg
o hs ul ung8, thon

plamanty (sp2)
Can't pasu bl
be at
budg canbon o bHidgo atem.
H
o1lR21o

Roal)
 4 5)

9)
Total HSS 3 R:S ()
CH Bond
involving
(notpassiblo

tHeat o Combustiem

Cmavgy ula aLrd @y emthalpy chamge dus to complote Combustion of l

mole
o
amic Compoumd with Complet aiO2)
(AHc CxHy+(244)O2 CO2 + /2H2O
L
HODC

RA
HoC
Point - HOC poH CH2
mo caubons stabilit
Atabilitu (R)Pra)

PR74)
2)
( (9) (R) (P)
(9P)
(9P9)
4)

(P) (9) (R) (6)

(P (R)
(Hoc S 7R 7g7P)(6757423)
(R 97P) (HoC poy CH2 P>9>R>S)
(345 76)
oHeat of Agdnogemanen (HOH)

whom L mole of H2 added to ums alturatod then emegy toloased an

w kmown as HOH.
embx/entholpy chamge

C c+H2 Hc-CH AH =-zKcal/mol

 RA Point
HOH M9 T-bornd
|HOH poH H2
atabilit Stabiliy

Colculabiem op HOH
1) #H dh gwen data ,yund dOBon anco eneHgy
H2
AH30-o KCal/mol

i) 22H2 H -50-0Kcal/mol

i
,
2) und

2H
tho

2usonanea

Ha
J
(HA)enpeehd =

btab!isatien

OH542R-6-3
60

RE (H)eep echd (H)ob4wed(R&-4

emwgy

AHH-28.6Kcal/mol

H4 y9.8Kcal/mol

Kcal/mol)
Col/mol

Kcal/mol

Benzene

R8 -28-6)x3t49
RE=-858+49 8
RE-36 kcal/mol
KCal/mol

1 2)

HOH RYP>9 HOH Pg

HOH / Pg>R HoH/ P9
3)

HoH ROP HOH R7Q>P

HOH/T 97P7R HOH/T PqR

hesonamc onu
UU
eleased/emgy d eunce b/o stoblRS
Cnovgy
amd hy bud w lm owñ as Rzs onanco stablusing
 RA Point
REX lactiv
eness of Rusonamc
<[oya)
2) 0m) O N
6xtemtemt RosonamC

) (e
Khachu

(P)
PR29
(0)

)
(R)

NH2 7
(Becau
OH

Nil
(
do mor
e eechue usononct
b
denahng
(Duut a 8A)A
A&N(0N> 3) outite
RS)
cq ,(Peya"P
aso um Benzema)

(Ring notAro ma
CHa 9 CH3 PhO Y8)
36qu (SRSon26qui Arom
Rs atie
9) They a somnd
 o Tntemg dliate
Stabiliy

Caxbocatie Canbamuen Radisal Pouam ag

(+)&DG 88
i0onicing
-)Ew +H+IJ
()+R,-R,
Tntic

+R+H, +IAroma -R,-I Hig hly

-Heily o Untable
i)Ribo +R,+H+I
 dpalicatien o SIR
(Roro)
tahility97P
2)
o
NMe2 NMe

R
Reo) 0ipde
Momunt>9P

NO2

N02
3 NO2

oo bend Lemgth
(C-N) U
(P70)

qHoup ize
AcidicStength Peuod &N.
RA Point
Acudic stungth o Ka L
PKa
HA H+A (CorugateBao)
1)SLR
i)H-Bondimg
Ka [H1[A KotCAJ
inCB oC8
stability
iü)Rabonanc CHA
H-bondung ot CB
iv)peconugaten ofAHomatuc pKa=- dog Ka
inAcid o EwG+R,+I

)
v)H-Bondug
vi)Tnducide
ae. d Qdtho Subhstitutod 8emzoic acids a
tR,+H+I EDO most acdic among us&mos (M,P)

1) HF HO HB
F C T57R9
2) CHy NH3 Ha0 HF OH DH QH OH

SR79P)
N02
3) H O
OH
H2S
HS
H (R79P) E) RNO2
(PRY97
(-T)
(PoM)

OH OH
OH

OH
H20 8) COoH Cooh

o
Ph-OH
OH o
CH CH3
5) CH3Co0H
2 eq
SOgH H20
-R)NO7
(Leq-
CRNO2
(2eg.)
CH3
2
e9) e)
(ey )

(9P>RYS) (g A>P7S)
 (Gy R P)
oCH3 (P9) ÇOOH CoOH
(PR9)
COoH
COOH COOH fooH

(P9R)
a)
Lo
(tH)
oro
12)OH

Ada: (PGR) (H-Bonding)

2016
O

13)CHs-C=CH HCECH CHCHa 4)CHgcoOH CHCHCOoH CHECCOo

$P
(9 PR) (Adv-2020) (Adv 2018) (9 RP)
CooH
IS)
Adv
2020(HOmate)
PhaC-H
Reso)
o CHy 16)
COOH

COÓH
H-bonding
HOOC (P4)
(Maleic acid) (Funvue acid)
(P>9R)S)

CoO CoOH ng
-CoOH
H-bonding
18) HCOoH Ph CoOH
AH-bondi Reso)
COOH Co0H (P9)
(Reso) (P>O) (x Reso)

Pxactical Qgomic Chemisty

U
HA B H B+A
stongacd weak acid

Souble uin NabH HA + NaOH

tho fawaHd NaA+H20
Hoacben ,HA must be AtH Ong eH tham H20
T onctisnmoves un fouoaHd aotisnthon HA s Souble in aq NaOH

Soluble un NaHC03z HA+ NaHC0g NA+ HCO3

faH 4auoand neben, HA mut be stronguH tham
H0 Co
CO2
NaHCO3
eactienmoves wn O aNd duiecien than HA
L BiskEexwe
Soublo u aq Na HC03

Ph-OH +0a0H Ph-oNa +H20

NaOH
QH

(Ogamic Solvent)
 3.0
Soubilihy8 Alkame< Alkene R-NH2 <R-8CH <H20
H 6-35 QH pH 15.7

<Ph-0H
9-95-10
NO2H2cog< O< NOz 2Rc00 H<
4
KS0gH
NO2
<HO OH ZInagamie oud
NO2
POM
Squaxie
acidHo o FoH (HCR H&, HNO3, H250y-) Porol
tho/Meta
 Basic Abiemg th od
(9)
U

edonatng tendomy
B H H
to am H
K CH8) pkbgb
CHJCBJ
R.A.Point
Qytho ubaituhd Bemzem
Bauic tmgth kb
Animp au Joast Badic among

PKb oth UBomoy (SolvationShoel

edenaity (localwed
&DO (+R +H +T)
&
8d(-R,-1)
EwH
Soluatisn eet(SIP)
NH2 CH2NHh

1)CHg-NH2 (CHa) NH (CHa)a N u)

[o) (G)PR)
(R0P) -H(Arem abic)
Ph-NH2 5)CHa-NH2 CH2NH CHENH
2)
H2
NH NH2
(P>g9R) (EN)
(Localised)
(P9R) NH2
3) FO Cge 8,
B R Prg
(Size] (PgR7S) N
H
 OH
1-763 6)

2 QH 7 O
COO

*When pH PKa hom, acid wll donate ib

Whaon Lcahion]=[anion]ham is kmoton as 201tFer 1on
atem
as ISoeloebue poin
whem Cahon)
*LwhemCahon max Luonman
anion thom pointuw
PRaPka
kmown

p la PkaPka)
2
9 NH2 NHB wn aquous SoluhOn

CODH CoOH NH2

RH
2 NH3 1 12

COOH COD n COD

2
23 2
3
Na
NH
COOH

CooH
)
2
1oKH

HOOC
CO0

COoH
3
12
UH2

C00H
)NH
COO
COo

HOoC COOH

1 CooD ONH
COD
12
Coo-2 Co0w
NH2

HO1OY Coo 2 CDOH Coo

HO

1200 NH2
COo
 et*tt*
Soluathen ect
Bauie bumg th of Amuna in Dater CH3-NH-CH3 CH3- N-CH3
CH3-NH2

-
cH3
H.
-o. Pg7R o 3°22°
H
0-H
CHa-N HOH H20 172*73° Solvahion hhoc Hbond

H H Net 412°>
1°3° Me
H
273°1° &+
ONth Subatiuted of Anilime 0 Ost Badicameng u womas (PlM).

NH3
o
NH2
H+.
O
Backo aHd
duo to JoastSo lvaton

NH2 NH2 NH2

9) Ph-NH2 Ph-NH-Me
+T)
Ph-NSMe),
Me t7)|),
0 (o
N02

(R4P) (PN02 (M) NO2

(P97R)
Me-N-Me Me-N-Me Me-N-Me
NHa
Me N Me
NO2 2)
NO2 NO2
N02 (47P)
No2
(P9)A) (STR aec) (Dato Bulkroup at N)
()
13) (sP)
N (SP) (SP
AHDA)
NH PygYP)
(Sp2)
Roso
H H H
(R)(dl) uho
hail R 7P)
1s)

NH2
N (Rao) R 2

H H (RY P7g)
 TautomeUm
desmolnopy
044cdN aten a migation am atom bond u kmoun as lauutomusn
30 OH 1)Diad -ohan migalion tokas plars
HaC--cH HsC-C CH2 bahoean boo aty
STPAototuoPH) H-CEN NA
(Catio
notoPH)) tokas
B-whan migyotien place
2)Tuad
OH betipean tHoD Cdormy
OH/H20 30 PH
HaCC CH2-C-CH3
(enol)
8)Spac g-whan miguatientakos placa
HoEI) Ho (O1 booewn mau than thus atom.
50 OH

HC-C-CHs CH2-CHa
H
nol Tautomrism
*Keto
Carbamon a emolade ion obtained
Ezist us dynamie equillbrium (awke)
RA TUGHAD
hemove the H ,sothat corjugote base willshow Kesononce wlth elacdonegalive
afom (0,N,S-)

9
(4)
T D

(4) 6)
T P
( (1| ) (7)(88 T
(3) H 3)
12)
3)
)H--H (X) ( (x)(o) 13)X
(6) (5)
O (3 T2)
3)H-H (3)(3) 13)10N
2H ()(5) (99 (a)

(6) (S) 9)
(5
(e) (4)
4 (x) (O)

lo) (2)
(x)
(x) (o) 15) FO ((o)
H
(3)
(4)
 Deubuium Enchamge
OD
OD/00
H3C-C-CH3
long tim DC =C02
1
SHim
HaC--CH CH3--CH0 C03--C03

Yaxm (-ve) & duauo RS, (3)

a
pMouido 'D'
at which (-ve)
pasent duum
Rabonam
3) (3) ( (H)

(1H-7D) (13H-160)

of kato
Stability &mol
0 OH

enol
Aldthyde Reto
(1120k3/mol)
(I1
60 K3/mol)

enayall Kado u m@ Stablo than emol

Kuo enol
OH
7.enolX aHomatuC emd

( (
99-97

1,2-dicorbony!(yclic)
(1007.
Kato)

Cl007.
enol)

1,3-di covwbonu
0
OH O
(767)
 HALOAIKAN6 8HLOARENEs (01)

(BimolegularNucloophaliebubabtulion (u)) 9Nu@) 1

CH3 CH3 2Nucdaophlieily
TT

l
OH
Reactien
C o 6 3)Ateuie Hindaram
A 4) Tpdaney TT
D HOD
w T
inwesion)
x CH3 CH3
Mechamum-
+oH Cww +X
HSX HO D
D CH3
x Hghly Unaab
HO
*Sp2 hybuidsed
D 10 Valncoe
H
30-4e0 bond.

SN s a Aungl tep aetion.

No corboc cionda ho vuavamemurb
Anion likocharacdey un S
*T:S s 3C-ye Bond

)A
sp hybidued T-s.
E CO stahlze the 7-S
o
oSN o Hato o R Uno
Waldom Inuesion A mist
Bond Tnuexsion takas plact h
Kimctic Tsotopiceet
(x)
* PE-dagram

elamandal ot oba0Ued, (cac)m u

 8 HRLOARENES(02)
A

Unimoleeuday
HALONUKANES

NuclaphulieAubatitubiem (SN)) A CH3

CH3 CH3
Raachen
A C PPs (Ha0) C Ph

PH x Dalacbuo ConsdauPh
OH

182) (Inweuien
Polaxity (Retonti n)
Machamisnm- CH3 CH3
Dgul
HH H
He0 0-H
Ph
C
H0 H
H
Sp2
*plama Soluation Eng
*Coubocatuon

CH3
CH3 CH3

+Hao C n ph
Ph
OH HO
Ph &t
*Emamtiomars
Two stp vuactorn Racomic Miztww
Casbo catien as ntemodiato
emont passibl. X
Riawamg
Raemid Miztww Obtainsduoh VUN o Au tg
*No Kumatie Isohpic Eect
* Unimoleculay Reachion
Rato laud
Ract o Rx
HKLR-XJ Psudo
= k/R-xJ[PPs),

Polavihy o Soluent LnS LOO7.

I do edcher
Racsmie mixtwo not obtunod
Stability Caubocation Ph
E DO
Bond Dusoiatien
Me C
t Me E Me

Leauing Cvoup emdom cy

Tntimato Ton pau)So)uentSepavalod
pai
Ton paiy on pai)
Both unuewion Red enien 0btainod
TighTon pain)
Guaph of Rxn8- * Tn Snd, maw
Inwenw n , lessrotemy On

(SelventSepenabd) (Cempleto)
(Tnhimat)
PE RD

R-x 271 987

P.0-R. Net TnueI®n = 49 +2 s17.1, 497 R
 aetouso S amd S)t

1)
Atuetw o Jubatato
)SN Ranctien 8 (dess dtndovad)
N
Ph
ph CH2C
OPh H
H
1M0

b CHgC Nu- H H

)
u Me
AMe
e

Me
).C
d)
Nu
Me
--u
Me
R09

OMe

Me-0-CH2C AA

Rate o Raactien
ab c<ecd
) SN Ronotien

3- 1-3,Me-0-CH2-X
X,2-X,

R-oR dab
e
2)Natu oLiauingtouP 3 Nabow oluemts

qood Moderato 1)SN Rano PAS

PooT

-C -F i) Sya Raac" PPS

N2 OH
oulb
) Natueeo Nueloophile
-I -0R )SN2 Ras Yood Nu@
ONS -0Bs SNL Reaen weak Nu
-oTF -0Ts SR2 S) Buanchimg-
OMS i)Su2 Reocben 3 2eIBManchimg
i)
Sp Roae Mavo Bamoh
maa dusocraten

SN2 SN
ED/6w &wb ED A
a Tendam a Hgh Lo
Solvent PAS PPS
tuincyamee Los
High
CNut) qvod Weak
Nucdeophiliaity Hgh
B am chung Less MoHO
 o

) Reoctiem with Ag

-F R-F
1OMF
pplicatien

Swavctz Raaotien
SN)

I
Halogen Exchange
*2, Sbf3Cof2

KEN R-CN
funcional
AgcN:R-NCuomu Ambidertata
Nuelesphile o
oill
KANO2 R-ONO
funchional
AgNO2 R-NO2 isomu

Dry Aga0 R
o *2CH2 CA2
H
Pow doi
CH2 =CH2

Mauh Hq20 R-OH 2 Powclo6 Ag

CHC
CH aCH

Ag Pouoder R-R

I NinXSN

)
heactien8
2fumk elstoin No
R-X+Na Renelion

R-X Na T Hcepra RINux,aj *Inuesion

yO
o
(Covadet Maxa)
* Jajan Rulo-NaI a)6
O
ationpet(niax)
O

* ving avofoum

aR-a
3SN
20 SN[SN Rso) H, pEls RCA

SN2 Nu) PCRs R-

SOCP2
SN(d good, PPS) OCE R-CR
lBpidin yR-
#(Reactien,
with H-XK

Geacton 8 R-OH+Hx R-X + Ha0

oohot
Machamum 1) R-OH +H-X (ROH2)
2)
RtoH 2 ids
Hds R + He0 (2,3
3) R x R-X
* Caubocalion Tntewmacl'at di
ReanHamgemomt Pasiblason
Su2 s -x 8SA s 20-X3 3-x
*Rato o Renation a ewmt
cdlilt R-oH
8-oH
2-0H 10H CH-o)
SN2
*Rado o Renotien farHX

(HIY HB HC HB

*Dexemt Conditiens u HX 9

HT mo conditien(Na1/HsPo)
HA Constant heat Na&/ H3foy ¥ Vab/2 ) aA a
3)HCO H0, A (70boak HC), H0A(A4c3 Sbca,Feclg,ZnCa) dy HCe
(LUCAS TEST)

Poc8 R-OH H0 tZn CR2) R-C qHooUe s PHocess

Solubloio lucas Inboluubl0 um
Reagent
Lucas Lucs
(whibo tuebiduhy) Atab.lih
p
cdopemd Kdo hai
3-0H mmd eb (So)
20 -0 S-7minutos (S)
-0H No d(n)
tweielihy Sp?)
at Room
Temnp exatwrp
tReaction with Pus

Reachen& R-OH + PCI3 R-C2+ Ha03

Mechanusm1) R-oH +PCO3 R-o +3C
H
w2
RGo-e
o P-0R +3ue 3R-OR+ Ha PO3

H
Druving foicwl b aumatien P-o Bonol

* SN aootien Occws
Inueion Occus
we Cam allso usMd Rad P+ CW2

6 timos SN Henetien takas plac.

Me
19
PR3 2)
HOH
OH

3) PR3

F(Roactienwith PIs

Reaction 8- R-OH + PRs R +H +PUs

Machanism-1) R-OH Py R--P H

2RL- H
PU
Co
R-l+
C9
R +H + PoC

R-OH Ah ows SN2 machamusm

achen s amauen aP-0
*Dquingfaxci ot
takas attack
* Incas etheH fut attack s SN2 so inueem plac and seeond

SN NHP SwSo etenien takas plac

(axzon PHoces)

Raachen- R-OH + Sou2 R-0+HC T tS021

Mechamism
)R-OH+ R-O-S R-0+S,.+HCAT
C

2)R-0-St R- +S02

BB ,BF
-ö 4 MCTS Coneted Meehamsm
* SN inteunalnuclhophil
Ce Bs * Redention

wih Pypidima)

R-OH stce R-0-o+Ha Ca

Papidim

C CoSR- + So,+ CR * SN mechaniam.

*Pepuiduni ay Net3 can bo used

AAK
Inu ewnoh
akas place

(ALRylie lcohel)

CH2 CH CH2-OH
SD2.

8 A So SO2
XH MCTS
+SO2

S X6MCTS
soC2
SA
oM
BF
 Aumma Me
+ SOCl2
H-OH

chimne AQeye -0H

Pyuy

Me
Me -CH CHCH2 CR
Me *SN H*SN2Tnu
H Ratemtion exi@n SN
D
D

CA
OH HC SN
ZnC2N

PCRs
*SN
C
PRS KSN
rC
SOd
*SN
SoCa 1 *S2
Pgydieoufk
#Cloawogn Eher)

By HX

Jugaad R-0R R-CH NH 0H

R-CH R-0-R'
Ho JHgo OR' HX
R-OH+R-OHR-CHH +NH3 T R-OH + R'x

R-CHO + R'OH
R-CHO R-X +R'oOH
 Meehanim
Mlcehanium8- H- R--R +)N, Maun&
Chock
Chock fo
far
R-0-R'
H/H0
R--R (H20)PPS to boak

Caat
1-OH
TC t31 (SN

o{3°)H2o (19
Stabl 1-OH 3-OH (SN4)
Cahen
not always

Ca 2
1-oH+ f-1
(sN
-0-
1-0H+1°-OH (SN)

1-020
H
Heo
I-T +2°-0H(Su) lo
SN SZ PRs?
OH t2-0(sSn)
Ha0 Sw Sw

I
IPPG)

Cene Hx/Colcl HX/ HX (1en,)Saums.

HI,A Hot HXHI(enCos) Same

Anhydyow HX alvay) hous SN 2

1 20
HL I*7OH
Ho oH OH

H
Ha0
T OH Ph-0k
H1 PhOH

H3oPhoH
OH

OH+ OH
6) Ph-0-Ph No Reaa"
H CH3 T+ CH3CH20H
9) 2) CH3-0-CH3 HLCHOH +CHaI .
H0 CHs0H +CH3 CH,OH
HCCH30 H
 o
Avomate
(Bimoleculay Nucleophllic Subahiltien)
NQOH, 623 K,300atm
Reactien
2) HO

Mechanm C oH C OH OH
C
OH
RDS

2 OH7
-C
OH
o9Na Caubomn
m complex
HO Lo EW at oP w
a
inctoaso ab

*Caxbanien Intewmediata

foHmatien of m-complax us RDS

*Racto acien ctm
stahility
0- oS
-Complex (anien)
stability 8w at @utho Poxa
pasitieri
EDo o DaavingOup

-1
Ewy at 0/P poaitionwl
hact odauing roup ww
F
(AH- AH-0
Unta

7
as Hato o oaction SA
una asthe ato
A-BM 7 A-I
S
 ation Rancion)
(Bimolecuda Elimin

Roactien
Ha H AD

Hak BB
Machanism-a)
BFBB

Hb bb bb
bf

XAg KoH Ale KOH NaOH/ Ha0 NoOHR-0H

Nu Nu6

Modaxat Bas sbieng Ba #Poor Ba

RO B,oH,
NH2
0Na NR3, SR2

KOH/EOH Alc KOH 080AB "Conwded

BO Machanwm

Kaavhg baou

x
Casa 1-Moderato Baso
us vey 900d
a ng)tp)mohen deaving roup

tala willdok dikee4

lo Ttanudion

catien ika
C CS+
C

pHoduc us caeiclodl al
butabillh
Ma @
AOkama
 69
gNp tohen earing goup as modex at
Maj@H

-
PHocluei
B

-c c x
alkeno lke 7-S

(83
daciclod by l

Ro
2) Ro

Cpg whon auing group w

vey poo0T.
pMOduet wl br
May@x
dacicdid day slabili

Ro

Case 2 sbiong Ba A
AO
o NaNH2, NEt3,DBN, LDA SLA
L01o
a)dp g- tohern
eng base w taken

8
Ece iko

x 658-

tBuOO

stbHong stabiluhy
Baaa
Base
100d (ALkame
4tability
Modonate Mo dayato

(Base
Atability
XPo@
 H20
OH

H20,A

etoNa,
9

uONa,A

NaT,
2Et0Na,A (e)
Ce
AAFf

(8) HBuonM, AM
D Wa,
2 HBuONa,A

#(Hotmam &xhaustwe Mathyl atien Emimatisn -)

Machamus m
CHt CHa pCHa
CNH2 NH o Me
Me VMe Me3/

NMe3
TO04 Me3
+N Me3

Broaking R-x Bond by (NH3) ammonia mo lecules us own as Hmono au

R-X
R-X NH3
R-NH2 R-XR,NH-
(2)
R3N X(R,N®)x©
(1) (3)
Xfov 1 amune, exces af ammonua us takan
aton "amd Gridatieno! Alcohel
(O
OxidahenReduelion
*RCHp0H R-CHo RcOoH
OH
XR-CH-R R--R No ozidatibn/NoReaclien

OH

No Reactien/No eidaien

XCH3OH HCHO HCOOH Co2

-OH Cowbo ylic
Acid
KMnOy 2-0H KKutor
9
2)KaCH,07 CH30H CO2
R-CHO R-cooH
um acatona
3) CHO3 AaSo

4 Poc )ngo) 1-OH Aldahyd

5)PCc +H0+CHO'3)Mld ecidizung
2-OH Ketene
un amhydicda
2 CH-OH faumalduhyde
6) CoHDg Wgernt
X
R-CHO

7) NBs

8 Cu, 300'c clohydbvogmatien

OH H 300'C

OH 0

OH OH
OH(1-3)
OH

rH
OH

(GA 300 c) (4-7)

 XRencts nly wth
Mala prade eachien ufcinalunchienal
QHoup
R R HLO4
Ranctien-
R-CHO +RCHO0
syn u aclien
HO OH

Mechamism

Jugaud

HoCCH2 1
H-CCH HaC CH2
OH OH OH 0 NH, OH
OH OH OH OH OH
OH OH OH

2HCHO HCHO CoDH 2HCoOH 2 HCHO

OH 0H

K HLO4 CHa CHO + CO2+

CHgCH2 CHO
 Reduetisn
OH

O(Leg) R-CH~R R-CH-R

0 RO (eace 11

R-C-H-
0
H(encs
HO (1eq)
R-CH
1
H R-CH2OH
 -(Le)R-C 0 H0
2) R R3C-OH

R-C-R RSeac
1

PH
H(excas
R-C H R-dH-R
HO(ezCL)

en R H0 R-C-R

3) R-C-ca KO (encus)R-? R R-i-R R-R

R-CR
R
02
He(10
R-CH R- CHO

0
HO (ences) R-c50 OH
R-CHR-dH H20 RCH,OH
H H RC2

RO (deq)
R-C NH2 Ha0
R-cFNH R-C-R
R R

8O(eacy R-CN H20 R-CNH R-E-R

R
4) R-CEN
HO(1e2) R-CH=N H20 R-CHo

HO(er R-CH=N R-CH-NH2 R-CH2 -NH2

 amd us doivalue
oR (x) Aphamol

R- HO
(
wes

eu ey
neubyal

OH
feCla

Came
bst
Test
HOup

(
R-Mg-X
*Ra Cd (1eq)
iAIHy (H1,enco0us)
* NaBHy (H1,ene43)
X BaHs (H1,excow)
* DIBAL-H (H,ieg,)

(Aaduetien by mutallie Hyduicles

(x DuheHame % 01BAL-H)
(*diMHy)

H
NaBHy )
8H) x iBu
HOH H
kH-H iBu
A-H LH H H

* oFgh Reactuity dow Riootivity

*eledophulie * yLHO
Ronat withallF
udubn
* Raacts enly with React with HD
* Sama ambwty
R-COCR RCHOH
Paut o? OH ab KiAlHy
R-CHO RCH0H
NCont ouning-NHa 9H Not Raad with
R--R R--RR R-COCQ

R-C N-R RCH,-NH-R

Wrgamomatallie Compound

Compoumds hauing C-mata berno aa kmo wn a drgamomatalllo comp6 umd

(* Maa AEn.m@t donie

(&mona aaotwe RNa RA RMax Ralukl,

Rz2n R2Cd

i)
R-Mg-X gnad Keagon Haed Nu 4eak Na

1) RaCuLi lmam Reagpn

KCo
yommn
Rtacts ©nly, with acid halido 8 only ono.

.2R-Mgx+ cdCl2 RoCd

CHard) (Sof) +2MgxceR
RaCd +R-coC
e)
R-Gk
Gignaxdheagent)

*RMgx us an @ganomctallie Compound amd a wouwet canbanion.

RMg
* In uneut ,
@lvent ut eubt as dume.
2RMgX MgX2 Dime

R X RaMg

Seaction s!Grignand

Acid-Baso
 (Reduotien by Rool P/HIWKR& CR

)Rd PJHI (T0AIRT feagont)

CHO

H OH
HO- H
H OH
Red P/HI
H OH

CHOH

Clummomcem Raduetien Kishaneh Reduetion

hengento Zn-HlHC 1)NaHy 2)8, [ethulemaOdeol)

H H
H H
unchion
(ALd;Keto
(ALd,Katone)

Tntevmedi ad|e Radical Corbanuon

aeidie me duum (HU) Basic medium

Maduum

Cautien Acid Aemaive toup must not be

thee
zn-an-
HCA wR
 henctien)
Nuelaophalie dddtien

+(Acdditien o Hyobtogun (yamicle

qanide 0H
H HCN -CHCN
stgh B
o) H R-CH
&ught Baae CN

b)
R-CH~CN
HCN R-CH
RThis Haetion occuws Veu Nouly with pun HCN
Ruaeten s catalsd
0
base dtsmat tN
XEzamplk o Nuelaophulie Adduien RLastien

(Additiendodium Hydogem Aulphie

a9 NaHS03

OH
oH)

) C0
OH R-CH
-0
R-CH -OH white
SOgH R-CHsof Na Custals.
csusta
Ezampl Nuelopphilic Additien Raaetien
whit cystalinepHoluet obtaunad vh0 wt caum
ba usad a. speration am
Puueaton o cldahy da
Couystallune compund watuH 60ubl
Raaeten cam be backw and u acide basue meduum ad ded

a1) allaldahyds (-CHO)

Thus dust us guem by
2)all mathyl
katons(--cHs)
 (Addiion NH2-I)
NH2-2 R- N-Z
R H pH:4-S-6:0

)
R
NH2-2
R-CH
0H
NH-Z
PH 4.S-6
b)
R-CH 4O R-CH= N-Z
NH-2
ed by lominalen
umvolu es nuelaophilieadditien yallow
Raacten ciy
de umuuase aleotiophili
us catalysed by acid
Ranchen em othaxs.
us ed distinctionot cabony (A,K)
*RA-ONP dest 4
c=N-z awows
tho biuum
eguilli ow and.
owand.
foumalien e
PHocluet nam
Nama Corbony Deivatwe
eag ent
NHg-"z2

-H

-R

- OH

-NH2

-HN FILLITPLEASE

-HN NO2

NH-CNH2
 (Additien dlcohol)
alAatas
Alduhyd K Ketal
OR
R'oH
R-CH
Keta-OH
R-O R-CH
R-CH-R'
0R'
OR
HO al.
*Hami -aeltal acot
Ketene

0H R-04 R R
R
R oR' HH R OR
*Eeess oalcohol
Atoichomotue
8oth acatal amd kutal ar
Caubony oqw ead.
atable unalkali
a Bas
*ass undeud Cakbo ny and Alcohol aa
ALO hemi acetals gwes eguer
pasitwe 1ellen'
tast
*Reaotien can bi used to patect moe taaehwe gHouyp.

##
(Addibien oHa
Hg
Hg0 OH
Reacton R-CHO R-CH
0H
HCHO H20/H HCH
HCH04 OH

2) CH-CHO H2olH CH3-CH3 0H

OH
HQ
3) H20 HO9

C
4) CAa-C -CHO20IH -C -CH 04
OH C C-CH
( -
H
) =0 Ha0/HO
OH

0 H
 idalien f Aldahade)
Tollem'sTeat
2)ehlung's
Test

* Tallen's
heagemt Ammo nieal gNO0s

2a(4a),7@OH Slue MuuaH

Basie Moduumn 3)Ag(NHs)® Test
4) A0/0H
Jallen'samatlen)

+ +
1)2AgNOg 2Na0H Ag20 2NaNog +Hg0
ii)
AgO +4NHa +2Na NO 3 +Ha0
2/(NH) 2/NOg + NaoH
(OuexalldGeaclien)

2 Ag-(NHa)2 + R-CHO t30H 2 Aq (8) + 4NH3 +R-cOo +2H0

allaldahyda
-CHO pTt faumuic
aoid (HC-OH

Homi acatals
-CHO Jayms
R-CH
B RCH-0
RCHo
6oR
eactien
hycboy Caxbory t Ph- NHOH
0

Temuin alAlkana(R-c
ECH R-czce)
huta Ppt yanmad

Jehlung Jest fehlumgA (uSo (Bluscolay)

ehtung B-)CoONa
CHOH
ut2
CHOH

CoOK

Roschol!salt
 Renctien
R-CHO+2u*2+5H RCOO+ u0 +3H0

*Tehlung ullnot ucluee with compo und hauing.no -H (liheatomate aldahyda)

en-PhCH CHO PhCHO
OH

#othor's
1Benudiet Test (ibvat ad) s
COOH
HO Cco0H
COOH
sam umeion a
2) Hgla thot
ahing
3) Haz2

Dus to Slg basue mocdium ,t Can+ Laet wth hemiocuta

2
eg
CH3-CH
OH
OCH3
CHa-CHo() Ph-CHo ()
NH2 NH2

S02 Colouluy bolulen RCHO RCOOH+Punk Colow.

(behu's Reagamt)

NH,C

p-Rosonilune Hydochlaid

Magenda Colowrfuschum
 +(Oridatisn
of hetone

K2Cox207/A
QH CHacoOH+ CO2
KMnOy A
O
OH Oxidatuwe
Oxidahe
O2onyliys
3) OH LO0H CoOH

1 O CHgC00H +coOH +C02

+
CoOH

H
COOH

7CoH+CH C00H
OH
CooH
OH

OH
cooH
CHCOOH
 CavboylicAcid
) Acidl Halid(R-e-x)
2)Acid Anhydýds (R-t-o-2-R)
Hydrolys
3) Amids (R-C-NH2)- Hyduolynis R-CoOH
4) Eatey IR--0-R)-
Hyduo Lysu
S) Cyamide (R-CN)
6 Isoynade(R-Nc) R-NH2 + HCOOH

R-C-u H*/H20 R-cooH +He

O
OOH H0 R-COoe +H CO

2 H H0
R-CoH
0l-enHIH20
2R-Co

3 R--oR HOH0 R-cooH +R'oH

OH/e0 R-coo +R'OH Saponilueation

4 R--NH HO/H20
4) R--NH2 R-coOH NH3

OH/H0 R-cooe +NH3

H
5) R-C =N HOH R-c =NH R-C -NH2 H2O
R-CO0H +NHg3
OH
(amida)

H/H20 R-C0 Rcoo +NH3

NH2

6)R-NEC /H20 R-NH2 HCOOH

 8TS
957 H2 $0y R-CooH

R-CEN
98 H2So4 R--NH2

ea HO CN COOH

9S7. HRgboH
HCN
NacN H2 Soy

Prapanation of Acid dvuvatiw s

Acid Halids:
SoR2/Pa3/Pus
R-C-OH R-C-R

2) Acrd Anhydbids
O

2R-C-0H dohdalingear R--0--R

PCls/DJ

3)Amide
R--OH NH9, R--NH2

R--oNH

C00H NH3 cooN

O COOH coo NH
(Phgthaluc aeid) Ammanium Phthalato) (Phthalomida)
(Phthalimilde)
ONH KOH
EtOHo N-R

Po KOH/H20R-NH2 COOH
cooH
GabriulPhthalimida)
mina yndhasis
1)KoH/ EtOH
N-R 2) R-x CO0H
+R-NH2
3)KoH/H20
H2O COOH

Best muthod de ynthobus pumay amum

X SN moch amum

XLnweAIOn taos placo

xOnty H,0 mut not takemeftho acidie o basc me dum tokam arHyduolykus
fou aeld bat,alcoholie KOH s takom

) Cyomida

R-C-OH
) NH3
R-CEN
2) Pls
Pa0s l

5) Tsocyamids

R-H R-NC
6)Eatex-
*fouuhy bmull
R-C-OH R'OH/H R-Ë-OR*POC
ROADH
R-Coo
Ho (aeid Bac) (Ho H)
R--0H
R-c-S

R-OHa
not possible un basic midum
* Esterilcatienus
*Vauos Mechanism iko AAc, Apc2, AAL, AA 2 a paAble
pasuyble

Alcohol ub voquuiy ed
*Ercoss
with alctho uwe cam use Acz0/Py-
1 AcC/Pyu o R COOH/H*
 Soda dime Jecaubezyation)

feaction&R-8-ONa NaOH
CaO,
R-H +Nag CO3

H-OH
MachamumRE C02 R

2R--OH CaloH)2 R-C-R +Ca CO3

Co 2 R-8-R+ Coco3

R-Cfo0

&3:1 eNaOH Cao takom ospectiuely

*Caubanien us obtauned a nteme odiato

Stabilty (9 7Ra
*Dakuo od Daged alion

C00H
NaOH
Ca 0,

1)
NaNH2,A
CH3 Ho0C COOH
2 2)Fe Tuba
3) KMnOy CH3 COoH

4) NaOH/Co0,

9)
NooH

1u1
Br Co0,
 B
COoH
KoH
2 00C o B1
Ph-CE C

s)CH CO0H NaDH

CHy
Cao,

6)
COONa

(Resb) COONO

*RCH20H Pi R-CH2C

XRCH20H Rad PU2 R-CH2 C

*R-CH2 CO0H PO'3R-CH2-Co

*R-CHaCbOH Rod P/CR2 R-CHCOC R-CH-COOH
Sus Heaeten maum Rud P umuted Omomd 2
mum hota hai Ow C2 enass mum.

AidictHalof@wm ) Br2
OH

CHC0oH
B
O O
Genetien 8 2)
Bxz/CH3 COOH B NOC
N =0

N-OH
Mehausm
O OH

1 B B
c:OH
QH
B
N-OH
N=0
NANO2
NO2 HU NO2 N0 2
 (HUZ Reactien
C
feaeten R-CH2 COOH Radl P,U2 H
R-CH-CO0
2) H0

Mch onusm QH
1) R-CH» -=O Rud PU2 R-CH2 --0
PU3

R-CHa -- O

VoH t R-H-C-o R-CH-CBOH

RfCH C-e
teache
examplo leobuophiliesubaitutien

Renctens used pay halogomation o -Caub en

s used.
* Catalysthe amown
Rod P& excoss of C

*NCERT7 ubes Hz0 but i nmay

H may notbe guwen ACH2C=0 o
L)H/D
Incas T2, Simmonini eaehon s wd CH3 COOH 2)
2) 2
) Hz0
CH2--0H
 He atmgg

B-Y Unsatuvaad Acid ( enlleHaad)

OH OH

+CO2

OH O

coH lc0 +CO2

2)

C
HO CO2H

COH
+yCO2

O
3) 0H
HoHo- +H20
HRO
O
HO
0
2) coOH -cooH Coo
icauboxylieaeid ,CooH cooH
Cco
COo coon coou -coo
P
cocH
Coon
M S A
(Aelipic)
Sueeinic) (Glulonie)
(Padmulic)
(Oxalie)
)
(Malonic)
(2) (2) () (S)

-C02 -Ha0 -Co2 H20

3)H dyoxy Acid Amuno Aid-

o
-H2O) (-Ha0)
(-H20) (-Ha0)
(5) (6
(3 (Rumg)
(Ackome) 0
6 Rumg)
 (AldelCondams
alien)x NODH
feactien
-CH3 -CH0 NaOH CHs CHa-C-H
Ha
CH3-CH =CH-CHO
CHa-CH=CH-CHO OH

x
CH-t-H oH
Machamium- NuG OH
EH2--HCH,z-HCH¢H
Hds
o $0mot)
xCHa--H +CHa-ë-H CH3-CH-CH2-CHO
SS+
* (H20)
OH
CHg-CH-CH2-CHO CH3-H-CH2CHO
*CH3- CH
-CHh-CHO0H0CHg-CH-H-CHo Bldo)
CHaCHtOH CH3-CH= CH-CHO
OCH-CHO
*Nuclso philieadditien us RDS
A KOH
*Complatu vouexaible
*Tnstead GNaOH,
K2 CO3
Hhuse Cam alsobe usad. NazCO03
*Reacbtien nvolues Na Hco03

a) AB Tndex a.ctien Oo (OH)2

b)Na Add
Ba(oH), *Commonly used
c) Acid Base
d) Acid Base(-)

e) ELimunatien (dehudratien) Jec

#JUGAAAD8-
Ph OHph Ph
cH3 CH3

9 NaOHID

NoOH/
OH
 CH3-NO2
+ NoOH/A
e
02 CH2 CH3
0CH-CH3 NO2
CHa-CHO0
(ubroAldsl OH

NO2
0
8 NOOH/A

C x Intuomoleculan
ALdsl
HO

O
9

Thbamo leeudlan

*Claisem
Eto

1
CHg--oR Uaus em
CH3
CH3
RO 0o OR
)Ph--H 0
CH3-C-0-C-CH3
Cumnamue acid
Perkum Condomsalo n
CHa-Coo (AcoS)
OH

0 D-Ph Ph Ph
 (HALoFORM KeACTLON

feaclen Na0H
R-C-CH3 X2
R-C-ONa + CHX3
Mochamam
R--H3
1)--CH
3
NaoH R-t-cH Xy R-l-ChHaX
O
2)R--CHaX NaOH o_P-CHX XE R-c-CHX2
3 R-CH X2
NaOH
R--Ex,
KEX R-l-cx3
)R-cr/OHR-- HCx Halafavm

ChlauolaAm

*CH3 +02 phasqam qas

Paisom

thamol added um chlaxofaum bottle

tOH
Eto OEF
*Chlaxolaum usad a (Aingasthasia/tnas-thetie

tolnappumg

(Todoaum

dssed as Anbseptie

*Todaaum has speciliecolow ellous ytal

* U.aed un POC
 SUMMARY)

Make itBy your Own

CamnizaHo Reaotion

heactien
- H-CHO
NaOH,
7S0.
A
HCooSNa +CH20H

Machamu m )H--H OH,A H-C-H

S07. OH

2- OH
+HH H H-C-OH + CH30

3)
H-COH +CH0 HcooO +CH30H

HCOOk
(oxidatiem) hedox DuspHOpavdhonah on
HCHO
eachen
CHgOH
Reruatisn
xHadudo us RDs
migratien Kumaiic usblopie oof
ED ur'oudas4s thu Hale o xm ObsOxwed
I+ O cCus un Cas0 no -H
 (HopPmann BHomamjde Degudatien)

Reacien- R-C-NH2 NaOH

R-NH2 +Na2 CO3

MAchomusm
1) R-C-NH2 HR--IHB R--NHB
O
2) R--NH-B NoOH
RYC-Ng8
R-N=c =0
(Akluoynate)
(wal feanHamg eman) *ntbmodato *
2NaOH
3) R-NFC=0 R-NH2 + Na2 C03
H DH
H OH

KIntemecliaaoblaunod db R-N=C =0
* Reawamgenont Complotely umbiamoleculooy procos

uung walamgemomt, cenuquwyaton noyeH chamges

I
Mighatien el e
mole of BH2 and
duleiontN (nibene)Liko takes
mole Na0H s takom
plac
 Poymy o)

gowc (SUunis uimabion)

Natuxal tnt XHePE

u ostmoroy (P) Ad didion(C=c)
Roheins,
Cetulas NalunalRubbor,BUNA
Sfaxch,Resim,Rubbe BUNA-S, Neoptornd
somi-yntsbic
Rayen (&lidaseaeslato),
Btnchecd fibra(9)
PAN
Cu0dudaso nurate LOPElon,ogatex,
Synhetie hoxmoplashie (R) Condombabion
YCuoss linkod
Plasthie,Snthete fibres
Poyethana,Polystyren
Rubber
Synthetic
PVC,Poptopert
Thowmo
setiumg(S)
Jalo-dioM
g *Bakelito,Malomin (Bakelitb

(Addition

1)CH2
Polymir

£CH2 JuRad'cCHCHa
d
Polyme
IS98IP
Homopoymo

(&thoma)
(Polyethema
CH2-CH2 CH2CH2 CH-EH2

CH3
2) Homo poynw
CH3-CH=CH2
(PMopene)
CHCHa7
CH3 HoPAD oyPpasfibas
CH3 bypropene)1
CHg-CH -CH2 OCH-EH2 oCH-CH2

Ph
3) Ph-CH=CH2 inbulato
(Atyrena) CH-CH27 axapping matexial
Ph * Haio nd telouision
cabinates
ph-CH-CH2 OCH-CHz (Poy Styren
*Homopoy me

KPoly ethomo CH2CH2 WHIZ CH2CH27

Ph--ofo-t-Ph
h
2 Phfcoo
dowaTensty emsuby

CoT CH2CH2,
-C02
CH-CH2 Ph
2PhO
 Polyma (02)

Denaity Polythrne(DP) (H De)

tihDensiby Polyethema

ihie DPE
Poor Cenduele o Eluchu. Had
Plastie
tles (Clo0packung
Toy
Dustb ins ete
*Buckots,
Hjgh 8 Rih Prussu
Tempevakuxe
lo
*Loco Tompexatuu
8tou
lo
f Radical,H absbractien
Tempeuelsu 3 Possu
Tu
Bxanchcd *Zingley Nalta (TICty,AR EH3)
XLine a

CHaH- CN
Aecilonibule 7tCHa-CH* PAN (PyRayto udbvil)eols
*F
F2
*Tebaluoethun CF2 CF Teplon *Non-Coated
oilsinl
CH CH-a *
Goskat
*Ufny Chlaide
CH-CHCH Pvc Poly
Ving Chlarids)
*Pipes
Raim cokts k0atypr0o
CO

OR
y Bags

CH C 0

- CH2NH2
2) Polym CH2
OR

NH-CHa

inal c0
NH-CH3

NH2
dA

NH
NH LLc-0
NH2
NH2
 Poymey03)
CHg

3)Palyme
Ph

Ph--CHa-CH3 Ph

ISo pem
Shoos
/mHomopdy
1
moy
4,14-Polsopropeni

(al
nabuyal
all
cs, dwams)
Gatta Purcha

H uwbbey

ST

/Ni
H2
Os/zn,H2o

* polymo
(PHopem
*Copolyrme
mace, o
8 elheme)
)
Hc OHC
o
Pertamal
(*4-0Xo-

#anthetieRubbe)

BONA-N
BONA-S
Neppkomg

C Hoylonuilo

(ch8oxopano

Ph m ua

N
(noppome)
H2
CO

C-CHCH2
(viny!
chdwide
+CH2 CH2

etheme
 Polamovslo9 U.ss
Name
MonomoH Name Poyme
Poly ethme
Ethome

m(CH2=CH) FCH2-CH2

olseals,
Potyebrau Teplon Gaskets
n(CFa-CF) Hetheni CFa-Ch27 Non-tuck
Swaee.

AcHylo- Substihibu
Polyaouplonibiúlfax
nibil CHy CH wool
m(CH2CH-CN) makung
CN Olon,aculan

chlaideRaun Coats,
VfnyR- Polyviny! Hamd Bag3,
mCHCH-u) Chiwide. fCH2 CH7 VinyR floorng
Lwate Ppes

inudator,
btyTeng Polystyome
CH=CHO CH-CH O TappunaF

ToysRadio,
Telovisi
en
Cabinatas
PHop ek Popopeme Rops,Toys,
hCHCH-CHa) tCH2-CH7 Pips,fib
CH3

Natunal ERaadomo
Ruubbo1
Conu eu
CO
Neopxom Bolts
ChlonopemtCH2- =CH-CH2
Hosos

1-3Buta
dieme
BUNA-S

Ph-CHCH2 Styeme Ph

|-3-Buta CN ol oals,
duang
+ BUN-N Tamk lning9
J Lubcating
Aconubu
CH-CH-CN solverty.
 JEymouso92
Condtmsation Polyme) .
1)R-FOH+AoR- R-C-0 -R'
2)
R-OH
uko RFNH R--NH-
QH

gen-x
R OH

R
oyamidas Non-x,y
Nulon-X,
Nglon Y

DacHon

Polyate ptal
PHBM

Phemol (Novaloc) bm h

HCHO+x X=Phanol (Bara0uit l

o
xMlomime
x= uua (won-
(Mulamune tanaldahyda) vi )
faumaldahydo)
Gl-elu4
#Polyamidas) o
9Nlennoca amino fo ado 03
HN
(HN--CH2 tHN HN tt
id
CoOH
ami de

amine+acid.
H dp

Nglon-6
Lactum
HNCHa oH *Nylen-28-

NH2-CH2-C0OHH
(amino Captoic acid)

NH)

Caprolactum
*Ued un Tg
HN-fCHa)
Couds, fabues
i , Ropos
NH
tHN-CH2
 Polyrnos
(062

Nulen-2Nylen-6
A
HN CHaOH +HHNCHa) OH
(Amumo Capyoic Aad)
(9ycene)

*Biodsgradable

HN-CH NH-CH),-NH-(C)s-

3Nlon-x coH
1711
(amid)NH2
P o

H2N-CH2)-NH2 HODC-(CH2)-Co0H EHN-CHa)x NH--(CHE)-2° 7

Nylen-6,6 *
usad
um
making Ahwts vbisllesBushas

,on
*highJ temp 8 fpspue
HN(CH2)-NH2
5SK
(Hanamcthyleme
HoOCtCH27 CoOH
PHigh C)NH--(cth)
Co

*Nlen-6,
1o
diarnino)(adipie
acid)
u A
0 Nyon 6,6)
6,6)

HN+CHaNH2 HOOc fCH2cooH FHNtCHaNH--(CH2)g-

#(Poly ester8 R-COOH +Alcohol QsteH a

Telome (DacHon) un psene zinc-acatat- amtimony buoride

ubod u blemdung with CoHon amd Dol ibes
glass
OH in@ang
oC
H
-cooH +Ho
&thyDens
4o-o-cHh5° madetials

Tox-Rahalicacid) ucol
col (acren) un sapety
holriots.

&
paumt
COOH
D ËCHa)2~o
+Ho
cooH
Ho Lacquo
Ehlem
(Phhalic
acid) col
 P

HB Vatoy (sc)
Bfodegradable Poymor)
Budy(uc)
Hycdoleny-f)-A

OH

coOH
K
(3-HydvezBudbeic
acid
(SRybvozypentomic
acid)
A Lscd m
pockagimg-,@thopaudie douices

OmEu-CH2+d-0-04-cH -
éH3 (PHBv) CH,CHs

OH OH
O-H
H
i
(umit)

Nbuakac
OH OH

OH
(Lineax Polmer)
Usod m painb

(Bakalia OH OH
OH OH

To oCCHOCTO cH2
CH2
CH2 CH2

-CH2
O
OH

Bakal tb)
sod a makm Comb, phono graph HocONds

olecbical oitches amd hamdols c utemsils.

 Poymen(o@2

NH2
NH-CH20H
N
H--H N
H,NN NH2 LStoumaldehgde)
Melamum) HaN
N NH2 ud d
NH-CH2

N N
unbucakblo uockeky on
-HNNNH- Molamumw
m Poyme
amd
(Uenfmaldohyoda) Xod poy makumg ubrodkablo uups
damin atod
haots

H-C-H
NH2 H2N NHCHOH NHNHCH
H,N
 PxaeliealOvgamue Chomuubuy (oi

PRACTICA OROANTC CHEMISTRY

*Testo dlcohof 1) Cewie Amme niuum Nibyate

Test (cAN) en
Blu, Colouxlu)
2) eto Mayer Test (Rad,

*Test o Phamol 1) Neudyal feCls Test (Voilet)

Blu
Mubyaso Test ymeon, Rud,
2)iboumann

*Test o Biomoleeules

Caxbohydato Amuno Acad

Acid) (Purplo)
Munhycbin Test
M&lich Tesxt (Cavbo) (Povpla) (Amuno
(Puyplo)
(Pxoteir)
*Baxfoed Test(Mono)(Red) xB.wiatoTet

Selimon t Test(katos)(Red) Xanthoptotelie

Test
Millen's (
Test [Aromatie Paotein)(feal)

Cole Test) (Rei

adi

(TEST OF ALCOHOL) al allconols

Seume1°-OH)
Thonung (2-0H)
1(CeicAmmonium Ntbiade Pest (CAN Test)

(PH),Ce (nas)6 +3RoH

ce (Nos) (RoH)a+2NHy NOa

(ed Colou Solm)

(on)
2)(victoyMaye Test 8- N-OG
)PCl (Red Cobwr)
oH 2 Bgko NO2
Rod Blu Colouwdassy
4)ao, Bas
N-OH

OH 1) PCO N-0 NO2 NDN02

2) 2) AgAMo2
(Bluucoloun) (NLibolioacid)
8)JaNDa lHL N02
4)ag Bas
3)
NO 2
N-0 OH No Rxn
Paundo Nibol
NO2
 Poc(02

TEST OF PHENOL

(Neubwal Feclg Test) A phamoL tduvalwe det colow

Vengl
voilt
OH Tgt0a0ne (Phamol)

[o+ Fec Fe(oPh)a

2-(aibeumanm uibroso Test

R 8
4
Cypun) tRed) (Blu) r
nl)
(Cavubohyd ats0 (TESTOF BIOMOLECoLeS

MQllischs Test all caxbohy clyatas

PLUplo Colow
H

H [o oH
HO

)
OH

io)pGMËAS)
oH

rmono saachari
Test
2)(Baxfoed's
de (voy
vdisacchau de (ve
jat)oE 0
alow)
999-0
Cu Cu
(hed PP)
(Bluo) Radl)

3.Seliwame!'s
Test) 8Kelase(yey faut)(mo0o, di) ue ase fucha
(Sbu)
OH Red Colbwr
HHan
OH
CHO CH O-OH
OH OH OH

(Red Colouy
 amino
(
1(Numhydbine Test acid
Xohoxs 9(pupla)
*puclune (yellow)
(Amino Aids)

AmunD Acud
2)
3) H3ot N-
4) Ninycbhin
(R Pupla)

O N-CH O-NCH-R

NH2

2Biwt Test) pHoteuny hauing peptido lunkage

pUplecoloui
(4N-NH ueylakomime,Tripuptidg

3)Kanthopuoteia Acid) aHomalie pHoteuns

TOrtophan

,
TypiOsung

ed Colou
OH dak yellow a axarnge colowt.

CO0H

HN03 COOH
HO NH2 yellow OHange
NH2

COOH

[oYN NHa
HNO3aN
C0OH
NH2

T
Test)endy ton
u)Mi2?en'8
Teat
phamolue

@uT
group (Red Colow) 0
Cenc

HO ÚH2
CODH
HNO3, HgN03)2
Cere H 2
HO
o LoDH
NH 2