Literature

spanish colonial period

● oral, written, or visual containing imaginative language
that realistically portrays thoughts, emotions, and
general characteristics of literature
experiences of the human condition
a. religious themes
● product of particular culture that concertizes man’s array
b. lack of ancient traditions
of values, emotions, actions and ideas
c. colonialism themes
● a creation of human experience that tells about people
and their world
literary forms
a. poetry
Literature literature ● komedya – secular literature in the form of
medieval ballads inspired by native
● higher art form ● everyday literature, poetic-drama
● writing of lasting literature not of b. prose
value that lasting value
c. epics
imaginatively ● ny kind of printed
expresses ideas of material, ranging ● pasyon – narrative of the life of jesus
permanent and from great novels d. folk songs
universal interest and poems to
● present knowledge mundane circulars literary influences
that is either concrete and handbills a. christian doctrine
or abstract and ● cookbooks, diet and b. spanish language became the literary language at this
knowledge that is travel magazines and
time
either abstruse or books, technical
simple journals, and TV or c. ancient literature was collected and translated to
● can be about fictional billboard ads tagalog
or nonfictional
subjects or objects important to note
● spanish literature has greatly impacted the tagalog
characteristics of 21st century literature language
a. gender sensitive ● influence gave way to the creation of Noli Me Tangere
b. technologically alluding and El Filibusterismo
c. culturally pluralistic
d. operates on the extreme reality or extreme fiction
e. questions conventions and supposedly absolute norms american period

general characteristics
pre-colonial / pre-spanish period ● influenced by developments in education and culture
● use of English as a medium of instruction in
baybayin all levels of education
● literary genres that flourished: poetry, sarswela, short
● pre colonial writing system used by early filipinos
story, and the novel
● business transactions, folktales, poetry, music, and ● poetry was written in Filipino, Spanish,
other writings were all recorded using baybayin English, and in the different dialects
● writers drew ideas from the Propaganda Movement
general characteristics and the Revolutionary Movement
● oral traditions that have been passed down from one
generation to the next literary forms and styles
a. free verse (in poetry)
a. shared experiences of the people with food
b. the modern short story
gathering c. the critical essay
b. nature's creatures and objects
c. work in the home
d. farm, forest, or sea japanese occupation
e. caring for children
general characteristics
● literature written in English was stopped
literary forms ● most writers turned to writing poems, short stories and
plays, whose topics and themes were mostly about life
a. epics
in the provinces
● the most important work of oral literature that ● common theme of most poems during the occupation
originated in prehistoric times period was
● was considered as the most exciting poetic a. nationalism
and narrative form of literature b. country
b. legends c. love
c. fables d. life in the barrios
e. faith
f. religion
g. arts
literary forms ● makes use of linked web pages or effects
a. haiku c. mobile phone textula
● poem of free verse ● short mobile phone novel
● 17 syllables, 5-7-5 syllable lines ● messaging – conversational language english
● allegorical in meaning / taglish
b. tanaga d. chick lit
● 17 syllables ● issues regarding present day womanhood
● allegorical in meaning e. speculative fiction
● rhyme and measure ● outcome is speculated by the reader
c. karaniwang anyo (usual form) f. flash fiction
● common form of poetry ● deliver a complete narrative but range as
d. short stories short as 5 to 1000 words
g. blog
important to note ● website that contains online personal
● Tagalog was the primary language writers used since reflection
English literature was prohibited by the Japanese ● avenue for expressing thoughts, feelings, and
● other forms of literature such as drama and film were emotions without censorship
shut down h. graphic novels
● stories written and illustrated using sequential
images
modern contemporary period

general characteristics
● reflects current trends in life and culture, which can 21st century filipino authors
change often
● reflects the author’s perspective and can come across Jessica Zafra
as cynical a. Notable works:
● questions facts, and historical perspectives and ● Twisted series (since 1997)
presents two contradictory arguments side by side ● Age of umbrage (2020)
● features a somewhat modern narrative, but it also b. Writing style:
contains a harsher reality ● Sharp and witty
● reality-based stories with strong characters and ● Often include cynicism and irony
believable stories ● Often are about current events, tennis,
a. settings usually keep to the current or modern movies, music, cats, technology, and her
era personal life
b. well-defined, realistic, and highly developed c. Key takeaways:
characters ● Wit, humor, and irony are important aspects in
c. character-driven attracting readers and being a good author
● used as a venue for socio-political-economic-religious ● She started with a 4-line poem, meaning
discussions and a vehicle for personal thoughts and successful people start from the bottom
feelings
literary forms Michael M. Coroza
a. works of prose a. Notable works:
b. poetry ● The sounds of asia (2011)
c. drama ● The SEAWrite anthology of ASEAN short
stories & poems (2008)
literary styles b. Writing style:
a. use of unreliable narrators ● Showcases philippine cultural heritage
b. irony ● Famous for promoting the traditional poetic
c. black humor genre of the philippines “balagtasan”
d. meta-narration c. Key takeaways:
e. collage ● An author’s culture and place of birth is
f. pastiche reflected in his or her works
● Authors shape the identity of the country that
they are born in
21st century literature in the philippines
Ingrid Chua-Go
general characteristics a. Notable works:
● influenced by globalization and technology ● The bag hag diaries (since 2005)
● more sensitive to many issues b. Writing style:
● questions conventions and societal norms ● Lifestyle entries on travel, fashion, and food
● can either reflect culture or oppose it ● Uses a lot of inspirational words
c. Key takeaways:
literary forms and styles ● When you what you do, it shows
a. creative nonfiction ● Your passion can take you places
● true stories written in a creative way
● convey a rich mix of ideas, cultures, and Norman Wilwayco
beliefs of the filipino people a. Notable works:
b. hyper poetry ● Mondomanila (2002)
● uses computer as a medium ● Gerilya (2008)
 ● Has won the grand prize for literature in the ● Pa’no ka ginawa
carlos palanca memorial awards b. Writing style:
b. Writing style: ● “Her stories of love, independence, and hope
● “Meme master” who covers a range of topics in the face of the unspeakable cruelties of our
from politics to pop culture, on facebook own country”
c. Key takeaways: c. Key takeaways:
● Not everything is as serious as it seems ● Manila times: “she has helped break the ivory
● Don’t take things too seriously towers that separate the rarefied literature of
academe from what our suffering people
Barbara Jane Reyes really read.”
a. Notable works:
● To love as aswang
● Letters to a young brown girl
● Diwats
national filipino authors
b. Writing style:
● Poet and author
Nick Joaquin
● Writes full-length poetry collections and
● the woman who had two navels
chapbooks
c. Key takeaways:
Carlos Romulo
● Her work “explores the translatable and
● a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and
untranslatable collisions of writing, self, and
author
culture
● he served as president of the United Nations
Conference on Freedom of Information in Geneva
Charlson Ong
● was declared a National Artist, along with the film
a. Notable works:
director Gerardo de Leon by virtue of Presidential
● The trouble in beijing
Proclamation No. 2207, signed by President Marcos
● An embarrassment of riches
on June 10, 1982
b. Writing style:
● “Unpredictable fiction writer”
Rolando Tinio
● “When you start reading a piece of his, you
● a Filipino poet, dramatist, director, actor, critic, essayist
won’t be able to stop”
and educator
c. Key takeaways:
● It was the excellence and beauty of his practice that
● “Always go above and beyond”
claimed for theater a place among the arts in the
Philippines in the 1960s
Paolo Manalo
a. Notable works:
Edith Tiempo
● Jolography
● a Filipino poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic
● Connotations
in the English language
b. Writing style:
● she founded and directed the Silliman National Writers
● Witty and playful
Workshop in Dumaguete City, which has produced
● Use of the images found in the utterances
some of the country's best writers
● Pop culture
c. Key takeaways:
Francisco Sionil Jose
● Observing the more traditional forms without
● a Filipino writer who was one of the most widely read
abandoning the previous knowledge
in the English language
● Jose has been on the forefront of Philippine literature,
Rosmon Tuazon
with his works having been translated into 22
a. Notable works:
languages, including Korean, Indonesian, Russian,
● Soap
Latvian, Ukrainian and Dutch
● Sa pagitan ng emerhensiya
● Five of Jose's works won the Carlos Palanca Memorial
b. Writing style:
Awards for Literature
● Clear and clever
● Surprising and gripping
Virgilio Almario
c. Key takeaways:
● better known by his pen name Rio Alma
● “You are not useless, no. There is just nothing
● a Filipino author, poet, critic, translator, editor, teacher,
you can give.”
and cultural manager
Rin Chupeco
Alejandro Roces
a. Notable works:
● a Filipino author, essayist, dramatist and a National
● The bone witch
Artist of the Philippines for literature
● The girl from the well
● Cocks and Kites earned him the reputation as the
b. Writing style:
country's best writer of humorous stories
● Writes young adult fiction
c. Key takeaways:
Cirilo Bautista
● Mostly writes about horror fantasies, but tried
● a Filipino poet, critic and writer of nonfiction
something different for her latest book — one
● exceptional and valuable contributions to the evolution
that is very happy and optimistic
and shaping of Philippine literature
● best known work is the epic poetry trilogy “The Trilogy
Lualhati Torres Bautista
of Saint Lazarus,” made up of the “The Archipelago
a. Notable works:
(1970), “Telex Moon” (1981) and “Sunlight on Broken
● Dekada ‘70
 Stones” (1999)

Jose Garcia Villa

● a Filipino poet, writer, and critic
● used the pen name “Doveglion,” which was a
combination of the words “dove,” “eagle,” and “lion”
and was what he believed was his true persona
● notable works include The Anchored Angel, The
Emperor's New Sonnet, and Footnote to Youth

Francisco Arcellana
● a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and
teacher
● pioneered the development of the short story as a
lyrical prose-poetic form within Filipino literature
● Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Short
Story

"An Archangel Named Gabriel" by Alonso Cueto is a short story

about a young boy named Alejandro who grows up in Lima, Peru
during the 1980s. Alejandro is fascinated by the story of Archangel
Gabriel, the angel who brought the news of the Virgin Mary's
pregnancy to Joseph.

Alejandro's family is wealthy and he attends a prestigious private

school, but he feels out of place and disconnected from his
classmates. He spends much of his time reading about Gabriel
and imagining himself as a messenger of God.

As Alejandro grows older, he becomes more aware of the violence

and poverty in Peru, particularly the activities of the Shining Path
guerrilla group. He is shocked when his cousin is kidnapped and
later found dead, and begins to question the existence of a just
and benevolent God.

In the end, Alejandro realizes that he cannot simply wait for an

angel to come and solve the problems of the world. He decides to
take action himself, volunteering at a local community center and
joining a group of students who are organizing against the
government's human rights abuses.

Through Alejandro's story, Cueto explores themes of faith, social

justice, and the power of individual agency. The story highlights
the struggles and complexities of growing up in a country torn
apart by political violence and economic inequality, and the ways
in which people can find hope and meaning in the face of
adversity.