Contemporary World Prof. Sam Bernales JR

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Societies and Cultures of the World

Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
Contemporary World
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Sociology to Contemporary World
• Nayon
• Bayanihan
• Harana
• Pagliligawan
• Nostalgia of the Past
Contemporary World
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Activity
• Topic
• Sociology to Contemporary World
• Instruction
• Role Play
• Then vs Now
• Difference of Norms of the Past and of
the Present
• 5 Members per Group
• Subtopic
• Ligawan
Contemporary World
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Globalization
• Globalization
• Manfred Stager
• Process as Expansion and Intensification
of social relations and consciousness
across world time and across work-space.
• Expansion
• Creation of new social networks and
multiplication of existing connections that
cut across traditional political, economic,
cultural and geographic boundaries
• Social Media
• Global Connection
• NGO
• Networks that connect specific
group e.g. global social advocates
and activists
Contemporary World
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Globalization
• Intensification
• Refers to the expansion, stretching
and acceleration of networks
• Connections are multiplying,
becoming more closely-knit and
expanding their reach
• E.g. Strong financial market
between London and New York,
advent of electronic trading,
volume of electronic trade increase
thus the world becomes financially
integrated
Contemporary World
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Globalization
• Globalism
• Widespread
belief among
powerful
people that
the global
integration of
economic
markets is
beneficial for
everyone
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Globalization
• Arjun Appadurai
• Anthropologist who proposed that kinds
of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration
• Ethnoscape
• Global movement of people
• Mediascape
• Flow of culture
• Technoscape
• Circulation of mechanical goods and
software
• Financescape
• Global Circulation of Money
• Ideoscape
• Realm where political ideas move around
Contemporary World
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Economic Globalization
• Economic Globalization
• International Monetary Fund
• Historical process representing
the result of human innovation
and technological progress
• Characteristic
• Increasing integration of
economies around the world
through the movement of goods,
services and capital across
borders
• GDP Trade
• From 42.1% in 1980 to 62.1% in
2007
• Mode
• From Physical Matter to
Downloadable Data e.g. Books to
Contemporary World
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. E-books and CDs to iTunes 8
• International Trading System
• Silk Road
• Oldest known international trade
route
• From China trough Middle East to
Europe
• Opened by Han dynasty in 130 BC
until closed by Ottoman empire
in 1453 AD
• International only but not Global
since it did not reach America
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• International Trading System
• Gold
• Common basis for currency prices
and fixed exchange rate system led
by Europe and US at the
International Money Conference in
1867
• Peso
• There are currently eight countries
that use the peso: Argentina, Chile,
Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, Mexico, the Philippines,
and Uruguay. However, each country
has its own peso.
• There are also 14 countries,
including Spain, which previously
used the peso. Some of the other
countries include Equatorial Guinea,
Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, and El
Salvador
Contemporary World
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• Bretton Wood System
• Inaugurated in 1944 during the UN
Monetary and Financial
Conference
• Aim is to prevent past financial
catastrophes (Usually brought by
wars) from reoccurring and
affecting international ties
• John Maynard Keynes
• Influenced Bretton Wood System
• Believed that economic crisis
occur not when a country does
not have enough money, but when
is not being spent and, thereby,
not moving
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• Bretton Wood System
• Created financial institutions:
• World Bank or International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
• Reconstruct War devastated world
cities
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Global Lender to prevent countries
from credit crises
• Global Keynesianism
• Role of governments in managing
spending
• General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
• Created in 1947 with the purpose of
reducing tariffs and other hindrance to
free trade
Contemporary World
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Global Politics
• De Jure Belli ac Pads
• (Dutch) Law of Nations
• Later became International Law
• Authored by Hugo Grotius
• International Relations
• Jeremy Bentham
• British Philosopher in 1780
• Coined the word “International”
• Political Interactions between States
• World Politics
• Key Attributes
• Countries/ States are Independent
• Countries/ States interact with each other with
diplomacy
• United Nations (UN) facilitates these interactions
• UN has agencies e.g. World Health Organization
(WHO), World Food Organization (WFO) and
International Labor Organization (ILO)
Contemporary World
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Global Politics
• State
• Country and its government
• Attributes
• Territory
• Government
• Authority over its citizens
• Sovereign over its territory
• Internal Sovereignty
• Laws abided by
International Organizations
operating inside the State
• External Sovereignty
• Independent from
intervention from other
state
Contemporary World
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Global Politics
• Nation
• Benedict Anderson:
• Imagined
Community i.e.
feeling of
connection with
community even he
will not meet them
in his lifetime
• E.g. Filipino
cheering for
Manny Pacquiao
even he do not
personally know
the Filipino
Athlete
• E.g. Bangsamoro
is a nation seeking
to become a state
Contemporary World
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Global Politics
• Metternich System
• Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Diplomat
• Architect of Metternich System to counter
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Restored the “Great powers”
• Great Powers
• United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia
• Still hold significant influence over world
politics
• Internationalism
• Interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation
and unity among states
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Global Governance
• International Organization
• Powers:
• Classification
• E.g. Classifying Refugees
(Foreign, Alien,
Immigrants etc.)
• Fix Meanings
• E.g. Security as Safety
from Military Violence
and Environmental Harm
• Diffuse Norms
• Norms are accepted
codes of conduct that
may be strict law and
produce regularity in
behavior
• Establishing Global
Standards of Norms
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Most important International
Organization
• Created after World War II
• Primary Goal is to avert another global
war
• Has 193 Member States
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Main deliberative Policymaking
and representative organ
• Decides on most important
questions e.g. peace and
security, admission of new
members and budgetary matters
• Require 2/3 of the members to
Contemporary World
decide
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Elects GA President annually
for 1 term of office
• Carlos P. Romulo (President,
GA, 1949-1950)
• Security Council (SC)
• Most Powerful Organ
• Consist of 15 Member States
(10 Elected by GA for 2-year
Term and the other is known
as the Permanent 5 (China,
France, Russia, UK and US)
which is permanent from the
founding of UN and cannot
be replaced through election
Contemporary World
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Security Council (SC)
• Takes the lead in determining the
existence of threat to the peace or
an act of aggression
• Calls upon the parties to a dispute to
settle the act by peaceful means and
recommends methods of
adjustment or terms of settlement
• Can resort to imposing sanctions or
even authorizing the use of force to
maintain or restore international
peace and security
• Permanent 5 (P5) member has veto
power to stop a Security Council
action dead in its tracts. Hence P5 is
heir to the tradition of great power
Contemporary World diplomacy of Metternich System
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• Principal Body for coordination,
policy review, policy dialogue
and recommendations on social
and environmental issues as well
as the implementation of
internationally agreed
development goals
• Has 54 States Members elected
for 3-year terms.
• Central platform for discussion
on sustainable development
• International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• Task is to settle, in accordance to
international law, legal disputes
submitted to it by states and to
give advisory opinions
• Different from International
Criminal Court (ICC) Contemporary World
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Secretariat
• Consist of Secretary General and
10,000 international UN Staff
members
Contemporary World
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Global Governance
• United Nations
• Salvador P. Lopez
• Filipino
• Chairman, UN Commission on
Human Rights
• Designed the system whereby
any citizen of any state may
petition the UN to look into
human rights violations in a
country
• Limitations:
• UN is not a World Government
• Function because of
voluntary cooperation from
states e.g. Rapporteurs
must be invited and placed
under conditions by the
state being investigated
Contemporary World
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Global Governance
• International Criminal Court (ICC)
• Independent judicial institution empowered to investigate
and prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity,
genocide, and the crime of aggression
• 123 countries are ICC members, giving the ICC authority to
investigate and prosecute crimes committed by their
nationals or by anyone on their territory, regardless of their
official position
• Functions as Complementary Court and may only exercise
its jurisdiction when a country is either unwilling or
genuinely unable to investigate and prosecute these grave
crimes
• Even after an investigation is opened, there are
opportunities for states and individual defendants to
challenge the lawfulness of cases before the court based on
the existence of national proceedings
• This includes when a citizen of a non-member country
commits war crimes, crimes against humanity, and
genocide on the territory of an ICC member country
• Needs a referral from a state or the UN Security Council for
the ICC Prosecutor to begin investigation
• Rome Statute
• Founding treaty of ICC in 2000
Contemporary World
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World of Regions
• Governments, Associations,
Societies, Groups
• Form regional organizations or
networks as way of coping
with the challenges of
globalization
• E.g. Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Member countries: Brunei,
Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia,
Timor-Leste, Laos, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam
• Regions
• Not natural
• Constructed and defined by
policymakers
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Contemporary World
25
World of Regions
• Regions
• Edward D. Mansfield and
Helen V. Milner
• A group of countries located in
the same geographically
specified area
• Regionalization
• Regional concentration of
economic flaws
• Regionalism
• Political process characterize
by economic policy
cooperation and
coordination among
countries
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World of Regions
• China
• Large country, have enough
resources, offers its cheap
and huge workforce to
attract foreign businesses
and expand trade with
countries it once
considered its enemies (US,
Japan) but now sees as
markets for its goods
• Switzerland
• Compensate for their lack
of resources by turning
themselves into financial
and banking hubs
Contemporary World
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World of Regions
• Singapore
• Developed its harbor facilities
and made them a first-class
transit port for ships carrying
different commodities from
Africa, Europe, Middle East,
Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific
• Regional Associations
• Purpose
• Military Defense e.g. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed during the Cold War when
several Western European
countries plus the United States
agreed to protect Europe against
the treat of Soviet Union
Contemporary World
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World of Regions
• Organization of the
Petroleum
Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
• Established in 1960
• Members
• Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia and
Venezuela
• Pool their
resources, get
better return
for their exports
and expand
their leverage
against their
trading partners
Contemporary World
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World of Regions
• Non-aligned Movement (NAM)
• Established in 1961
• Members
• Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia
• Form regional blocks to protect their independence
from pressures of superpower politics
• Created to pursue world peace, international
cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national inequality,
non-intervention and peaceful conflict
resolution
• Called “non-aligned” because of refusal to
side with either the First World capitalist
democracies in Western Europe and North
America or the communist states in Eastern
Europe
• Members today: 120 countries
Contemporary World
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World of Regions
• Non-State Regionalism
• Rainforest Foundation
• Established by activists to protect
indigenous peoples and rainforests in
Brazil, Guyana, Panama and Peru
• Regional Interfaith Youth Networks
• Formed by youth Christians across Asia,
Africa, Middle East, America and
Caribbean
• Migrant Forum in Asia
• Network of NGOs and trade unions
committed in protecting and promoting
the rights and welfare of migrant
workers
Contemporary World
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Media and Globalization
• Media
• Jack Lule
• Conveying something such as channel of
communication
• Plural of medium (In between)
• Marshall McLuhan
• Media (Referring on television since he
wrote this in 1960) reshape social
behavior and reorient family behavior.
Media are turning the world into a
“global village.”
• Hello Kitty
• Proof of Japan’s influence over global
culture
Contemporary World
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Global City
• Globalization
• Spatial because it occurs in physical
spaces e.g. Skyscrapers
• People in urban areas: 30% in 1950 to
54% in 2014 and expected to reach
66% in 2050
• Global City
• Saskia Sassen
• Sociologist
• Popularized “global city” in 1990s
• Criteria of Global City: Primarily
Economic
• Global Cities: New York, London and
Tokyo
Contemporary World
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Global City
• Stock Exchange
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
in New York, USA
• Financial Times Stock Exchange
(FTSE) in London, UK
• Nikkei in Tokyo, Japan
• Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)
Shanghai, China
• Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) in
Manila, Philippines
• Money Trading Comparison
• NYSE - $ 19,300 B
• PSE - $ 231.3 B
Contemporary World
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Global City
• Global City Attributes
• Economic power
• Market Size (Number of traders)
• Purchasing power of citizens
• Size of Middle Class (Businessmen)
• Center of Authority (Capital Cities)
• Integrated Communication
• Center of Transportation
• No Religious Restrictions
• Shanghai
• Worlds busiest container port with over 33
Million container units moved in 2013
• Singapore (City, Island and Country)
• Asia’s most competitive city
• Strong market
• Efficient and incorruptible government
• Livability
Contemporary World • Houses regional offices of many global
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. corporations
Global City
• Political Influence
• Washington D.C.
• Seat of American state of power
• Brussels, Belgium
• Headquarters of European Union
• New York
• Headquarters of United Nations
• Jakarta, Indonesia
• Headquarters of ASEAN
• Frankfurt, Germany
• European Central Bank
Contemporary World
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Global City
• Higher learning and culture
• New York
• New York Times Newspaper
• Boston
• Harvard University
• Los Angeles
• Hollywood
• San Francisco
• Headquarters of Meta (Facebook),
Twitter and Google
• Copenhagen, Denmark
• Culinary capital of the world
Contemporary World
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 37
Global City
• Gentrification
• Driving out of the poor in favor of
newer and wealthier residents
• Banlieue
• Poor Muslim migrants are forced out
of Paris and have clustered around
ethnic enclaves in France
Contemporary World
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Activity
• Topic
• Global City
• Instruction
• Discussion
• Give a difference between a Regular City and a
Global City
• E.g.
• Regular City: People are mostly Nationals of
their City
• Global City: People are mostly Foreign
businessmen and Tourists
• Enumeration
• Give a difference between a Regular City and a
Global City
• E.g.
• Regular City: People are mostly Nationals of
their City
• Global City: People are mostly Foreign
businessmen and Tourists
Contemporary World
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Movement and Sustainability
• Global Demography
• Number of children
• Rural and Poor Urban
• Tend to have more children for
farming (Crop cultivation, planting
harvesting) and hawk their wares on
streets
• Urbanized, Educated and
Professionals
• Tend to have fewer children
• Tied down or committed to
profession
• Lesser time to devote to kids and
parenting
• Saving plans on healthcare and
education of children
• Have more access to birth control
Contemporary World
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Society
• Division of Society
• Rural Community
• Gemeinschaft
• Produced their own food, Small
Population, Daytime activities only,
Simple recreation, Residents know
each other, Bayanihan, Poor
transportation and communication
• Urban Community
• Gesellschaft
• Depends on others for food supply,
Big Population, Daytime and
Nighttime activities, Strangers,
Individual existence, Massive
transportation and communication
Contemporary World
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Food
• Food
• Eaten that satisfies
appetite in order to
meet physiological
needs for growth,
maintaining body
processes and
supply energy to
maintain body heat
and activities
• One of the most
crucial needs of
human beings
• People cannot live
and survive without
Contemporary World
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 42
Food
• Functions of Food
• Maintains
physiological
process by giving
sustenance to
the body
• Symbolic
experience and
representation
• Continuum life
for the human
species
• Shape national
boundaries and
identities
Contemporary World
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Food
• Pillars of Food
Security
• Food Availability
• Sufficient
and
consistent
quantities
• Food Access
• Enough
resources to
obtain
• Food Use
• Nutrition
and Health
• Food Stability/
Sustainability
• Ensures that
there is Food
in the future
Contemporary World
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Global Migration
• Migration
• Movement of people from one
place to another
• Domestic/ Internal Migration
• Within Country
• Foreign/ International Migration
• Outside Country
• Immigrants
• Permanently moved to another country
• Workers in fixed period
• E.g. 6 months
• Illegal Immigrants
• Alien
• Petitioned Migrants
• By families
• Refugees
• Asylum
Contemporary World
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Global Migration
• Migration
• Emigration
• Going-out of Country
• Immigration
• Coming-in of Country
• Migrants
• 247 Million as of 2018
• 90% Workers
• 10% Asylee
• 18% from Latin America
• 16% from Eastern Europe and Central
Asia
• 14% from Middle East and North Africa
• Destination: Europe, Middle East and
United States
Contemporary World
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Global Migration
• Remittance
• $ 580 B in 2014
• India ($ 70 B)
• China ($ 62 B)
• Philippines ($ 28 B)
• Mexico ($ 25 B)
• Brain Drain
• 52% of Filipino college graduate
migrated
• 23% of Filipino population
• White/Blue Collar change
• From Doctors, Engineers and
Managers to Industrial and Domestic
Works Contemporary World
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 47
Activity
• Topic
• Migration
• Situation
• As an OFW
• Instruction
• Discussion
• Cite an OFW (Family, Relatives,
Friends, Neighbor, et al)
• Question
• What changed in their house,
dress, vehicles?
• How are people cope with
frequent departure and arrival?
• What changed happened to
migrant in the way they dress,
Contemporary World
talk, look at other people, et al?
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 48
Global Migration
• Human
Trafficking
• 3rd largest
global crime in
2012 according
to FBI
• Victims of
Forced Labor
(21 M people)
equivalent to 3
of every 1000
person
worldwide
• Sexually abused
(22% or 4.5 M
Contemporary World
person)
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 49
Consumatum Est
• It
• Is
• Finished!
Contemporary World
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All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of
the publisher. Published in the Republic
of the Philippines.
Contemporary World
12/5/2022 7:32:48 PM 10-51

Contemporary World Prof. Sam Bernales JR

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Contemporary World Prof. Sam Bernales JR

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CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Societies and Cultures of the World

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