BIOGRAPHY RADEN ADJENG KARTINI

Raden Adjeng Kartini was born to a noble family on April 21, 1879, in the village of Mayong, Java,
Indonesia. Kartini's mother, Ngasirah, was the daughter of a religious scholar. Her father, Sosroningrat,
was a Javanese aristocrat working for the Dutch colonial government. This afforded Kartini the
opportunity to go to a Dutch school, at the age of 6. The school opened her eyes to Western ideals.
During this time, Kartini also took sewing lessons from another regent's wife, Mrs. Marie Ovink-Soer.
Ovink-Soer imparted her feminist views to Kartini, and was therefore instrumental in planting the seed
for Kartini's later activism. When Kartini reached adolescence, Javanese tradition dictated that she leave
her Dutch school for the sheltered existence deemed appropriate to a young female noble.

Struggling to adapt to isolation, Kartini wrote letters to Ovink-Soer and her Dutch schoolmates,
protesting the gender inequality of Javanese traditions such as forced marriages at a young age, which
denied women the freedom to pursue an education. Intent on spreading her feminist message, with her
new husband's approval, Kartini soon set about planning to start her own school for Javanese girls. With
help from the Dutch government, in 1903 she opened the first Indonesian primary school for native girls
that did not discriminate on the basis of their social status. The school was set up inside her father's
home, and taught girls a progressive, Western-based curriculum. To Kartini, the ideal education for a
young woman encouraged empowerment and enlightenment. She also promoted their lifelong pursuit
of education. To that end, Kartini regularly corresponded with feminist Stella Zeehandelaar as well as
numerous Dutch officials with the authority to further the cause of Javanese women's emancipation
from oppressive laws and traditions. Her letters also expressed her Javanese nationalist sentiments.

On September 17, 1904, at the age of 25, Kartini died in the regency of Rembang, Java, of complications
from giving birth to her first child. Seven years after her death, one of her correspondents, Jacques H.
Abendanon, published a collection of Kartini's letters, entitled "From Darkness to Light: Thoughts About
and on Behalf of the Javanese People." In Indonesia, Kartini Day is still celebrated annually on Kartini's
birthday.
 BIOGRAPHY RADEN DEWI SARTIKA

Dewi Sartika was born to Sundanese noble parents, R. Rangga Somanegara and R. A.
Rajapermas in Cicalengka, on 4 December 1884. As a child, after school she often pretended to
be a teacher while playing with her friends. After her father died, she lived with her uncle. She
received an education in Sundanese culture while under his care, while her knowledge of
Western culture was passed on to her from the wife of a resident assistant. In 1899, she moved
to Bandung.
On 16 January 1904, she founded a school named Sekolah Isteri at Bandung Regency's Pendopo
which later was relocated to Jalan Ciguriang and the school name changed to Sekolah
Kaoetamaan Isteri (Wife Eminency School) in 1910. In 1912, there were nine Sekolah
Kaoetamaan Isteri in cities or regencies in West Java (half of the cities and regencies), and in
1920 all of cities and regencies had one school. In September 1929, this school changed its
name to Sekolah Raden Dewi.
She died on 11 September 1947 at Cineam, Tasikmalaya while she was evacuating from
Bandung due to independence war.
 BIOGRAPHY IR.SOEKARNO

Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the
country win its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from 1945 to 1967,
presiding with mixed success over the country's rough switch to independence. Sukarno was
forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto. Suharto formally became President in March
1967.
The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947. It is still common to see the
older spelling Soekarno, mainly because he signed his name with the old spelling. Official
Indonesian presidential decrees from 1947-1968, however, printed his name using the 1947
spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he
had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno
 BIOGRAPHY MUHAMMAD HATTA

Mohammad Hatta or often called Bung Hatta was the first Vice President of Indonesia.
Mohammad Hatta was born in Bukit tinggi, West Sumatera on August 12th, 1902. His father is
Haji Mohammad Djamil and his mother is Siti Saleha. His father died when he was eight months
old. Hatta married to Rahmi Hatta on November 18th, 1945. The couple had three children
named Meutia Farida Hatta, Gemala Rabi’ah Hatta, and Halida Nuriah Hatta.
Hatta started his education at a private school named Sekolah Melayu. Then he went to ELS
(European Language School). He continued his school to MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager
Onderwijs). Hatta began to show his interested in politics and national movement since he was
sixteen years old. He joined Jong Sumatranen Bond and he was chosen as the treasurer.
In 1919, Hatta went to Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) in Batavia (Jakarta). He finished his study
with distinction in 1921 and he was allowed to continue his study to Rotterdam School of
Commerce in Netherlands. He took economics as his major and got a doctorandus degree. He
then continued to pursue his doctorate degree, but he didn’t finish his thesis because politics
had taken over his life.
In Netherlands Hatta joined the Indische Vereeniging. In 1922, Indische Vereeniging changed its
named to Indonesische Vereeniging (Perhimpoenan Indonesia). Hatta was the treasurer from
1922-1925 and then he became the chairman from 1926-1930. Perhimpoenan Indonesia then
changed from a student organization to political organization that demand for Indonesia’s
Independence. It expressed its voice through a magazine called Indonesia Merdeka of which
Hatta was the editor.
Hatta attended congresses all over Europe to gain more support from other nations, he always
as the chairman of Indonesia delegation. By the middle of 1927, Perhimpoenan Indonesia’s
activites had alarmed the Dutch authorities. On June 1927, Dutch authorities put Hatta and four
other Indonesian activists in jail. In 1929, Hatta and other Perhimpoenan Indonesia activists
were released.