Volley Ball Handout 2010-1

ASU CNS DEPARTEMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE HANDOUT OF VOLLEYBALL
CHAPTER ONE
HISTORY OF VOLLEY BALL
INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a sport in which there are two teams comprising of six players on each side, who
are separated by a net in between them. Volleyball uses some very common techniques, like,
spiking, passing, blocking and setting. Like football, there are special positions available for
players, like offensive and defensive. One needs good vertical jumping skills in order to play
volleyball well, because players need to jump above the net many a times to make contact with
the ball.
Volleyball is one of the most successful and popular competitive and recreational sports in the
world. It is fast, it is exciting and the action is explosive. Yet Volleyball comprises several
crucial overlapping elements whose complimentary interactions render it unique amongst rally
games.
Service, Rotation, Explosive Action, Jumping Power, Attack, Defense
In recent years the FIVB has made great strides in adapting the game to a modern audience.
This text is aimed at a broad Volleyball public – players, coaches, referees, spectators,
commentators – for the following reasons:
- understanding the rules better, allows better play – coaches can create better team
structure and tactics, allowing players full rein to display their skills;
- Understanding the relationship between rules allows officials to make better decisions.
This introduction at first focuses on Volleyball as a competitive sport, before setting out to
identify the main qualities required for successful refereeing.
VOLLEYBALL IS A COMPETITIVE SPORT
Competition taps latent strengths. It exhibits the best of ability, spirit, creativity and aesthetics.
The rules are structured to allow all of these qualities. With a few exceptions, Volleyball allows
all players to operate both at the net (in attack) and in the back of the court (to defend or serve).
William Morgan, the game’s creator, would still recognize it because Volleyball has retained
certain distinctive and essential elements over the years. Some of these it shares with other
net/ball/ racquet games:
Service , Rotation (taking turns to serve) , Attack & Defence
Volleyball is, however, unique amongst net games in insisting that the ball is in constant flight –
a flying ball – and by allowing each team a degree of internal passing before the ball must be
returned to the opponents.
The introduction of a specialist defensive player – the Libero – has moved the game forward in
terms of rally length and multi-phase play. Modifications to the service rule have changed the act
of service from simply a means of putting the ball in play to an offensive weapon.
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SET BY: DEREJE G. (2017)
The concept of rotation is entrenched to allow for all-round athletes. The rules on player
positions must permit teams to have flexibility and to create interesting developments in tactics.
Competitors use this framework to contest techniques, tactics and power. The framework also
allows players a freedom of expression to enthuse spectators and viewers. And the image of
Volleyball is increasingly a good one.
THE REFEREE WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORK
The essence of a good official lies in the concept of fairness and consistency:
to be fair to every participant,
to be viewed as fair by the spectators.
This demands a huge element of trust – the referee must be trusted to allow the players to
entertain:
by being accurate in his/her judgement;
by understanding why the rule is written;
by being an efficient organizer;
by allowing the competition to flow and by directing it to a conclusion;
by being an educator – using the rules to penalize the unfair or admonish the impolite;
by promoting the game – that is, by allowing the spectacular elements in the game to shine and
the best players to do what they do best: entertain the public.
Finally we can say that a good referee will use the rules to make the competition a fulfilling
experience for all concerned.
To those who have read thus far, view the rules which follow as the current state of development
of a great game, but keep in mind why these preceding few paragraphs may be of equal
importance to you in your own position within the sport.
HISTORY
Origin of volleyball
William G. Morgan
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William G Morgan was the man invention of volleyball in 1895 when he served at YMCA
Holyoke, Massachusetts as Director of Physical Education. Morgan had the opportunity to
developed a new game from his own sports training methods and his practical experience in the
YMCA gymnasium and Describing his first experiments with an appropriate game of tennis, but
required rackets was eliminated, the idea of a net seemed a good one and decided to name the
game mintonette .
Early in 1896 a conference was organized at the YMCA Training School –Springfield College –
bringing together all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Morgan was invited to give a
demonstration of his game at the new college stadium. He took two teams, each made up of five
men, to Springfield.
Morgan explained the new game, which he called “Mintonette”, was designed for gyms or
exercise halls but could also be played in the open air. The object of the game was to keep the
ball in movement over a high net from one side to the other. But the name was no longer used
after the game was demonstrated, Professor Alfred T. Halstead suggested the name be changed
to “Volley Ball” since the object of the game was to “Volley” the ball. Morgan agreed and
provided the conference delegates with a copy of his handwritten rules as a guide for the use
and development of the game, after that the name volleyball was started being used.
Later, the rules of the volleyball were modified by the International YMCA Training School and
the game spread around the United States and to various other YMCAs as well.
A mintonette match had nine innings with three serves for each team in a particular inning.
There were no limits to the number of times a team can make contact with the ball. Unlike the
present day volleyball, hitting the net with the ball was considered a foul except in the case of a
first serve. It was in the year 1916 that the skill of set and spike was introduced to the game.
Subsequently, four years later, the three hits rule and back row hitting were established as well.
HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL IN THE WORLD
The first country, apart from United States which adopted volleyball was Canada, in the year
1900. The (FIVB) Federation International de Volleyball was founded in 1947 while the first
ever World Championship was held in 1949 for men and in 1952 for women. Volleyball is now
widely recognized and played in many countries like Brazil, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and
China and in Asia as well. There were certain amendments and changes that were implemented
in the game. These include, allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes
over it in to the other team's court. The service area was also expanded, which allowed players to
serve from anywhere behind the end line.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLLEYBALL GAME
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team
tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules it has
been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. The complete
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rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a
'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from
behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court.
The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the
ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically,
the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the
net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court.
The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either
(1): a team makes a kill, grounding the ball on the opponent's court and winning the rally; or
(2): a team commits a fault and loses the rally. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point,
and serves the ball to start the next rally.
A FEW OF THE MOST COMMON FAULTS INCLUDE:
 causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents' court or without first
passing over the net;
 catching and throwing the ball;
 double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player;
 four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team;
 net foul: touching the net during play;
 Foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving.
The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short
contact) the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent techniques have evolved in
volleyball, including spiking and blocking (because these plays are made above the top of the
net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as passing, setting, and
specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.
REFINEMENT AND LATER DEVELOPMENTS
The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say that Spalding created the
first official ball in 1896, while others claim it was created in 1900. The rules evolved over time:
in the Philippines by 1916, the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four
years later a "three hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established. In
1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were
distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the
growth of volleyball in new countries. The first country outside the United States to adopt
volleyball was Canada in 1900 An international federation, the Federation International de
Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949
for men and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe (where especially
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Italy, the Netherlands, and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late
1980s), in Russia, and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as in the
United States.
VOLLEYBALL IN THE OLYMPICS

The history of Olympic volleyball traces back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where
volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. After the foundation of
FIVB and some continental confederations, it began to be considered for official inclusion. In
1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria to support such
request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially included in the program for
the1964 Summer Olympics.
The Olympic volleyball tournament was originally a simple competition: all teams played
against each other team and then were ranked by wins, set average, and point average. One
disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the
end of the games, making the audience loses interest in the outcome of the remaining matches.
To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases with the addition of a "final
round" elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals matches in1972.
The number of teams involved in the Olympic tournament has grown steadily since 1964. Since
1996, both men's and women's events count twelve participant nations. Each of the five
continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in
the Olympic Games.
The U.S.S.R. won men's gold in both 1964 and 1968. After taking bronze in 1964 and silver in
1968, Japan finally won the gold for men's volleyball in 1972. Women's gold went to Japan in
1964 and again in 1976. That year, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the back row attack,
allowed Poland to win the men's competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-set match.
Since the strongest teams in men's volleyball at the time belonged to the Eastern Bloc, the
American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these
events as it had on the women's. The U.S.S.R. collected their third Olympic Gold Medal in men's
volleyball with a 3–1 victory over Bulgaria (the Soviet women won that year as well, their third
gold as well). With the U.S.S.R. boycotting the1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the U.S.
was able to sweep Brazil in the finals to win the men's gold medal. Italy won its first medal
(bronze in the men's competition) in 1984, foreshadowing a rise in prominence for their
volleyball teams. The 1984 women's tournament was also won by a rising force, China.
At the 1988 Games, Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons led the U.S. men's team to a second
straight gold medal, and the Soviets won the fourth gold in the women's tournament. In 1992,
underrated Brazil upset favourites C.I.S., Netherlands, and Italy in the men's competition for the
country's first volleyball Olympic gold medal. Runner-up Netherlands, men's silver medalist in
1992, came back under team leaders Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen in the 1996 Games
for a five-set win over Italy. A men's bronze medalist in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro (playing
in 1996 and 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) beat Russia in the gold medal match in
2000, winning their first gold medal ever. In all three games the strong Cuban female team lead
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by Regla Torres and Mireya Luis won the Gold medal. In 2004, Brazil won its second men's
volleyball gold medal beating Italy in the finals, while China beat Russia for its second women's
title. In the 2008 Games, the USA beat Brazil in the men's volleyball final. Brazil was runner-up
again at the 2012 Summer Olympics, this time losing to Russia after losing two match points in
the third set. In both games Brazil's women team beat the United States for the gold medal.
BEACH VOLLEYBALL
The Roots and Beginnings of Beach Volleyball

Beach volleyball was probably first played in Hawaii in 1915, when the Outrigger Beach and
Canoe Club set up a court on Waikiki Beach. Most people though believe that it begun in Santa
Monica, California, in the 1920s, about 25 years after the indoor version of the game was
invented on the other side of the USA in Massachusetts. The sport began as a form of family fun
at the beach, and its wide appeal and low cost meant it soon spread around the world. By the
1930s it was being played in the most strange places: Riga, Sofia and Prague, the capital cities of
Latvia, Bulgaria, and the then Czechoslovakia.
The sport was given a boost during the Great Depression. Cash-strapped Americans in the
hundreds flocked to the beaches to play what was virtually a no-cost pastime and a free source of
entertainment. By the 1950s, competitions were being held in California. Included on the
program were beauty contests and other forms of entertainment. As the sport continued to grow,
it wasn’t long before sponsors came forward to take advantage of beach volleyball’s popularity,
and by the 1970s a full-fledged pro beach volleyball tour was organized. In 1986, the
International Volleyball Federation recognized the sport. Since then, beach volleyball’s world
tour has spread from the United States into Asia and Europe. Beach volleyball was a
demonstration sport at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, and shortly afterward the International
Olympic Committee announced that the sport will be included in the 1996 games in Atlanta.
RULES AND EQUIPMENT FOR BEACH VOLLEYBALL
 Beach volleyball is played on a court that is a little smaller than an indoor court and
measures 16 x 8 meters and is divided into two equal halves by a net.
 Two sidelines and two end lines define the playing court. There is NO centre line.
 As in tennis, the boundary lines are counted as part of the court; in other words, on the
line is in.
 The top of the net is set at the heights of 2.43 meters for men and 2.24 meters for women.
 Antennae attached to the net and set directly above the sideline mark the area in which
the ball must pass between when hit over the net.
 The ball is made of leather with a bladder inside and has a circumference of between 65
cm and 67 cm and weighs 260–280 grams.
 A beach volleyball team consists of two players. No substitutions can be made.
(However, in social competitions two to six players may participate).
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 Players on each team aim to hit the ball over the net with their hands, although it is
permissible for any part of the body to be used to hit the ball.
 Unlike indoor volleyball, the players do not have fixed positions and can play from any
position on the court.
 Rally point scoring is used. The winner of each rally, irrespective of which team served,
scores a point.
 Serves can be made from anywhere behind the end line and may be struck under or over
arm with any part of the hand, fist, or arm.
 Service order must be maintained throughout the set.
 A serve cannot touch a player from the same team and players cannot obscure the
opposition’s view of a serve.
 The server continues to serve until the serving team loses a point.
 A team may hit the ball three times to return it, but no player can hit the ball twice in a
row, including if it hits one part of their body and then rebounds to another part.
 A team scores a point if it hits the ball and it lands in the opposition’s half of the court.
 Rallies can be lost by hitting the ball out of play or into the net or if a player touches the
net with any part of his or her body while playing the ball.
 Shots may be blocked before they cross the net as long as the blocker does not touch the net.
 The ball can be directed anywhere into the opponent’s court.
 The ball can be played off the net during a rally.
 Because weather affects play, teams swap ends every seven points during the first two
sets and every five points during the third set.
 Each match is played over the best of three sets. To win a set, a team must have a two-
point break over the opposition. The match continues indefinitely until this is the case.
The first two sets are played to 21 points while the third, if required, is played to 15
points.
 Each team is allowed one 30-second time-out per set.
 There is a technical time-out when the score adds to 21 in the first two sets.
 No coaching is allowed during the match.
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CHAPTER TWO
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE VOLLEYBALL GAME
1. PLAYING AREA
The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be rectangular and
symmetrical.
1.1. DIMENSIONS
The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided into
9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter (40-inch) wide net, surrounded by a free zone which is a
minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.
The free playing space is the space above the playing area which is free from any obstructions.
The free playing space shall measure a minimum of 7 m in height from the playing surface.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the free zone shall measure a minimum of 5 m from
the side lines and 6.5 m from the end lines. The free playing space shall measure a minimum of
12.5 m in height from the playing surface.
1.2. PLAYING SURFACE
The surface must be flat, horizontal and uniform. It must not present any danger of injury to the
players. It is forbidden to play on rough or slippery surfaces.
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For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed. Any
surface must be previously approved by the FIVB.
On indoor courts the surface of the playing court must be of a light color.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, white colours are required for the lines. Other
colours, different from each other, are required for the playing court and the free zone.
On outdoor courts a slope of 5 mm per metre is allowed for drainage. Court lines made of solid
materials are forbidden.
1.3. LINES ON THE COURT
All lines are 5 cm wide. They must be of a light colour which is different from the colour of the
floor and from any other lines. All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack
zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court
or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in".
Boundary lines
Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court. Both side lines and end lines are drawn
inside the dimensions of the playing court.
Centre line
The axis of the centre line divides the playing court into two equal courts measuring 9 x 9 m
each; however the entire width of the line is considered to belong to both courts equally. This
line extends beneath the net from side line to side line.
Attack line
On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3 m back from the axis of the centre line,
marks the front zone. A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack
line". This "3 meter" (or "10 foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas
(also back court and front court).
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the attack line is extended by the addition of broken
lines from the side lines, with five 15 cm short lines 5 cm wide, drawn 20 cm from each other to
a total length of 1.75 m. The “coach’s restriction line” (a broken line which extends from the
attack line to the end line of the court, parallel to the side line and 1.75 metres from it) is
composed of 15 cm short lines drawn 20 cm apart to mark the limit of the coach’s area of
operation.
1.4. ZONES AND AREAS
Front zone
On each court the front zone is limited by the axis of the centre line and the rear edge of the
attack line.
The front zone is considered to extend beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.
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Service zone
The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each end line.
It is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an
extension of the side lines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone.
In depth, the service zone extends to the end of the free zone.
The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters
wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball.
Substitution zone
The substitution zone is limited by the extension of both attack lines up to the scorer's table.
Libero Replacement zone

The Libero Replacement zone is part of the free zone on the side of the team benches, limited by
the extension of the attack line up to the end line.
Warm-up area
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the warm-up areas, sized approximately 3 x 3 m,
are located in both of the bench-side corners, outside the free zone.
Penalty area
A penalty area, sized approximately 1 x 1 m and equipped with two chairs, is located in the
control area, outside the prolongation of each end line. They may be limited by a 5 cm wide red
line.
1.5. TEMPERATURE
The minimum temperature shall not be below 10° C (50° F).
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the maximum temperature shall not be higher than
25° C (77° F) and the minimum not lower than 16° C (61° F).
1.6. LIGHTING
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the lighting on the playing area should be 1000 to
1500 lux measured at 1 m above the surface of the playing area.
2. NET AND POSTS
2.1. HEIGHT OF THE NET

Placed vertically over the centre line there is a net whose top is set at the height of 2.43 m (7 ft
11 5/8 in) for men and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 1/8 in) for women.
Its height is measured from the centre of the playing court. The net height (over the two side
lines) must be exactly the same and must not exceed the official height by more than 2 cm.
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2.2. STRUCTURE OF NET
The net is 1 m wide and 9.50 to 10 metres long (with 25 to 50 cm on each side of the side bands),
made of 10 cm square black mesh.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, in conjunction with specific competition
regulations, the mesh may be modified to facilitate advertising according to marketing
agreements.
At its top a horizontal band, 7 cm wide, made of two-fold white canvas, is sewn along its full
length. Each extreme end of the band has a hole, through which passes a cord, fastening the band
to the posts for keeping its top taut.
Within the band, a flexible cable fastens the net to the posts and keeps its top taut.
At the bottom of the net there is another horizontal band, 5cm wide, similar to the top band,
through which is threaded a rope. This rope fastens the net to the posts and keeps its lower part
taut.
2.3. SIDE BANDS
Two white bands are fastened vertically to the net and placed directly above each side line.
They are 5 cm wide and 1 m long and are considered as part of the net.
2.4. ANTENNAE
An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar
material.
An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of each side band. The antennae are placed on opposite
sides of the net.
The top 80 cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of
contrasting colour, preferably red and white.
The antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space.
An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical
extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely
between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.
2.5. POSTS
The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside the side lines. They
are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.
For all FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the posts supporting the net are placed at a
distance of 1 m outside the side lines.
The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There shall be no
dangerous or obstructing devices.
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3. BALLS
3.1. STANDARDS
The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder
inside, made of rubber or a similar material.
Its colour may be a uniform light colour or a combination of colours.
Synthetic leather material and colour combinations of balls used in international official
competitions should comply with FIVB standards.
Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is 260-280 g.
It’s inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar or hPa).
2
3.2. UNIFORMITY OF BALLS

All balls used in a match must have the same standards regarding circumference, weight,
pressure, type, colour, etc.
FIVB, World and Official Competitions, as well as National or League Championships, must be
played with FIVB approved balls, unless by agreement of FIVB.
3.3. FIVE-BALL SYSTEM

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, five balls shall be used. In this case, six ball
retrievers are stationed, one at each corner of the free zone and one behind each referee.
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 GAME PLAY
A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes
over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve). The
opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to
return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the bump
or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of
the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that
the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker
can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and
hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the
ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described
is said to be on offense.
The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court:
players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net to
block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive
players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a fore-arm
pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.
The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court
within the boundaries or until an error is made. The most frequent errors that are made are either
to fail to return the ball over the net within the allowed three touches, or to cause the ball to land
outside the court. A ball is "in" if any part of it touches a sideline or end-line, and a strong spike
may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out
may actually be in. Players may travel well outside the court to play a ball that has gone over a
sideline or end-line in the air.
Other common errors include a player touching the ball twice in succession, a player "catching"
the ball, a player touching the net while attempting to play the ball, or a player penetrating under
the net into the opponent's court. There are a large number of other errors specified in the rules,
although most of them are infrequent occurrences. These errors include back-row or libero
players spiking the ball or blocking (back-row players may spike the ball if they jump from
behind the attack line), players not being in the correct position when the ball is served, attacking
the serve in the front court and above the height of the net, using another player as a source of
support to reach the ball, stepping over the back boundary line when serving, taking more than 8
seconds to serve, or playing the ball when it is above the opponent's court.
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 RECENT RULE CHANGES
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as
long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area was expanded to
allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical
extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and
double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's
first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four
sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30.) If a fifth (deciding)
set is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In addition, the word "game" is now
referred to as "set".
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CHAPTER THREE
PARTICIPANTS
3.1. TEAM COMPOSITION
For the match, a team may consist of up to 12 players, plus
- Coaching Staff: one coach, a maximum of two assistant coaches,
- Medical Staff: one team therapist and one medical doctor.
Only those listed on the score sheet may normally enter the Competition/ Control Area and take
part in the official warm up and in the match.
For FIVB, World and Official competitions for seniors, up to 14 players may be recorded on the
score sheet and play in a match. The maximum five staff members on the bench (including the
coach) are chosen by the coach him/herself but must be listed on the score sheet, and be
registered on the O-2(bis).
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, a medical doctor and team therapist should be part
of the Delegation and accredited beforehand by the FIVB. However, for FIVB, World and
Official Competitions for seniors, if they are not included as members on the team bench, they
must sit against the delimitation fence, inside the Competition-Control Area and may only
intervene if invited by the referees to deal with an emergency to the players. The team therapist
(even if not on the bench) may assist with the warm up until the start of the official net warm up
session.
One of the players, other than the Libero, is the team captain, who shall be indicated on the score
sheet.
Only the players recorded on the score sheet may enter the court and play in the match. Once the
coach and the team captain have signed the score sheet, (team list for electronic score sheet) the
recorded players cannot be changed.
3.2. LOCATION OF THE TEAM
The players not in play should either sit on their team bench or be in their warm-up area. The
coach and other team members sit on the bench, but may temporarily leave it. The benches for
the teams are located beside the scorer's table, outside the free zone. Only the team composition
members are permitted to sit on the bench during the match and to participate in the official
warm-up session. Players not in play may warm-up without balls as follows:-
- During play: in the warm-up areas;
- During time-outs and technical time-outs: in the free zone behind their court.
- During set intervals, players may warm-up using balls within their own free zone.
- During the extended interval between sets 2 and 3 (if used), players may use their own
court as well.
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3.3. EQUIPMENT
A player's equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform) and sport shoes. The colour
and the design for the jerseys, shorts and socks must be uniform for the team (except for the
Libero). The uniforms must be clean. The shoes must be light and pliable with rubber or
composite soles without heels. Players' jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20.
The number must be placed on the jersey at the centre of the front and of the back. The colour
and brightness of the numbers must contrast with the colour and brightness of the jerseys. The
number must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest, and a minimum of 20 cm in height
on the back. The stripe forming the numbers shall be a minimum of 2 cm in width. The team
captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlining the number on the chest.
It is forbidden to wear uniforms of a colour different from that of the other players (except for the
Liberos), and/or without official numbers.
3.4. CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT
The 1st referee may authorize one or more players:

- to play barefoot;
- to change wet or damaged uniforms between sets or after substitution, provided that the
colour, design and number of the new uniform(s) are the same;
- To play in training suits in cold weather, provided that they are of the same colour and
design for the whole team (except for the Liberos) and numbered according to above Rule.
3.5. FORBIDDEN OBJECTS
It is forbidden to wear objects which may cause injury or give an artificial advantage to the
player. Players may wear glasses or lenses at their own risk. Compression pads (padded injury
protection devices) may be worn for protection or support.
For FIVB, World and Official competitions for seniors, these devices must be of the same colour
as the corresponding part of the uniform.
3.6. TEAM LEADERS

Both the team captain and the coach are responsible for the conduct and discipline of their team
members. The Liberos cannot be either team or game captain.
3.7. CAPTAIN
PRIOR TO THE MATCH, the team captain signs the score sheet and represents his/her team
in the toss. DURING THE MATCH and while on the court, the team captain is the game
captain. When the team captain is not on the court, the coach or the team captain must assign
another player on the court, but not the Libero, to assume the role of game captain. This game
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captain maintains his/her responsibilities until he/she is substituted, or the team captain returns to
play, or the set ends.
When the ball is out of play, only the game captain is authorized to speak to the referees:
- To ask for an explanation on the application or interpretation of the Rules, and also to
submit the requests or questions of his/her team-mates. If the game captain does not agree
with the explanation of the 1st referee, he/she may choose to protest against such decision
and immediately indicates to the 1st referee that he/she reserves the right to record an
official protest on the score sheet at the end of the match;
- To ask authorization:
a) To change all or part of the equipment,
b) To verify the positions of the teams,
c) To check the floor, the net, the ball, etc..;
- In the absence of the coach to request time-outs and substitutions.
AT THE END OF THE MATCH, the team captain: Thanks the referees and signs the score
sheet to ratify the result; may, when it has been notified in due time to the 1 referee, confirm and
st
record on the score sheet an official protest regarding the referee’s application or interpretation
of the rules.
3.8. COACH
Throughout the match, the coach conducts the play of his/her team from outside the playing
court. He/she selects the starting line-ups, the substitutes, and takes time-outs. In these functions
his/her contacting official is the 2nd referee.
PRIOR TO THE MATCH, the coach records or checks the names and numbers of his/her
players on the score sheet, and then signs it. DURING THE MATCH, the coach: Prior to each
set, gives the 2nd referee or the scorer the line-up sheet(s) duly filled in and signed; Sits on the
team bench nearest to the scorer, but may leave it; Requests time-outs and substitutions; may, as
well as other team members, give instructions to the players on the court. The coach may give
these instructions while standing or walking within the free zone in front of his/her team’s bench
from the extension of the attack line up to the warm-up area, without disturbing or delaying the
match.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the coach is restricted to performing his/her
function behind the coach’s restriction line.
3.9. ASSISTANT COACH

The assistant coach sits on the team bench, but has no right to intervene in the match. Should the
coach have to leave his/her team for any reason including sanction, but excluding entering the
court as a player, an assistant coach may assume the coach's functions for the duration of the
absence, once confirmed to the referee by the game captain.
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3.10. THE LIBERO PLAYER
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally. The libero is a player specialized in
defensive skills: the libero cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height.
The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. If she/he makes an overhand
set, she/he must be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball
cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from
any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a libero
tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs in
and out for. There may only be one libero per set (game), although there may be a different
libero in the beginning of any new set (game).
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules, with the exception
of the NCAA women's volleyball games, where a 2004 rule change allows the libero to serve,
but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the
people for whom she goes in. That rule change was also applied to high school and junior high
play soon after.
3.10.1. DESIGNATION OF THE LIBERO

Each team has the right to designate from the list of players on the score sheet up to two
specialist defensive players: Liberos. In FIVB, World and Official competitions for seniors, if a
team has more than 12 players recorded in the score sheet, TWO Liberos are mandatory in the
team list. All Liberos must be recorded on the score sheet in the special lines reserved for this.
The Libero on court is the Acting Libero. If there is another Libero, he/ she is the second Libero
for the team. Only one Libero may be on court at any time.
3.10.2 EQUIPMENT
The Libero player(s) must wear a uniform (OR JACKET/BIB FOR THE RE-DESIGNATED
Libero) which has a different dominant colour from any colour of the rest of the team. The
uniform must clearly contrast with the rest of the team. The Libero uniforms must be numbered
like the rest of the team. For FIVB, World and Official competitions, the re-designated Libero
should, if possible, wear the same style and colour of jersey as the original Libero, but should
keep his/her own number.
3.10.3. ACTIONS INVOLVING THE LIBERO

When the ball is not in play, the Libero can replace any player in a back row position, without
prior notice to the officials. He/she is restricted to perform as a back row player and is not
allowed to complete an attack hit from anywhere (including playing court and free zone) if at the
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moment of the contact the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net. He/she may not serve,
block or attempt to block.
A player may not complete an attack hit when the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net, if
the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass by a Libero in his/her front zone. The ball may
be freely attacked if the Libero makes the same action from outside his/her front zone.
3.10.4. LIBERO REPLACEMENTS

Libero Replacements are not counted as substitutions. They are unlimited but there must be a
completed rally between two Libero replacements (unless a penalty causes the team to rotate and
the Libero to move to position four, or the Acting Libero becomes unable to play, making the
rally incomplete.) This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is
allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced.
The regular replacement player may replace and be replaced by either Libero. The Acting Libero
can only be replaced by the regular replacement player for that position or by the second Libero.
At the start of each set, the Libero cannot enter the court until the 2nd referee has checked the
line-up and authorised a Libero replacement with a starting player. Other Libero replacements
must only take place while the ball is out of play and before the whistle for service.
A Libero replacement made after the whistle for service but before the service hit should not be
rejected; however, at the end of the rally, the game captain must be informed that this is not a
permitted procedure, and that repetition will be subject to delay sanctions. Subsequent late
Libero replacements shall result in the play being interrupted immediately, and the imposition of
a delay sanction. The team to serve next will be determined by the level of the delay sanction.
The Libero and the replacing player may only enter or leave the court through the Libero
replacement zone. Libero replacements must be recorded in the Libero Control Sheet (if one is
used) or on the electronic score sheet.
An illegal Libero replacement can involve (amongst others)
- no completed rally between Libero replacements,
- The Libero being replaced by a player other than the second Libero or the regular
replacement player.
An illegal Libero replacement should be considered in the same way as an illegal substitution:-
- should the illegal Libero replacement be noticed before the start of the next rally, then
this is corrected by the referees, and the team is sanctioned for delay;
- Should the illegal Libero replacement be noticed after the service hit, the consequences
are the same as for an illegal substitution.
3.10.5. RE-DESIGNATION OF A NEW LIBERO
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The Libero becomes unable to play if injured, ill, expelled or disqualified. The Libero can be
declared unable to play for any reason by the coach or, in the absence of a coach, by the game
captain.
TEAM WITH ONE LIBERO
When only one Libero is available for a team according to above Rule, or the team has only one
registered, and this Libero becomes or is declared unable to play, the coach (or game captain if
no coach is present) may re-designate as Libero for the remainder of the match any other player
(replacement player excepted) not on the court at the moment of the re-designation. If the
Acting Libero becomes unable to play, he/she may be replaced by the regular replacement player
or immediately and directly to court by a re-designated Libero. However, a Libero who is the
subject of a re-designation may not play for the remainder of the match.
If the Libero is not on court when declared unable to play, he/she may also be the subject of a re-
designation. The Libero declared unable to play may not play for the remainder of the match.
The coach, or game captain if no coach is present, contacts the second referee informing him/her
about the re-designation. Should a re-designated Libero become or be declared unable to play,
further re-designations are permitted. If the coach requests the team captain to be re-designated
as the new Libero, this will be permitted – but the team captain must in this case relinquish all
leadership privileges. In the case of a re-designated Libero, the number of the player re-
designated as Libero must be recorded on the score sheet remarks section and on the Libero
control sheet (or electronic score sheet if one is used.)
TEAM WITH TWO LIBEROS
Where a team has registered on the score sheet two Liberos, but one becomes unable to play the
team has the right to play with only one Libero. No re-designation will be allowed, however,
unless the remaining Libero is unable to continue playing for the match. If the Libero is expelled
or disqualified, he/she may be replaced immediately by the team’s second Libero. Should the
team have only one Libero, then it has the right to make a re-designation.
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CHAPTER FOUR
PLAYING FORMAT
4.1. TO SCORE A POINT
Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points.
(Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-
three to 25; in the games are played best-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season.) Before 1999, points
could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring) and all sets went up to only
15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to
use the current scoring system (formerly known as rally point system), primarily to make the
length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-
friendly.
Point
A team scores a point:
- by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent’s court;
- when the opponent team commits a fault;
- When the opponent team receives a penalty.
Fault
A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or by violating them in
some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the consequences according to the
rules:
- if two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is counted;
- If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a DOUBLE FAULT
is called and the rally is replayed.
Rally and completed rally
A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until
the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence of playing actions which results in the
award of a point. This includes the award of a penalty and loss of service for serving faults
out-with the time limit.
If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve.
If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.
4.2. TO WIN A SET
A set (except the deciding 5 set) is won by the team which first scores 25 points with a minimum
th
lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved
(26-24; 27-25; …).
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4.3. TO WIN THE MATCH
The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding 5 th set is
played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points.
4.4. DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM

If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it is declared in default and forfeits the
match with the result 0-3 for the match and 0-25 for each set. A team that, without justifiable
reason, does not appear on the playing court on time is declared in default with the same result as
in above Rule. A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the match loses the set or
the match. The opponent team is given the points, or the points and the sets, needed to win the
set or the match. The incomplete team keeps its points and sets.
4.5. STRUCTURE OF PLAY

4.6. THE TOSS
Before the match, the 1st referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first service and the sides of
the court in the first set. If a deciding set is to be played, a new toss will be carried out. The toss
is taken in the presence of the two team captains. The winner of the toss chooses: -
EITHER
- the right to serve or to receive the service,
OR
- The side of the court.
The loser takes the remaining choice.
4.7. OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION
Prior to the match, if the teams have previously had a playing court exclusively at their disposal,
they are entitled to a 6-minute official warm-up period together at the net; if not, they may have
10 minutes. For FIVB, World and Official competitions, teams will be entitled to a 10 minute
warm up period together at the net. If either captain requests separate (consecutive) official
warm-ups at the net, the teams are allowed 3 minutes each or 5 minutes each. In the case of
consecutive official warm-ups, the team that has the first service takes the first turn at the net.
4.8. TEAM STARTING LINE-UP
There must always be six players per team in play. The team's starting line-up indicates the
rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set.
Before the start of each set, the coach has to present the starting line-up of his/her team on a line-
up sheet. The sheet is submitted, duly filled in and signed, to the 2 nd referee or the scorer. The
players who are not in the starting line-up of a set are the substitutes for that set (except the
Liberos).
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Once the line-up sheet has been delivered to the 2 nd referee or scorer, no change in the line-up
may be authorized without a regular substitution. Discrepancies between players’ position on
court and on the line-up sheet are dealt with as follows: -
- when such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the set, players' positions must
be rectified according to those on the line-up sheet – there will be no sanction;
when, before the start of the set, any player on court is found not to be registered on the line-up
sheet of that set, this player must be changed to conform to the line-up sheet – there will be no
sanction;
- However, if the coach wishes to keep such non-recorded player(s) on the court, he/she
has to request regular substitution(s), by use of the corresponding hand signal, which will
then be recorded on the score sheet.
If a discrepancy between players’ positions and the line-up sheet is discovered later, the team at
fault must revert to the correct positions. The opponent’s points remain valid and in addition they
receive a point and the next service. All points scored by the team at fault from the exact moment
of the fault up to the discovery of the fault are cancelled.
- Where a player is found to be on court but he/she is not registered on the score sheet list
of players, the opponent’s points remain valid, and in addition they gain a point and
service. The team at fault will lose all points and/or sets (0:25, if necessary) gained from
the moment the non-registered player entered the court, and will have to submit a revised
line-up sheet and send a new registered player into the court, in the position of the non-
registered player.
4.9. POSITIONS
At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned within its own court in
the rotational order (except the server).
The positions of the players are numbered as follows:
- the three players along the net are front-row players and occupy positions 4 (front-left), 3
(front-centre) and 2 (front-right);
- The other three are back-row players occupying positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back-centre)
and 1 (back-right).
Relative positions between players:
- each back-row player must be positioned further back from the centre line than the
corresponding front-row player;
- The front-row players and the back-row players, respectively, must be positioned
laterally in the order indicated in above Rule.
The positions of players are determined and controlled according to the positions of their feet
contacting the ground as follows: -
- each front-row player must have at least a part of his/her foot closer to the centre line
than the feet of the corresponding back-row player;
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- each right (left) side player must have at least a part of his/her foot closer to the right
(left) sideline than the feet of the centre player in that row.
After the service hit, the players may move around and occupy any position on their court and
the free zone.
4.10. POSITIONAL FAULT
The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in his/her correct position at the moment
the ball is hit by the server. This includes when a player is on court through illegal substitution.
If the server commits a serving fault at the moment of the service hit, the server's fault is counted
before a positional fault. If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the positional
fault that will be counted. A positional fault leads to the following consequences: -
- the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
- Players' positions must be rectified.
4.11. ROTATION
The rotational order is determined by the team's starting line-up and controlled with the service
order and players' positions throughout the set. When the receiving team has gained the right to
serve, its players rotate one position clock-wise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to
serve; the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc.
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4.12. ROTATIONAL FAULT
A rotational fault is committed when the SERVICE is not made according to the rotational order.
It leads to the following consequences in order:
- the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
- The players' rotational order must be rectified.
Additionally, the scorer should determine the exact moment when the fault was committed, and
all points scored subsequently by the team at fault must be cancelled. The opponent's points
remain valid.
If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s) cancellation takes place, and a point and
service to the opponent is the only sanction.
CHAPTER FIVE
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5. PLAYING ACTIONS
5.1. BALL IN PLAY
The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized by the 1st referee.
5.2. BALL OUT OF PLAY
The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by one of the referees; in the
absence of a fault, at the moment of the whistle.
5.3. BALL ”IN”
The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the floor, some part of the ball touches the
court, including the boundary lines.
5.4. BALL “OUT”
The ball is “out” when:

- the part of the ball which contacts the floor is completely outside the boundary lines;
- it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out of play;
- it touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side bands;
- it crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside the crossing space;
- It crosses completely the lower space under the net.
5.5. PLAYING THE BALL
Each team must play within its own playing area and space. The ball may, however, be retrieved
from beyond the free zone.
5.6. TEAM HITS
A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play. The team is entitled to a maximum of three
hits (in addition to blocking), for returning the ball. If more are used, the team commits the fault
of “FOUR HITS”.
5.6.1. CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS
A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively.
5.6.2. SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS
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Two or three players may touch the ball at the same moment. When two (or three) team-mates
touch the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two (or three) hits (with the exception of
blocking). If they reach for the ball, but only one of them touches it, one hit is counted. A
collision of players does not constitute a fault.
When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and the ball remains in play, the
team receiving the ball is entitled to another three hits. If such a ball goes “out”, it is the fault of
the team on the opposite side. If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to an
extended contact with the ball, play continues.
5.6.3. ASSISTED HIT
Within the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support from a team-mate or any
structure/object in order to hit the ball. However, a player who is about to commit a fault (touch
the net or cross the centre line, etc.) may be stopped or held back by a team-mate.
5.7. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT
The ball may touch any part of the body. The ball must not be caught and/or thrown. It can
rebound in any direction. The ball may touch various parts of the body, provided that the
contacts take place simultaneously. Exceptions: -
- At blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more player(s), provided that
the contacts occur during one action;
- At the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body consecutively,
provided that the contacts occur during one action.
5.8. FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL

FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.
ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a team-mate or any structure/ object in order to hit
the ball within the playing area.
CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.
DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ball contacts various
parts of his/her body in succession.
5.9. BALL AT THE NET

5.9.1. BALL CROSSING THE NET
The ball sent to the opponent's court must go over the net within the crossing space. The crossing
space is the part of the vertical plane of the net limited as follows:-
 below, by the top of the net;
 at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;
 Above, by the ceiling.
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The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent's free zone totally or partly through the
external space, may be played back within the team hits, provided that: -
 the opponent's court is not touched by the player;
 The ball, when played back, crosses the net plane again totally or partly through the
external space on the same side of the court.
The opponent team may not prevent such action. The ball that is heading towards the opponent’s
court through the lower space is in play until the moment it has completely crossed the vertical
plane of the net.
5.10 BALL TOUCHING THE NET

While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.
5.11. BALL IN THE NET
A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the three team hits. If the ball
rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is cancelled and replayed.
5.12. PLAYER AT THE NET
5.12.1. REACHING BEYOND THE NET
In blocking, a player may touch the ball beyond the net, provided that he/she does not interfere
with the opponent’s play before or during the latter's attack hit. After an attack hit, a player is
permitted to pass his/her hand beyond the net, provided that the contact has been made within
his/her own playing space.
5.12.2. PENETRATION UNDER THE NET

It is permitted to penetrate into the opponent’s space under the net, provided that this does not
interfere with the opponent’s play. Penetration into the opponent's court, beyond the centre line:-
 to touch the opponent's court with a foot (feet) is permitted, provided that some part of
the penetrating foot (feet) remains either in contact with or directly above the centre line;
 to touch the opponent’s court with any part of the body above the feet is permitted
provided that it does not interfere with the opponent’s play.
 A player may enter the opponent's court after the ball goes out of play.
 Players may penetrate into the opponent's free zone provided that they do not interfere
with the opponent’s play.
5.13. CONTACT WITH THE NET

Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during the action of playing the ball, is a
fault. The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-off, hit (or attempt) and
landing. Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside the antennae, including
the net itself, provided that it does not interfere with the play. When the ball is driven into the
net, causing it to touch an opponent, no fault is committed.
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5.14. PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET

A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space before or during the opponent’s
attack hit. A player interferes with the opponent's play while penetrating into the opponent’s
space under the net. A player’s foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent's court.
A player interferes with play by (amongst others):-
- touching the net between the antennae or the antenna itself during his/her action of
playing the ball,
- using the net between the antennae as a support or stabilizing aid
- creating an unfair advantage over the opponent by touching the net
- making actions which hinder an opponent’s legitimate attempt to play the ball,
- catching/ holding on to the net
Players close to the ball as it is played, or who are trying to play it, are considered in the action
of playing the ball, even if no contact is made with the ball. However, touching the net outside
the antenna is not to be considered a fault.
SKILLS
Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, dig, set, pass, attack and block. Each of these
skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over the years and are
now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.
5.15. SERVICE
The service is the act of putting the ball into play, by the back-right player, placed in the service
zone. A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the
opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable
to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to
handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels
outside the court after being touched by an opponent.
5.15.1. FIRST SERVICE IN A SET
The first service of the first set, as well as that of the deciding 5 th set is executed by the team
determined by the toss. The other sets will be started with the service of the team that did not
serve first in the previous set.
5.15.2. SERVICE ORDER
The players must follow the service order recorded on the line-up sheet. After the first service in
a set, the player to serve is determined as follows:-
 when the serving team wins the rally, the player (or his/her substitute) who served before,
serves again;
 When the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to serve and rotates before
actually serving. The player who moves from the front-right position to the back-right
position will serve.
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5.15.3. AUTHORIZATION OF THE SERVICE

The 1st referee authorizes the service, after having checked that the two teams are ready to play
and that the server is in possession of the ball.
5.15.4. EXECUTION OF THE SERVICE
The ball shall be hit with one hand or any part of the arm after being tossed or released from the
hand(s). Only one toss or release of the ball is allowed. Dribbling or moving the ball in the hands
is permitted. At the moment of the service hit or take-off for a jump service, the server must not
touch the court (the end line included) or the floor outside the service zone.
After the hit, he/she may step or land outside the service zone, or inside the court. The server
must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles for service. A service executed
before the referee's whistle is cancelled and repeated.
5.15.5. SCREENING
The players of the serving team must not prevent their opponent, through individual or collective
screening, from seeing the server and the flight path of the ball. A player or a group of players of
the serving team make(s) a screen by waving arms, jumping or moving sideways during the
execution of the service, or by standing grouped to hide the server and the flight path of the ball.
IN CONTEMPORARY VOLLEYBALL, MANY TYPES OF SERVES ARE EMPLOYED:
 Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of
tossing it up and striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are
considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in high-level competitions.
 Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in volleyball, where
the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line.
 This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the
early 1980s and is now considered outdated.
 Top spin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist
span, giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps
maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a
specific returner or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely used above the
high school level of play.
 Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes
unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball.
 Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the
player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with
much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve amongst college and professional
teams.
 Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may
jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. The ball is tossed lower than a
30 | P a g e
topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air. This serve is becoming more
popular amongst college and professional players because it has a certain unpredictability
in its flight pattern.
5.15.6. FAULTS MADE DURING THE SERVICE

5.15.6.1. Serving faults.
The following faults lead to a change of service even if the opponent is out of position. The
server: -
 violates the service order,
 Does not execute the service properly.
 Faults after the service hit.
After the ball has been correctly hit, the service becomes a fault (unless a player is out of
position) if the ball:-
 touches a player of the serving team or fails to cross the vertical plane of the net
completely through the crossing space;
 goes “out”;
 Passes over a screen.
5.15.7. SERVING FAULTS AND POSITIONAL FAULTS
If the server makes a fault at the moment of the service hit (improper execution, wrong rotational
order, etc.) and the opponent is out of position, it is the serving fault which is sanctioned. Instead,
if the execution of the service has been correct, but the service subsequently becomes faulty
(goes out, goes over a screen, etc.), the positional fault has taken place first and is sanctioned.
Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve,
or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the
court, but also making it reaches the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump,
where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and
overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are
acceptable in professional or beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on the
overhand pass in beach volleyball.
Dig
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack,
particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to
31 | P a g e
passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive
actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms.
It varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill, especially at the
higher levels. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several
players choose to employ a split step to make sure they're ready to move in any direction.
Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing. A player may sometimes
perform a "dive", i.e., throw his or her body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to
save the ball, and land on his or her chest. When the player also slides his or her hand under a
ball that is almost touching the court, this is called a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used
in indoor volleyball, but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and infirm nature
of the sand court limits the chances that the ball will make a good, clean contact with the hand.
When used correctly, it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays.
Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop his or her body quickly to the floor to save the
ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the
chances of injuries.
Set
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of setting is
to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.
The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately
decides which player will actually attack the ball.
As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set. Since the former
allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the
ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules
regulating overhand setting are more stringent. In the case of a set, one also speaks of a front or
back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the
setter. There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net. In this case the
setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net. The setter
usually stands about ⅔ of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger
portion of net that he or she can see).
Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to
play it directly onto the opponent's court. This movement is called a "dump. This can only be
performed when the setter is in the front row; otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack.
The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones
32 | P a g e
2 and 4. More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the
second hit.
5.16. ATTACK HIT
5.16.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATTACK HIT
All actions which direct the ball towards the opponent, with the exception of service and block,
are considered as attack hits. During an attack hit, tipping is permitted only if the ball is cleanly
hit, and not caught or thrown. An attack hit is completed at the moment the ball completely
crosses the vertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The
object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be
defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.
Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of
contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward, making the
highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses
arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. A
'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory
steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the
slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.
Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:
 Backcourt (or back row)/pipe attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The
player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but
may land in front of the 3-meter line.
 Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory
parallel to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with
a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut
shot.
 Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball
lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent's court that is not being covered by the
defense.
 Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so
that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court.
 Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus confusing
the opponent's defense.
 Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and
jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only
slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving
33 | P a g e
the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle
blocker to be the only blocker on the hit.
 Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set. The middle hitter steps around
the setter and hits from behind him or her.
 Double quick hit/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in
front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick hit at
the same time. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter
attacking from backcourt, maybe without block at all.
5.16.2. RESTRICTIONS OF THE ATTACK HIT

A front-row player may complete an attack hit at any height, provided that the contact with the
ball has been made within the player's own playing space. A back-row player may complete an
attack hit at any height from behind the front zone:-
 at his/her take-off, the player's foot (feet) must neither have touched nor crossed over the
attack line;
 after his/her hit, the player may land within the front zone.
 A back-row player may also complete an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment
of the contact a part of the ball is lower than the top of the net.
 No player is permitted to complete an attack hit on the OPPONENT’S service, when the
ball is in the front zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.
5.16.3. FAULTS OF THE ATTACK HIT
 A player hits the ball within the playing space of the opposing team.
 A player hits the ball “out”.
 A back-row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of the hit
the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net.
 A player completes an attack hit on the opponent's service, when the ball is in the front
zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.
 A Libero completes an attack hit if at the moment of the hit the ball is entirely higher than
the top of the net.
 A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is
coming from an overhand finger pass by a Libero in his/ her front zone.
5.17. BLOCK
5.17.1. BLOCKING
Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming from the opponent
by reaching higher than the top of the net, regardless of the height of the ball contact. Only front-
row players are permitted to complete a block, but at the moment of the contact with the ball, a
part of the body must be higher than the top of the net.
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Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's
attack. A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the
opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping
and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It
requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also require
calculating the best foot work to executing the "perfect" block.
The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the net.
Palms are held deflected downward about 45–60 degrees toward the interior of the opponents’
court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack
straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked
house roof.
By contrast, it is called a defensive or "soft" block if the goal is to control and deflect the hard-
driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes easier to be defended. A well-executed soft-
block is performed by jumping and placing one's hands above the net with no penetration into
the opponent's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backward. Blocking is also
classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, one may speak of single (or solo),
double, or triple block.
Successful blocking does not always result in a "roof" and many times does not even touch the
ball. While it's obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that
consistently forces the attacker away from his or her 'power' or preferred attack into a more
easily controlled shot by the defense is also a highly successful block. At the same time, the
block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent
hitters are spiking.
5.17.2. Block attempt

A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball.
5.17.3. Completed block
A block is completed whenever the ball is touched by a blocker.
5.17.4. Collective block
A collective block is executed by two or three players close to each other and is completed when
one of them touches the ball.
5.17.5. BLOCK CONTACT
Consecutive (quick and continuous) contacts with the ball may occur by one or more blockers,
provided that the contacts are made during one action.
35 | P a g e
5.17.6. BLOCKING WITHIN THE OPPONENT’S SPACE

In blocking, the player may place his/her hands and arms beyond the net, provided that this
action does not interfere with the opponent’s play. Thus, it is not permitted to touch the ball
beyond the net until an opponent has executed an attack hit.
5.17.7. BLOCK AND TEAM HITS

A block contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently, after a block contact, a team is
entitled to three hits to return the ball. The first hit after the block may be executed by any
player, including the one who has touched the ball during the block.
5.17.8. BLOCKING THE SERVICE
To block an opponent's service is forbidden.
5.17.9. BLOCKING FAULTS
 The blocker touches the ball in the OPPONENT’S space either before or simultaneously
with the opponent’s attack hit.
 A back-row player or a Libero completes a block or participates in a completed block.
 Blocking the opponent’s service.
 The ball is sent “out” off the block.
 Blocking the ball in the opponent’s space from outside the antenna.
 A Libero attempts an individual or collective block.
COACHING
Coaching for volleyball can be classified under two main categories: match coaching and
developmental coaching. The objective of match coaching is to win a match by managing a
team's strategy.
Developmental coaching emphasizes player development through the reinforcement of basic

skills during exercises known as "drills." Drills promote repetition and refinement of volleyball
movements, particularly in footwork patterns, body positioning relative to others, and ball
contact. A coach will construct drills that simulate match situations thereby encouraging speed of
movement, anticipation, timing, communication, and team-work. At the various stages of a
player's career, a coach will tailor drills to meet the strategic requirements of the team. The
American volleyball coaches association is the largest organization in the world dedicated
exclusively volleyball coaching.
36 | P a g e
STRATEGY
An image from an international match between Italy and Russia in 2005. A Russian player on
the left has just served, with three men of his team next to the net moving to their assigned block
positions from the starting ones. Two others, in the back-row positions, are preparing for
defense. Italy, on the right, has three men in a line, each preparing to pass if the ball reaches him.
The setter is waiting for their pass while the middle hitter with no. 10 will jump for a quick hit if
the pass is good enough. Has no passing duties and is preparing for a back-row hit on the right
side of the field. Note the two liberos with different color dress. Middle hitters/blockers are
commonly substituted by liberos in their back-row positions.
PLAYER SPECIALIZATION
There are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level. Setter, Outside Hitter/Left
Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Opposite Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist.
Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.
 Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team. They aim for second touch
and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place
the ball into the opponents' court for a point. They have to be able to operate with the
hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set.
Setters need to have swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy, and must be quick
at moving around the court.
 Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They
are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills.
Libero means 'free' as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on the court
during each play. They do not necessarily need to be tall, as they never play at the net,
37 | P a g e
which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the
position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated as a libero
for a match may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a different color
jersey than their teammates.
 Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that
usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking, since they must
attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double
block at the sides of the court. In non-beginners play, every team will have two middle
hitters.
 Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter
is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets. Inaccurate first
passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since
most sets to the outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always
starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners play, there are again two
outside hitters on every team in every match.
 Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball
team in the front row.
Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well formed block against the opponents' Outside
Hitters and serve as a backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the
antennae.
At some levels where substitutions are unlimited, teams will make use of a Defensive Specialist
in place of or in addition to a Libero. This position does not have unique rules like the libero
position; instead, these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular
substitution rules. A defensive specialist is often used if you have a particularly poor back court
defender in right side or left side, but your team is already using a libero to take out your
middles. Most often, the situation involves a team using a right side player with a big block who
must be subbed out in the back row because they aren't able to effectively play back court
defense. Similarly, teams might use a Serving Specialist to sub out a poor server situationally.
TEAM PLAY
Volleyball is essentially a game of transition from one of the above skills to the next, with
choreographed team movement between plays on the ball. These team movements are
determined by the teams chosen serve receive system, offensive system, coverage system, and
defensive system.
The serve receive system is the formation used by the receiving team to attempt to pass the ball
to the designated setter. Systems can consist of 5 receivers, 4 receivers, 3 receivers, and in some
cases 2 receivers. The most popular formation at higher levels is a 3 receiver formation
38 | P a g e
consisting of two left sides and a libero receiving every rotation. This allows middles and right
sides to become more specialized at hitting and blocking.
Offensive systems are the formations used by the offense to attempt to ground the ball into the
opposing court (or otherwise score points).
Formations often include designated player positions with skill specialization. Popular
formations include the 4-2, 6-2, and 5-1 systems. There are also several different attacking
schemes teams can use to keep the opposing defense off balance.
Coverage systems are the formations used by the offense to protect their court in the case of a
blocked attack. Executed by the 5 offensive players not directly attacking the ball, players move
to assigned positions around the attacker to dig up any ball that deflects off the block back into
their own court. Popular formations include the 2-3 system and the 1-2-2 system. In lieu of a
system, some teams just use a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter.
Defensive systems are the formations used by the defense to protect against the ball being
grounded into their court by the opposing team. The system will outline which players are
responsible for which areas of the court depending on where the opposing team is attacking
from. Popular systems include the 6-Up, 6-Back-Deep, and 6-Back-Slide defense. There are also
several different blocking schemes teams can employ to disrupt the opposing teams offense.
Some teams, when they are ready to serve, will line up their other five players in a screen to
obscure the view of the receiving team. This action is only illegal if the server makes use of the
screen, so the call is made at the referees discretion as to the impact the screen made on the
receivers ability to pass the ball. The most common style of screening involves a W formation
designed to take up as much horizontal space as possible.
TEAM FORMATIONS
The three standard volleyball formations are known as "4–2", "6–2" and "5–1", which refers to
the number of hitters and setters respectively. 4–2 is a basic formation used only in beginners'
play, while 5–1 is by far the most common formation in high-level play.
4–2
The 4–2 formation has four hitters and two setters. The setters usually set from the middle front
or right front position. The team will therefore have two front-row attackers at all times. In the
international 4–2, the setters set from the right front position. The international 4–2 translates
more easily into other forms of offense.
39 | P a g e
The setters line up opposite each other in the rotation. The typical lineup has two outside hitters.
By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each
position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their
assigned positions, so that the setter is always in middle front.
Alternatively, the setter moves into the right front and has both a middle and an outside attacker;
the disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing one of the other team's
blockers to "cheat in" on a middle block.
The clear disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are only two attackers, leaving a
team with fewer offensive weapons.
Another aspect is to see the setter as an attacking force, albeit a weakened force, because when
the setter is in the front court they are able to 'tip' or 'dump', so when the ball is close to the net
on the second touch, the setter may opt to hit the ball over with one hand. This means that the
blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the
hitters to have an easier attack.
6–2
In the 6–2 formation, a player always comes forward from the back row to set. The three front
row players are all in attacking positions. Thus, all six players act as hitters at one time or
another, while two can act as setters. So the 6–2 formation is actually a 4–2 system, but the back-
row setter penetrates to set.
The 6–2 lineup thus requires two setters, who line up opposite to each other in the rotation. In
addition to the setters, a typical lineup will have two middle hitters and two outside hitters. By
aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each
position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their
assigned positions.
The advantage of the 6–2 is that there are always three front-row hitters available, maximizing
the offensive possibilities. However, not only does the 6–2 require a team to possess two people
capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter, it also requires both of those players
to be effective offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, only the
Cuban National Women's Team employs this kind of formation.
It is also used in Women's play, partially due to the variant rules used which allow 12
substitutions per set (as opposed to the 6 allowed in the standard rules).
40 | P a g e
5–1
The 5–1 formation has only one player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of his or
her position in the rotation. The team will therefore have three front-row attackers when the
setter is in the back row, and only two when the setter is in the front row, for a total of five
possible attackers.
The player opposite the setter in a 5–1 rotation is called the opposite hitter. In general, opposite
hitters do not pass; they stand behind their teammates when the opponent is serving. The
opposite hitter may be used as a third attack option (back-row attack) when the setter is in the
front row: this is the normal option used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volleyball
teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technical skilled hitter of the team. Back-row
attacks generally come from the back-right position, known as zone 1, but are increasingly
performed from back-center in high-level play.
The big advantage of this system is that the setter always has 3 hitters to vary sets with. If the
setter does this well, the opponent's middle blocker may not have enough time to block with the
outside blocker, increasing the chance for the attacking team to make a point.
There is another advantage, the same as that of a 4–2 formation: when the setter is a front-row
player, he or she is allowed to jump and "dump" the ball onto the opponent's side. This too can
confuse the opponent's blocking players: the setter can jump and dump or can set to one of the
hitters. A good setter knows this and thus won't only jump to dump or to set for a quick hit, but
when setting outside as well to confuse the opponent.
The 5–1 offense is actually a mix of 6–2 and 4–2: when the setter is in the front row, the offense
looks like a 4–2; when the setter is in the back row, the offense looks like a 6–2.


WAANTI NAMAAF HIN DANDAAMNEE
WAAQAYYOOF NI DANDAAMA
41 | P a g e
HOJJI KEE HUNDUMAA WAAQAYYOOTI

KEENNDHUINNI WAL SIIQIXXEESA
42 | P a g e

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ASU CNS DEPARTEMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE HANDOUT OF VOLLEYBALL

THE REFEREE WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORK

A FEW OF THE MOST COMMON FAULTS INCLUDE:

REFINEMENT AND LATER DEVELOPMENTS

VOLLEYBALL IN THE OLYMPICS

The Roots and Beginnings of Beach Volleyball

RULES AND EQUIPMENT FOR BEACH VOLLEYBALL

1.2. PLAYING SURFACE

1.3. LINES ON THE COURT

Libero Replacement zone

2. NET AND POSTS

2.1. HEIGHT OF THE NET

2.2. STRUCTURE OF NET

2.3. SIDE BANDS

3.2. UNIFORMITY OF BALLS

3.3. FIVE-BALL SYSTEM

 RECENT RULE CHANGES

3.2. LOCATION OF THE TEAM

3.4. CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT

The 1st referee may authorize one or more players:

3.5. FORBIDDEN OBJECTS

3.6. TEAM LEADERS

3.9. ASSISTANT COACH

3.10. THE LIBERO PLAYER

3.10.1. DESIGNATION OF THE LIBERO

3.10.3. ACTIONS INVOLVING THE LIBERO

3.10.4. LIBERO REPLACEMENTS

3.10.5. RE-DESIGNATION OF A NEW LIBERO

4.2. TO WIN A SET

4.3. TO WIN THE MATCH

4.4. DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM

4.5. STRUCTURE OF PLAY

4.7. OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION

4.8. TEAM STARTING LINE-UP

4.10. POSITIONAL FAULT

4.12. ROTATIONAL FAULT

5.2. BALL OUT OF PLAY

5.3. BALL ”IN”

5.4. BALL “OUT”

The ball is “out” when:

5.5. PLAYING THE BALL

5.6. TEAM HITS

5.6.1. CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS

A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively.

5.6.2. SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS

5.6.3. ASSISTED HIT

5.7. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT

5.8. FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL

5.9. BALL AT THE NET

5.10 BALL TOUCHING THE NET

5.12.2. PENETRATION UNDER THE NET

5.13. CONTACT WITH THE NET

5.14. PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET

5.15.3. AUTHORIZATION OF THE SERVICE

IN CONTEMPORARY VOLLEYBALL, MANY TYPES OF SERVES ARE EMPLOYED:

5.15.6. FAULTS MADE DURING THE SERVICE

5.16.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATTACK HIT

Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques:

5.16.2. RESTRICTIONS OF THE ATTACK HIT

5.17.2. Block attempt

5.17.5. BLOCK CONTACT

5.17.6. BLOCKING WITHIN THE OPPONENT’S SPACE

5.17.7. BLOCK AND TEAM HITS

Developmental coaching emphasizes player development through the reinforcement of basic