WAYS OF EXPRESSING

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS Example:

Solution is A HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE at the The SOLUBILITY of NaCl in water at 0°C is 35.7 g per 100 mL
of water.
molecular level, of two or more substances
This is the maximum amount of NaCl that can be dissolved in water
Is formed when one substance disperses UNIFORMLY to give a stable equilibrium solution at that temperature.
throughout another Three kinds of Solutions based from Saturation
The ability of substances to form solutions SATURATED S .-is a solution that is in equilibrium with
undissolved solute
depends on two factors:
UNSATURATED S.- is a solution with dissolved solute less than
1. the NATURAL TENDENCY of substances to
the amount needed to form a saturated solution
mix and spread into larger volumes when
SUPERSATURATED S.- is a solution that contains a greater
not restrained (i.e., 𝝆, S.T., T) in some way amount of solute than needed to form a saturated solution

2. the types of INTERMOLECULAR interactions Concentrations of solutions

involved in the solution process 1. the amount of SOLUTE present in a given mass (of
solute per 100 mass units of) or volume of
Solute -is dissolved in another substance
SOLUTION , or
Solvent -is the substance dissolving solute and is always in greater amount 2. the amount of SOLUTE dissolved in a given mass
or volume of SOLVENT
Aqueous solutions- are solutions where the solvent is water
Concentration expressions:
Solvation- is the interaction between solute and
1. Percentage expressions, %
solvent molecules
2. Molarity, M
Hydration - is the interaction between solute and water molecules as solvent
3. Molality, m
SOLUTION FORMATION
4. Mole Fraction, χ
1. SOLUTE-SOLUTE interactions between solute particles must be overcome
to disperse the solute particles through the solvent 5. Normality, N
2. SOLVENT-SOLVENT interactions between solvent particles must be
overcome to make room for the solute particles in the solvent. PERCENT CONCENTRATIONS
3. SOLUITE-SOLVENT interactions between the solvent and solute particles
occur as the particles mix.

SATURATED SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY

As a solid solute begins to dissolve in a solvent, the concentration of solute particles

in solution increases, increasing the chances that some particles will collide with the
surface of the soid and REATTACH

CRYSTALLIZATION is the process opposite of the solution process

SOLUBILITY is the MAXIMUM AMOUNT of the solute that can dissolve in a

given amount of the solvent at a specified temperature, assuming that excess
solute is present
 MOLALITY

Molality is the number of moles of solute per kg of

solvent.

MOLE FRACTION X

Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of a

component to the total number of moles in the solution.

MOLARITY (M)
NORMALITY
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter
Normality is the number of moles of solute per liter of
of solution. solution.