ASSINGMENT QUESTION 5:

DISCUSS THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, PROCESSING AND

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE GIVE EXAMPLES OF FABRIC
NAMES.

Polyester fibre is a widely used synthetic fibre known for its durability, versatility,
and easy-care properties. Understanding its morphological structure, processing
methods, and properties provides valuable insights into its characteristics and
applications. In this essay, we will delve into the morphological structure of
polyester fibre, explore its processing stages, and examine its key properties,
including lustre, tenacity, hygroscopic nature, elasticity, elongation, chemical
resistance, thermal properties, physical effects on sunlight, and biological
properties. Throughout the essay, we will provide examples of fabric names that
utilize polyester fibre. Polyester fibres, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
have hydrocarbon backbones primarily because they are derived from petroleum-
based feedstocks. The hydrocarbon backbones in polyester provide several
beneficial properties such as stability, strength, hydrophobicity, and versatility
make it suitable for textile applications.

1.Morphological Structure:
The morphological structure of fabric refers to its physical and structural
characteristics, including the arrangement and composition of fibres.
Microscopically, polyester fibres have a smooth surface and a round or oval cross-
section. This smooth surface gives polyester fabrics a lustrous appearance. The
fine structure of the fibres contributes to their durability, strength, and resistance to
pilling.
. In polyester fibers, the alignment of molecules, or polymer chains, plays a crucial
role in determining the material's properties. The alignment can occur both within
individual fibers and in the overall arrangement of fibers within a fabric. Here are
some key aspects of molecular alignment in polyester fibers:
1. Longitudinal Alignment:
Longitudinal alignment refers to the arrangement of polymer chains along the
length of the fiber. It occurs during the fiber spinning and drawing processes. The
polymer chains tend to align parallel to the fiber axis, resulting in a high degree of
longitudinal orientation. This alignment enhances the tensile strength and stiffness
of the fiber, making it more resistant to elongation and deformation along its
length.
2. Crystalline Alignment:
Polyester fibers can exhibit crystalline regions where the polymer chains are
tightly packed and highly ordered. The alignment of these crystalline regions
contributes to the overall mechanical properties of the fiber, including its strength
and dimensional stability. The degree of crystallinity can be influenced by
processing conditions, such as cooling rate and stretching during fiber production.
 3. Amorphous Regions:
Alongside crystalline regions, polyester fibers also contain amorphous regions
where the polymer chains lack a specific order or arrangement. These amorphous
regions contribute to the flexibility and elongation properties of the fiber. The
presence of amorphous regions allows the fiber to deform and stretch to a certain
extent without breaking.
4.Chemical structure

. Processing:
Polyester fibre undergoes several processing stages to transform it into yarns and
fabrics. The key stages in the processing of polyester fibre include:

Polymerization: The first step involves the synthesis of polyester by combining

ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid through a chemical reaction. This process
results in the formation of a molten polymer.

. Spinning Process:
During the spinning process, molten polyester is extruded through spinnerets to
form individual fibres. The flow rate, temperature, and other parameters during
spinning can affect the orientation of the polymer chains. Fast spinning rates and
high draw ratios (stretching) tend to align the chains more longitudinally, resulting
in higher orientation.

Drawing: After extrusion, the fibres undergo a drawing process, where they are
stretched to orient the polymer chains further. Drawing can be done either during
the spinning process (continuous drawing) or as a separate step (post-drawing).
Drawing induces molecular alignment and orientation, resulting in increased
strength and other mechanical properties.
Solidification:
As the molten polyester cools and solidifies, the polymer chains start to arrange
themselves. The speed of solidification can impact the degree of orientation. Rapid
solidification leads to less time for the chains to relax and rearrange, resulting in
higher orientation.
Texturing: Polyester fibres can be further processed through texturing to impart
bulkiness, stretch, and improved aesthetics. Texturing methods include mechanical
crimping, air jet texturing, or heat-setting. These processes create textured yarns
suitable for various fabric applications.
Properties:
Lustre:
The lustre of polyester refers to its ability to reflect light and create a shiny
appearance. Polyester fibers can have different lustre levels, ranging from dull to
high shine. The lustre of polyester is influenced by its smooth surface, which is a
result of the arrangement of hydrocarbon chains within the polymer. The close
packing of the chains allows for a smooth surface, enhancing the fabric's ability to
reflect light and create lustre. . Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester fibre
include polyester satin, polyester chiffon, and polyester silk blends.
Tenacity:
Tenacity refers to the strength and resistance to breaking or stretching of polyester
fibers. Polyester has high tenacity due to its chemical structure and hydrocarbon
arrangement. The presence of ester linkages and the alignment of polymer chains
contribute to the material's strength. The strong carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-
oxygen (C-O) bonds within the polyester structure provide structural integrity and
resistance to deformation. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester fibre for its
strength include polyester canvas, polyester upholstery fabrics, and polyester
outdoor fabrics
Hygroscopic Nature:
Polyester fibers are hydrophobic, meaning they have low affinity for water. This
hydrophobic nature is a result of the hydrocarbon chains present in the polyester
structure. The absence of polar functional groups in the hydrocarbon chains
reduces the ability of polyester to absorb moisture from the environment.
Consequently, polyester fabrics tend to be resistant to water absorption and can
dry quickly. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its quick-drying
properties include polyester sportswear, polyester swimwear, and polyester
outdoor clothing.
Elasticity: Polyester fibres have good elasticity and excellent dimensional
stability.Polyester fibers exhibit a certain degree of elasticity, allowing them to
stretch and recover their original shape after deformation. The flexibility of the
ethylene glycol units in the polyester structure enables the chains to move and
rotate, thereby providing elasticity. .Fabrics made from polyester fibres are known
for their resistance to wrinkling and shape retention. Examples of fabric names
utilizing polyester for its elasticity include polyester spandex blends, polyester
leggings, and polyester stretch fabrics.
Elongation: Polyester has relatively low elongation compared to other elastic
materials like rubber or elastomers. The elongation capacity of polyester is limited
due to the rigid aromatic terephthalate groups in its chemical structure. This
property contributes to the fabric's dimensional stability and resistance to sagging
or stretching out of shape. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its
dimensional stability include polyester suiting fabrics, polyester linings, and
polyester home decor fabrics.
Chemical Resistance:
Polyester fibers are generally chemically resistant due to the stable ester linkages
(-COO-) present in their chemical structure. These ester linkages make polyester
less prone to degradation or chemical reactions when exposed to various
substances, including acids, bases, and organic solvents. Additionally, the
hydrophobic nature of polyester contributes to its chemical resistance, as it reduces
the likelihood of chemical reactions with water or aqueous solutions. Examples of
fabric names utilizing polyester for its chemical resistance include polyester lab
coats, polyester industrial fabrics, and polyester chemical-resistant textiles.
Thermal Properties:
Polyester has good thermal stability, allowing it to withstand high temperatures
without significant degradation. The hydrocarbon chains in polyester provide
thermal stability, making it suitable for applications that involve heat exposure.
However, it's important to note that polyester can melt at elevated temperatures,
generally around 250-260°C. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its
thermal properties include polyester insulation, polyester thermal underwear, and
polyester fire-resistant fabrics.
Sunlight Effects:
Polyester fibres are resistant to fading and degradation caused by sunlight
exposure but if prolonged exposure to sunlight. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation in
sunlight can cause degradation of polyester over time. The UV radiation can break
the chemical bonds in the polyester structure, leading to reduced strength,
discoloration, and loss of lustre. To mitigate these effects, polyester fabrics can be
treated with UV stabilizers or coated with protective layers to enhance their
resistance to UV radiation.
Biological Properties:
Polyester fibers are generally considered biocompatible, meaning they are not
toxic or harmful when in contact with living tissues. This property makes them
suitable for certain medical applications, such as sutures or implantable devices.
Additionally, polyester fibers have inherent resistance to microbial growth,
making them less susceptible to bacterial or fungal colonization.

Polyester fibre, with its unique morphological structure, versatile processing

methods, and advantageous properties, has become a widely used synthetic fibre in
the textile industry. Its smooth surface provides a lustrous appearance, while its
tenacity and durability make it suitable for various applications. Polyester fibres
hydrophobic nature, elasticity, low elongation, chemical resistance, thermal
stability, UV resistance, and resistance to biological degradation contribute to its
popularity. Fabrics made from polyester, such as polyester satin, polyester canvas,
and polyester sportswear, demonstrate the diverse range of applications and the
favourable properties of polyester fibre. Understanding the morphological
structure, processing techniques, and properties of polyester fibre allows us to
make informed choices when selecting fabrics and appreciate the benefits it offers
in terms of performance and functionality. Polyester fibre- has revolutionized the
textile industry and continues to be a preferred choice for a wide range of
applications due to its exceptional properties and versatility.