READING &

- To Locate a specific Information or

Idea in a short amount of time.
- The Two Types are both part of

WRITING the Pre-Reading Process.

- Two Types:
1) Skimming (Getting the
“Main Idea”)
2) Scanning (To Get the
LESSON 1: “Main Information”)
Techniques:
FUNDAMENTAL ➔ Use Finger to guide your
Eyes
READING SKILLS ➔ Focus on the 1st and Last
Sentence.
2. Previewing
Reading
- Looks over the material and
➔ Not an effortless Task.
“focuses on the information”
➔ A complex cognitive process.
➔ A Transmission of Images in your Brain. he/she finds relevant.
➔ A skill that can be developed through 3. Inferential Reading
constant practice. - Also known as “Reading Between
the Lines”
Reading Process - Deducing the Facts and Ideas not
● Pre-Reading directly expressed in the context.
- Aims to Induce the Reader’s - Part of the While-Reading
Motivation. process.
- Activating your pre-knowledge and 4. Literal Reading
assumptions. - Understanding of the ideas and
- To Activate your Schema and facts directly stated in the material.
Background Knowledge. - Summarizing. Paraphrasing, & Note
- Example: Reading the Synopsis or Taking.
Title. 5. Critical Reading
● While-Reading - Distinguishing Facts, Opinions, and
- Re-reading the Text until you fully Fallacies.
understand the context. - Highest Skill
● Post-Reading - The close and thorough evaluation
- Checking and Understanding the of the texts in terms of relevance,
text validity, and logic.

Basic Reading Skills Types of Reading

➔ Includes Vocabulary Acquisition,
Pre-Reading Strategies, Textual
Comprehension, organizational skills, and
response technique.
➔ “What you need to have basically”
● Developmental
- A systematic instruction that aims
to develop the students’ reading
skills.

1. Rapid Reading
 ● Pleasure Concrete examples to expound the
- More passive type of reading that main idea.
primarily aims to provide
enjoyment & entertainment.

● Functional
- Designed to help students learn
the basic functional reading
ability.

● Remedial 3) Description
- Aims to “correct” the effects of - A descriptive pattern.
poor teaching and learning. - Provides details using either
sensory or spatial patterns.

LESSON 2: PATTERNS
OF DEVELOPMENT
➔ Logical arrangement of Ideas 4) Chronology & Procedure
➔ In determining the Pattern, be aware of the - A chronological organized ideas or
signal words. events according to time. It can
either be in form of;
SIGNAL WORDS - Narration or Process
- Used to Connect Ideas - Involves time in a chronological
- Transition Words/Conjunctions order.

Different Patterns

1) Definition
- Using Definition to develop an idea
helps to clarify and explain
concepts.
- Helps to explain the concept 5) Cause & Effect
- “What does it mean?” - Shows the cause and result of a
- It explains something phenomenon.
- A cause and effect pattern
organizes details based on the
cause, and the result of a certain
phenomenon.
2) Exemplification
- Presents the general statement
then the Specific & then provides
 ➔ There are 2 punishments: Academic &
Professional.
➔ Academic Punishment may include
failure of an assignment or expulsion from
the institution.
➔ Professional Punishment may include
getting fired at your job, and difficulty
6) Comparison & Contrast
finding another job in the same field or
- Ideas that are similar or different to
beyond.
one another.

Two Types: Summarizing Paraphras Direct

1) Separately ing Quoting
- One point and then
Involves the A passage A Short
another Main Ideas, but from a Part of the
2) Side-by-Side into your own source into text only.
- Simultaneously using words. your own
both points. words.

Not a place for

opinions

Only includes
the main points.

Summarizing

TIPS FOR SUMMARIZING

● Does not match the source word for word.
● Presents a broader views so is usually
shorter than the original text.

LESSON 3-5: ● Must be attributed to the original source.

● The meaning is the same.

SUMMARIZING, STEPS FOR SUMMARIZING

PARAPHRASING, & 1.) If you are reading longer texts (e.g. a

DIRECT QUOTING chapter, a journal article), skim read the
information. Note sub- headings, the first
and last paragraphs and topic sentences.
Plagiarism 2.) Read the text carefully using a
➔ Copying someone’s work and claiming dictionary.
it as your own. 3.) Reread a difficult text several times.
➔ Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, 4.) Write notes in point form using key
data, or any relevant information of another words and ideas.
without giving proper credit or 5.) Put your text away and write your
acknowledgement. summary from your notes.
 6.) Refer back to the original to make sure
that your summary truly reflects the
writer's ideas and strength of opinion
(degree of certainty on this topic).
WHEN TO USE SUMMARIZING?
1. Summarize a text that has long citations
(e.g., a page or chapter of a book or the
book itself; a paragraph of an essay itself).
2. Summarize when you want to:
a. avoid or minimize direct quotation; or
use the main idea of the text and write it in
your own words
Paraphrasing
TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING
● Does not match the source word for word
● Changes the words or phrasing of a
passage, but retains and fully
communicates the original meaning.
● Must be attributed to the original source.
● The sentences must be significantly
restructured.
● Same length as the original writing. (If the
source is 3 paragraphs, the paraphrased
text mus be 3 paragraphs too)
● Change most of the words, destroy the
whole construct of the sentence.
STEPS FOR PARAPHRASING
1. Read the text carefully. Underline, or note,
any important subject-specific words.
2. Look up any difficult words, and find
synonyms for them.
3. Find different ways of expressing the
information in the groups of words
(phrases).
4. Rewrite sentences. Simplify the sentence
structure and the vocabulary without
changing the meaning.
5. Put your text out of sight and write your
paraphrase from memory.
6. Revise your paraphrase and compare to
the original. Is it written and clearly in your
own words?
WHEN TO USE PARAPHRASING?
1. Paraphrase a short text with one or two
sentences or a
paragraph with a minimum of five
sentences.
2. Paraphrase when you want to:
a. avoid or minimize direct quotation; or
b. rewrite the author’s words by not
changing the message or use your own
words to state the author’s idea.
Direct Quoting
WHEN TO USE DIRECT QUOTING?
1. Quote a text that conveys powerful
message or will show less impact if
paraphrased or summarized (e.g.,
Constitution, government documents,
philosophies, monographs, or other
scholarly materials).
2. Direct quote when you want to:
a. begin your discussion with the author’s
stand; or
b. highlight the author’s expertise in your
claim, argument or discussion.
LESSON 6: EVALUATING
AND CITING SOURCES
Why do we need to evaluate
sources?
1. Risk - The Internet or the Library is a
fragile place
2. Validity - Not everything you see or read is
reliable.
 3. Credibility - Your sources affect you as a
writer.
Criteria in Evaluating Sources
1. Relevance to the Topic
- Sources shall be connected to the
topic. How well does your source
support your topic?
- Tips:
a. Check the Title & Header of
the text.
b. Look at the table of
Contents,
Summary/Abstract and the
introduction.
2. Author’s Qualification
- Is the Author’s name identified? Is
the Author’s Background related to
the topic? What are his previous
works?
- Tips:
a. If the source doesn't have
an author, think twice before
using it.
b. Check the Author’s sources
and citations.
3. Date of Publication
- The date of the publication should
be 5 years earlier.
- In most fields, old publications are
no longer valid.
- How to use old sources? Use a
newer publication that cited that old
publication. (Example: “Based on
the study by Sanches (1997) as
cited in the study of Rubia (2023)
4. Accuracy of Information
- What is the tone style of the
writing? Is the information
inaccurate? Is the information
obviously biased or prejudiced?
- Tips:
a. The tone of the author
towards his/her subject must
be formal.
b. There should be no words or
phrases that is unacceptable
in English formal writing.
5. Location of Sources
- Where is the source published?
Does it provide complete
information of the publication? What
is the URL of the website?
- Tips:
a. Avoid using blogs or
WIkipedia.
b. In Academic Writing,
reputable sites are those
with; edu., gov., net., and
org. In the URL.
CITING SOURCES (APA 7TH EDITION)
Why do we cite?
1. To Give credit to the author of the original
work; and avoid plagiarism.
2. To promote scholarly writing; the formality
of writing.
3. To help your target audience identify your
original source.
REMEMBER: Citations is the partner of
Summarizing/Paraphrasing.
2 FORMS OF CITATION
1. In-Text Citation
- Requires the writer to cite the
details of the references used in a
certain part of the essay.
2. Reference Citation
- Refers to the bibliography entries of
all reference used by the writer.
This appears in the references list
found at the end/last part of a
paragraph.
REMEMBER: These 2 forms are dependent on
each other; once there is a source in the in-text, it
should also be in the references.
 ➔ Avoid the use of can’t, don’t, and
etc. Slang words are also not
acceptable.
● Numerals under 10 should be spelled out:
10 and above expressed as a number.
➔ Exceptions are:
➔ First, there are cases in which
some numbers must be written in
words:
a. Numbers at the beginning of
2 Form of In-text citations a sentence (e.g Title,
● Parenthetical (Last part of the Text) Headers)
● Narrative (First or Middle Part of the text & b. Numbers expressing
the surname is outside the parenthesis) Fraction
c. Universally accepted (e.g
twelve apostles)
➔ Second, we should use numericals
in these cases:
a. Unit of Measurements (e.g
Feet, Liter, etc)
b. Statistical, Mathematical &
Rational Expressions.( e.g 5
is to 7)
The AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL c. Numbers that represents
ASSOCIATION (APA) "style provides a foundation scores or graph
for effective scholarly Communication because it d. Specific point in a numbered
helps authors present their ideas in a clear, series (e.g chapter 2)
concise, and organized manner" (APA, 2020, p. e. Percentages & & Quartiles
xvii). f. Age
g. Time & Date
DISCIPLINES THAT USE APA: h. Exact sum of money
1. Education
2. Psychology ● Past tense verbs should be used to refer to
3. Sciences events that occurred at a specific point in
4. Social Sciences the past (such as a researchers work).
● Use "I" in place of the editorial "we"
APA REGULATES: ➔ Always use 3rd POV
1. Style and language ● Do not use "he" or "she" as a generic
2. Document format pronoun; it is acceptable to use "they" or
3. In-text citations rephrase the sentence.
4. References ● Avoid biased language that reveals sex,
gender, race, disability, socio-economic
Style Guidelines status.
➔ E.g use the word holiday instead of
● Use clear, concise language: avoid christmas because not all religion
contractions and colloquialisms. celebrates one
 ● On-human relative pronouns like "that, and
"which" are recommended for animals and
inanimate objects, rather than "who."
● Instead of using adjectives as nouns to
label groups of people, descriptive phrases
are preferred.
➔ E.g use Filipinos instead of just
“Asian People”
● Instead of broad categories, you should
use exact age ranges that are more
relevant and specific.
Guidelines: IN-TEXT CITATION
For a work with one author:
1. According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is
required for business student majors.
2. APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio, 2014).
For a work with two authors:
1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014),
APA style is required for business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).
NOTE: For Narrative, use the word “and”
For Parenthetical, use an Ampersand (&)
For a work with three or more authors:
1. Sipacio et al. (2019) stated that in general,
the social science employ this citation style.
2. In general, the social sciences employ this
citation style (Sipacio et al., 2014).
For a work with two or more works in the same
parenthetical sentence:
● When citing multiple works in the same
parenthetical reference, place the citations
in alphabetical order, separating them with
semicolons.
Example: Though procedures differ across
institutional contexts, a traditional model of
academic probation relies on student-initiated
efforts to improve academic standing within a
passive institutional framework (James & Graham,
2010; Lindo et al., 2008).
Subsequent are used if you are going to use again
your citation.
NOTE: For Unknown author, the title of the
publication must be used and inside of a quotation
mark (“”), but if directly quoting from the book,
italicized the quote.
For direct quotations:
If you're quoting the exact words of someone else,
introduce the quote with an in-text citation in
parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after
the closing parenthesis.
● According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote"
(p. 1021).
● Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p.
1021).
● [Some other introduction] "Direct quote"
(Brown, 2019, p. 1021).
If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use
a blockquote. Block quotes don't need quotation
marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue
that you are citing. The in-text citation in
parentheses goes after the punctuation of the
quote.
Example:
Shavers (2007) study found the following:
While research studies have established that
socioeconomic status influences disease
incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there - Capitalize the letter of titles, subtitles (after
has been relatively less study of the specific the :), and proper names.
manner in which low SES influences receipt of
quality care and consequent morbidity and
mortality among patients with similar disease
characteristics, particularly among those who have
gained access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)

IMPORTANT NOTES

● PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS or non

retrievable informations are not included in
your reference list. However, yo do need to
make references to these sources in your
in-text references. (e.g interview, emails,
lectures)

Narrative: R.J Smith (personal

NOTE: small letter p is for single page, and double
p (pp) is for multiple pages. For Paragraph only,
use “para.” There's always a space between letter
p. and the number (p. 8)
Guidelines: References
communication, August 15, 2023)
Parenthetical: (R.J Smith, personal
communication, August 15, 2023)
● Do not include URL for any source that is
readily accessible. Use DOIs whenever
given.

You can either use the default settings for

Format:
hyperlinks (blue font, underlined) or plain
1. The word "References" should be centered
text. Whichever you choose, all citations
and bold.
must be consistent.
2. Entries arranged in alphabetical order with
hanging indent.
Publications without DOI, do not include
3. Punctuation:
the URL.
- Put a period in between reference
elements.
- Use commas to separate parts of an
element.
ELEMENTS OF A REFERENCE LIST
ENTRY
AUTHOR
● Invert all individual authors’ names,
providing the surname first, followed by a
comma and the initials.
● Use a comma to separate an author’s
initials from additional author names, even
when there are only two authors; use an
ampersand (&) before the final author’s
name. Use one space between initials.
● End with a period
● The reference list is alphabetized by
author’s last name or corporate names. If
no author is given, alphabetized by the title
of the source. Alphabetized by the FIRST
word (no “A” or “The”, etc). Use shortened
version of the title, in quotes or
parenthetical.
● List surnames and initials up to 20 authors,
but if more than that, include the first 19
names, followed by an eclipse, and the last
author.
● If you have more than one work with the
same author, order them with by the date,
starting with the oldest.
● When an author appears both as a sole
author and, in another citation, as the first
author of a group; list the one author entry
first.
DATE
● Enclose the date, followed by a period in
parentheses.
● For works that include a month, day and/or
season along with the year, put the year
first, followed by a comma, and then the
month and date. Do not abbreviate.
TITLE
● Titles fall into two broad categories: works
that stand alone and works that are part of
a greater whole.
● When a work stands alone, the title of that
work appears in the title element of the
reference.
● When a work is part of a greater whole,
the title of the article or chapter appears in
the title element of the reference and the
title of the greater whole (the journal or
book) appears in the source element.
● Titles use sentence case, meaning that
only the first word of the title and subtitle
(as indicated by a colon) plus proper nouns
are capitalized.
SOURCE
● The source indicates where readers can
retrieve the cited work. Thus, it has the
most variation.
● Sources, like titles, also fall into two broad
categories: works that are part of a greater
whole and works that stand alone.
-j3