Lecture 2

Assignments

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Assignments

Open excel file “assignments group”

Choose the group you have already chosen per instructions from
the last lecture

Reason for not recording the lecture

Grades were lower during the pandemic when the lectures were recorded.

What are statistics?

Is the discipline that allows to:

1. Describe a population of interest

a. With respect to one or several characteristics

2. Make inferences regarding unknown characteristics of the population

a. This requires the understanding of probability

3. Predict the outcome of a new element

a. This requires the understanding of regression models

What is a population?

Will be denoted by “U” - it’s a set of elements of interest

Example: This course - the population of interest would be the students.

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 👪 Every time we have a statistical problem we need to define the
population

Discrete - bounded (finite) - most of course

Can be measured, is defined - you can look it up if you have the right
resources

Discrete - unbounded - most of course

More conceptual, a potential population

Example: Counting things that are yet to be manufactured - like the

production of boxes.

Continuous - bounded

Continuous - unbounded

Study variable

⌚ It is an attribute of interest associated with each element of the

population

The things you can measure on the elements

Example: in this course - what time it took for students to get here, what
are the ages of the population.

Variables can be classified in several ways.

For instance with respect to the amount of information they carry

Categorized variables

Binary variables - only two responses - takes the value 0 and 1.

Are called “dummy variables”

Sex, male or female is an example.

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 Value 0 if its male

Value 1 if its a female

A categorized variable with K categories - can be rewritten as K

dummy variables

Multi

Example: Educational level

Numerical variables

Discrete

If the number is accountable. Can be any number.

Usually natural numbers

1, 2, 3, 4, and so on instead of 1.5, 1.8, 2.3, and so

on.

Example: number of children - You can’t have 1,5 kids

Continuous

Anything from 0 to infinity in an interval

example: the height of a person

1,85452m is an example

example: the time

According to the measurement level

Nominal (Qualitative - the difference between option 1 and 2 does

not have to be the same as 2 and 3)

Names

Example: single, married, divorced.

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 Ordinal ( Qualitative)

Has a sense of order. But not necessarily a value 0

Example: Grades

A is better than B, B is better than C, and so on.

Interval (Quantitative, The difference between 0 and 1 should have

the same meaning as the difference between 1 and 2 )

Has a value of 0 (does not mean it has “no value” - an absence

of the characteristic)

Example: Temperature

0 is still a value

Ratio (Quantative) - most complex

0 has a meaning

Ratio has all the properties of Interval. But more - which makes
it more complex

Example

The size of the population is denoted by “N”

The population of interest is N = X

A variable is an attribute measured on each element of the population

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 Example
ID Municipality Balcony Area Room Starting Close
3 780
1 Huddinge Ja 78,4 3 3 450 000
000

Categorial Categorial variable, Discrete,

Continious
variable, Multi Binary variable numerical

Mean

🔟 Measures of central tendency and location

Sum the values and divide by the number of instances “N”

💯 Outliers - Big numbers in comparison have a big impact on the mean

Example

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 U = population of N = 10 students taking a masters course in statistics

Xi = points in the exam of the “i”th student

Example

ID Municipality Balcony Area Room Starting Close

3 780
1 Huddinge Ja 78,4 3 3 450 000
000

Categorial Categorial variable, Discrete,

Continious
variable, Multi Binary variable numerical

x=
starting

y=
closing

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 Median

⚠ Before defining the Median you need the population in the order with
respect to X

In this example it’s

5, 8, 9, 15, 21, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40
X(1) = 5, X(2) = 8 .... X(10) = 40
X(1) is called min

X(10) is called max

🔢 The median is the value in the middle in the ordered population

Example

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 The mode

👚 Same meaning as in Swedish ( mode = what is popular) In this case what

is most used, most popular

It’s the most frequently occurring value

In this example there is no Mode - as all are seperate value

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 In this example, X2 is a biMode - more than one mode.

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