08 Lecture Presentation

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,
NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

PowerPoint Lectures
Chapter 8
The Cellular Basis
of Reproduction TAYLOR
SIMON
and Inheritance DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Cancer cells start as normal cells, but genetic
mutations cause them to lose the ability to regulate
their division.
• Cancer cells divide and may spread, invading
other tissues, disrupting organ function, and killing
the host.
• Although uncontrolled cell division is harmful,
normal cell division is necessary in all forms of life.

Figure 8.0_0

Figure 8.0_1
Chapter 8: Big Ideas
Cell Division and The Eukaryotic Cell

Reproduction Cycle and Mitosis
Meiosis and Crossing Alterations of Chromosome

Over Number and Structure
CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION

8.1 Cell division plays many important roles
in the lives of organisms
• Cell division is at the heart of the reproduction of
cells and organisms because cells originate only
from preexisting cells.
• Some organisms reproduce through asexual
reproduction, producing offspring that are all
genetic copies of the parent and identical to each
other.
• Other organisms reproduce through sexual
reproduction, creating a variety of offspring.

8.1 Cell division plays many important roles
in the lives of organisms
• Checkpoint question Why do fully-grown human
cells continue to divide?

Figure 8.1a
Colorized TEM 5,000×

Figure 8.1b

Figure 8.1c

Figure 8.1d

Figure 8.1e

LM 750×
Figure 8.1f
LM 850×
8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
• Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by binary
fission, a term that means “dividing in half.”
• In typical prokaryotes, most genes are carried on
one circular DNA molecule that, with associated
proteins, constitutes the organism’s chromosome.
• As the cell replicates its single chromosome,
• the copies move apart,
• the plasma membrane pinches inward, and
• more cell wall is made, which eventually divides the
parent cell into two daughter cells.

8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
Checkpoint question Why is binary fission
classified as asexual reproduction?

Figure 8.2a_1
Plasma
membrane Prokaryotic
Cell wall chromosome
Duplication of the chromosome

1 and separation of the copies

Figure 8.2a_2
Plasma

Continued elongation of the

2
cell and movement of the copies

Figure 8.2a_3
Plasma

Continued elongation of the

2
cell and movement of the copies
Division into
3
two daughter cells

Figure 8.2b
Colorized TEM 32,500×

Prokaryotic chromosomes

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE
AND MITOSIS

8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of
eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
• A eukaryotic cell has many more genes than a
prokaryotic cell, and they are grouped into multiple
chromosomes in the nucleus.
• Each chromosome contains one long DNA
molecule.
• Individual chromosomes are visible under a light
microscope only when the cell is in the process of
dividing; otherwise, chromosomes are thin, loosely
packed chromatin fibers too small to be seen.

• Before a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes
duplicate, producing sister chromatids
(containing identical DNA) that are joined together
along their lengths by proteins, most closely at a
region called the centromere.
• Cell division involves the separation of sister
chromatids and results in two daughter cells, each
containing a complete and identical set of
chromosomes.

Checkpoint question When does a chromosome
consist of two identical chromatids?

Figure 8.3a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. LM 565×

Figure 8.3b
Chromosomes Chromosomal DNA
molecules
Sister chromatids
Chromosome
duplication
Sister
chromatids
Centromere
TEM 38,065×
Separation
of sister
chromatids into
two chromo-
somes and
distribution
into two
daughter cells
Figure 8.3b_1
Chromosomes Chromosomal DNA
molecules
Chromosome
duplication
Sister
chromatids
Centromere
Separation
of sister
chromatids into
two chromo-
somes and
distribution
into two
daughter cells
Figure 8.3b_2
Sister chromatids
Centromere
TEM 38,065×

8.4 The cell cycle includes growth and
division phases
• The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events
that extends from the time a cell is first formed
from a dividing parent cell until its own division.
Checkpoint question A researcher treats cells with
a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis from
starting. This treatment would trap the cells in
which part of the cell cycle?

Figure 8.4
S
G1 (DNA synthesis)
(first gap)
G2
(second gap)

8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes
• Mitosis distributes duplicated chromosomes into
two daughter nuclei.
• After the chromosomes are coiled up, a mitotic
spindle made of microtubules moves the
chromosomes to the middle of the cell.
• The sister chromatids then separate and move to
opposite poles of the cell, at which point two new
nuclei form.

8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes
Checkpoint question How would the cells
undergoing mitosis be different during metaphase
and prophase?

Figure 8.5_1
MITOSIS
INTERPHASE
LM 250× Prophase Prometaphase
Fragments of
Mitotic spindle the nuclear
Centrosomes forming envelope
Chromatin Centrosome
Kinetochore
Nuclear Chromosome Centromere Spindle

Plasma microtubules
envelope membrane consisting of two
sister chromatids
Figure 8.5_2
Fragments of
Mitotic spindle the nuclear
Centrosomes forming envelope
Chromatin Centrosome
Kinetochore
Nuclear Chromosome Centromere Spindle

Plasma microtubules
envelope membrane consisting of two
sister chromatids

Figure 8.5_3

Figure 8.5_4

Figure 8.5_5

Figure 8.5_6
MITOSIS
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Metaphase
plate
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
Mitotic Separated envelope
spindle chromosomes forming

Figure 8.5_7
Metaphase
plate
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
Mitotic Separated envelope
spindle chromosomes forming

Figure 8.5_8

Figure 8.5_9

Figure 8.5_10

Video: Animal Mitosis

Video: Sea Urchin (time lapse)

8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal
cells
• Cytokinesis, in which the cell divides in two,
overlaps the end of mitosis.
• In animals, cytokinesis occurs when a cell
constricts, forming a cleavage furrow.
• In plants, a membranous cell plate forms and then
splits the cell in two.

8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal
cells
Checkpoint question Contrast cytokinesis in
animals with cytokinesis in plants.

Figure 8.6a
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
Contracting ring of
microfilaments
SEM 113×
Daughter cells

Figure 8.6a_1
Cleavage furrow
SEM 113×
Figure 8.6a_2
Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of

microfilaments
Daughter cells

Figure 8.6b
Cytokinesis
Cell wall
Cell wall
of the New
parent cell cell
wall
Daughter LM 1,050×
nucleus
Cell plate
forming Vesicles containing Cell plate Daughter cells
cell wall material

Figure 8.6b_1
Cell wall
of the
parent cell
Daughter
nucleus
LM 1,050×
Cell plate
forming

Figure 8.6b_2
Cell wall
New cell
wall
Vesicles containing Cell plate Daughter cells

cell wall material

Animation: Cytokinesis

8.7 The rate of cell division is affected by
environmental factors
• In laboratory cultures, most normal cells divide
only when attached to a surface.
• The cultured cells continue dividing until they touch
one another.
• Most animal cells divide only when stimulated by
growth factors, and some do not divide at all.

8.7 The rate of cell division is affected by
environmental factors
Checkpoint question Compared with a control
culture, the cells in an experimental culture are
fewer but much larger in size when they cover the
dish surface and stop growing. What is a
reasonable hypothesis for this difference?

Figure 8.7a
Anchorage
Single layer of cells
Removal of cells
Restoration of
single layer by
cell division
Cancer cells
forming clump of
overlapping cells
Figure 8.7b
Cultured cells
suspended in liquid
The addition of
growth
factor
Cells divide in
Cells fail
presence of
to divide
growth factor

8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle
control system
• A set of proteins within the cell controls the cell
cycle.
• Signals affecting critical checkpoints in the cell
cycle determine whether a cell will go through the
complete cycle and divide.
• The binding of growth factors to specific receptors
on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for
cell division.

8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle
control system
Checkpoint question At which of the three
checkpoints described in this module do the
chromosomes exist as duplicated sister
chromatids?

Figure 8.8a
G1 checkpoint
G0
G1 Control
system
G2
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Figure 8.8b
Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid

Growth
factor
Relay proteins
G1
checkpoint
Receptor
protein
Signal S
transduction
pathway Control
G1 system
M
G2
Cytoplasm

8.9 CONNECTION: Growing out of control,
cancer cells produce malignant tumors
• Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses
called tumors.
• Malignant tumors can invade other tissues.
• Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as
cancer treatments because they interfere with cell
division.

Figure 8.9
Lymph
vessels
Blood
vessel
Tumor
Tumor in
another
Glandular part of
tissue the body
Tumor growth Invasion Metastasis

8.10 Scientific Thinking: The best cancer
treatment may vary by individual
• Mortality rates from cancer vary by age of
diagnosis, race, and other factors.
• Taking such data into account may improve
outcomes of cancer treatment.
Checkpoint question Why must human cancer
research often use an observational method when
controlled studies could yield more definitive
results?

Figure 8.10
Risk of death from Breast cancer death rates

breast cancer 20 years for subsets of DCIS patients
after DCIS diagnosis
20 year death
8
rate (%)
3.3% 6
Mortality rate 4
2
0
96.7%
Survival rate
Age at diagnosis Ethnicity

MEIOSIS AND CROSSING OVER

8.11 Chromosomes are matched in
homologous pairs
• The somatic (body) cells of each species contain
a specific number of chromosomes; for example,
human cells have 46, consisting of 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes.
• The chromosomes of a homologous pair of
autosomes carry genes for the same
characteristics at the same place, or locus.
• Checkpoint question Do pairs of homologous
chromosomes carry the same genes?

Figure 8.11
Pair of homologous
duplicated chromosomes
Locus
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
One duplicated chromosome

8.12 Gametes have a single set of
chromosomes
• Cells with two sets of homologous chromosomes
are diploid.
• Gametes—eggs and sperm—are haploid cells
with a single set of chromosomes.
• Sexual life cycles involve the alternation of haploid
and diploid stages.

Figure 8.12a
Haploid gametes (n = 23) Key
Haploid stage (n)
n Diploid stage (2n)
Egg cell
n
Sperm cell
Meiosis Fertilization
Ovary Testis
2n
Diploid
zygote
Mitosis and (2n = 46)
Multicellular development
diploid adults
(2n = 46)
Figure 8.12b
INTERPHASE MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
Sister
Four haploid cells

chromatids
Haploid 3
1 2 cells with Sister
duplicated chromatids
Chromosomes Homologous chromo- separate
duplicate chromosomes somes
A pair of A pair of separate
homologous duplicated
chromosomes homologous
in a diploid chromosomes
parent cell

8.13 Meiosis reduces the chromosome
number from diploid to haploid
• Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by chromosome
duplication, but in meiosis, the cell divides twice to
form four daughter cells.
• The first division, meiosis I, starts with the pairing of
• In crossing over, homologous chromosomes
exchange corresponding segments.

• Meiosis I separates the members of each
homologous pair and produces two daughter cells,
each with one set of chromosomes.
• Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis:
• In each of the cells, the sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate.
• The result is a total of four haploid cells.

Checkpoint question A cell has the haploid
number of chromosomes, but each chromosome
has two chromatids. The chromosomes are
arranged singly at the center of the spindle. What
is the meiotic stage?

Figure 8.13_1
MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate

INTERPHASE:
Chromosomes duplicate Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Spindle microtubules Sister chromatids

attached to a remain attached
Sites of crossing over kinetochore
Centrosomes
Spindle
Tetrad
Nuclear Chromatin Sister Centromere Metaphase
envelope chromatids Fragments (with a plate Homologous
of the nuclear
kinetochore) chromosomes
envelope
separate

Figure 8.13_2
MEIOSIS I: Homologous
INTERPHASE: chromosomes separate
Chromosomes duplicate
Prophase I
Centrosomes Sites of crossing over

Spindle
Tetrad
Nuclear Chromatin Sister Fragments
envelope chromatids of the nuclear
envelope

Figure 8.13_3
MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate
Metaphase I Anaphase I
Spindle microtubules Sister chromatids

attached to a remain attached
kinetochore
Centromere Metaphase
(with a plate Homologous
kinetochore) chromosomes separate

Figure 8.13_4
MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

Telophase II
Telophase I and Cytokinesis Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow Sister chromatids Haploid
separate daughter
cells form

Figure 8.13_5
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow

Figure 8.13_6
MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

Telophase II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
and Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids Haploid daughter

separate cells form

Figure 8.13_7
LM 670×
Two lily cells
undergo meiosis II

8.14 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: Mitosis
and meiosis have important similarities and
differences
• Both mitosis and meiosis begin with diploid parent
cells that have chromosomes duplicated during the
previous interphase.
• Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid
somatic daughter cells.
• Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid
gametes.

Figure 8.14_1
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
2n = 4

Figure 8.14_2
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
2n = 4
Chromosome duplication Prophase I
Prophase
(Occurs once, during S phase
Duplicated of preceding interphase) Homologous chromosomes
chromosome come together in pairs
remains
separate Site of crossing over between
homologous (nonsister) chromatids

Figure 8.14_3
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
2n = 4
Prophase
remains
Metaphase Metaphase I
Chromosomes Pairs of
line up at the homologous
metaphase chromosomes
plate line up at the
metaphase plate

Figure 8.14_4
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
2n = 4
Prophase
remains
metaphase plate
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate, sister
Sister chromatids
n=2
chromatids remain attached
2n = 4 separate 2n = 4
during MEIOSIS II
anaphase

Figure 8.14_5
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
2n = 4
Prophase
remains
metaphase plate
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate, sister
Sister chromatids
n=2
chromatids remain attached
2n = 4 separate 2n = 4
during MEIOSIS II
anaphase Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase II
n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2

Figure 8.14_6
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
Result: Two genetically identical diploid cells Result: Four genetically unique haploid cells
Used for: Growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction Used for: Sexual reproduction

8.15 Independent orientation of
chromosomes in meiosis and random
fertilization lead to varied offspring
• Each chromosome of a homologous pair differs at
many points from the other member of the pair.
• Random arrangements of chromosome pairs at
metaphase I of meiosis lead to many different
combinations of chromosomes in eggs and sperm.
• Random fertilization of eggs by sperm greatly
increases this variation.

8.15 Independent orientation of
chromosomes in meiosis and random
fertilization lead to varied offspring
Checkpoint question The Australian kangaroo has
a diploid number of 16. How many chromosomal
combinations are possible for gametes formed by
meiosis?

Figure 8.15_1
Possibility A Possibility B
Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Figure 8.15_2

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II

Figure 8.15_3

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Gametes
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

Animation: Genetic Variation

8.16 Homologous chromosomes may carry
different versions of genes
• The differences between homologous
chromosomes come from the fact that they can
bear different versions of genes at corresponding
loci.
• Crossing over is an exchange of corresponding
segments between nonsister chromatids of

Figure 8.16
Coat-color Eye-color
genes genes
Brown Black C E
C E Brown coat (C);
C E black eyes (E)
Meiosis
c e
c e White coat (c);
c e pink eyes (e)
White Pink
Tetrad in parent cell Chromosomes of
(homologous pair of the four gametes
duplicated chromosomes)

Figure 8.16_1
Coat-color Eye-color
genes genes
Brown C E
Black
C E Brown coat (C);
C E black eyes (E)
Meiosis
c e
c e White coat (c);
c e pink eyes (e)
White Pink
Tetrad in parent cell Chromosomes of
(homologous pair of the four gametes
duplicated chromosomes)

Figure 8.16_2

Figure 8.16_3

Figure 8.16b
TEM 5,060×
Sister
Chiasma chromatids
Nonsister
chromatids Tetrad

Figure 8.16b_1
TEM 5,060×
Chiasma

8.17 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: Crossing
over further increases genetic variability
• Genetic recombination, which results from crossing
over during prophase I of meiosis, increases
variation still further.
Checkpoint question If you were to examine a
chromosome from one of your gametes, is it likely
to look exactly like that same chromosome from
one of your skin cells?

Figure 8.17_1
MEIOSIS I Paternal Maternal
chromosome chromosome
Homologous chromosomes (blue) (red)
are paired all along their
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate

Figure 8.17_2
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate
Chiasma
Nonsister chromatids form
chiasma. Homologous
segments cross over, producing
hybrid chromosomes.

Figure 8.17_3
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate
Chiasma
chiasma. Homologous
hybrid chromosomes.
Homologous pairs separate into

recombinant chromosomes.

Figure 8.17_4
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate
Chiasma
chiasma. Homologous
hybrid chromosomes.

When the homologous
chromosomes separate in
anaphase I, half contain a new
segment originating from the
other member of the
homologous pair.

Figure 8.17_5
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate
Chiasma
chiasma. Homologous
hybrid chromosomes.

When the homologous
other member of the
homologous pair.
MEIOSIS II
Sister chromatids separate,
each going to a different
gamete.

Figure 8.17_6
lengths. Centromere
Metaphase
plate
Chiasma
chiasma. Homologous
hybrid chromosomes.

When the homologous
other member of the
homologous pair.
MEIOSIS II
Sister chromatids separate,
each going to a different
gamete.
Result: two parental Recombinant
chromosomes that match the chromosomes
originals, and two Parental chromosomes
recombinant chromosomes
with new gene combinations.
Animation: Crossing Over

ALTERATIONS OF CHROMOSOME
NUMBER AND STRUCTURE

8.18 Accidents during meiosis can alter
chromosome number
• An abnormal chromosome count is the result of
nondisjunction, which can result from
• the failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to
separate during meiosis I or
• the failure of sister chromatids to separate during
meiosis II.
Checkpoint question Explain how nondisjunction
could result in a diploid gamete.

Figure 8.18_1_1
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction

Figure 8.18_1_2
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Normal
meiosis II

Figure 8.18_1_3
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Normal
meiosis II
Gametes
Number of n+1 n+1 n−1 n−1

chromosomes
Abnormal gametes
Figure 8.18_2_1
Normal
meiosis I

Figure 8.18_2_2
Normal
meiosis I
NONDISJUNCTION DURING MEIOSIS II
Nondisjunction

Figure 8.18_2_3
Normal
meiosis I
NONDISJUNCTION DURING MEIOSIS II
Nondisjunction
n+1 n−1 n n
Abnormal Normal
gametes gametes
8.19 A karyotype is a photographic inventory
of an individual’s chromosomes
• To prepare a karyotype, white blood cells are
• isolated,
• stimulated to grow,
• arrested at metaphase, and
• photographed under a microscope.
• The chromosomes are arranged into ordered pairs
so that any chromosomal abnormalities can be
detected.

Figure 8.19_1_1
Packed red
and white
blood cells
Centrifuge
Blood
culture
Fluid

Figure 8.19_1_2
Packed red Hypotonic

and white solution
blood cells
Centrifuge
Blood
culture
Fluid

Figure 8.19_1_3
Packed red Hypotonic

and white solution Fixative
blood cells
Stain
White
Centrifuge blood
Blood
culture cells
Fluid

Figure 8.19_2

Figure 8.19_3
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Pair of
homologous
chromosomes
3,330×
Sex chromosomes

Checkpoint question What features of the
chromosomes shown in the karyotype in Figure
8.19 allow them to be correctly arranged into
pairs?
8.20 CONNECTION: An extra copy of
chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome
• Trisomy 21, the most common chromosome
number abnormality, results in a condition called
Down syndrome.

Figure 8.20a
3,350×
Trisomy 21

Figure 8.20a_1
3,350×
Trisomy 21
Figure 8.20a_2

Figure 8.20b
90
Infants with Down syndrome 80
70
(per 1,000 births)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 25 30 35 40 45
Age of mother
Source: Adapted from C. A. Huether et al., Maternal age specific risk rate estimates
for Down syndrome among live births in whites and other races from Ohio and
Metropolitan Atlanta, 1970–1989, Journal of Medical Genetics 35: 482–90 (1998).
8.21 CONNECTION: Abnormal numbers of
sex chromosomes do not usually affect
survival
• Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during
meiosis can result in individuals with a missing or
extra X or Y chromosome.
• In some cases (such as XXY), this leads to
syndromes that can affect the health of the
individual.
• In other cases (such as XXX), the body is normal.

Table 8.21

8.22 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: New species
can arise from errors in cell division
• Nondisjunction can produce polyploid organisms,
organisms with extra sets of chromosomes.
• Such errors in cell division can be important in the
evolution of new species.

Figure 8.22

8.23 CONNECTION: Alterations of
chromosome structure can cause birth
defects and cancer
• Chromosome breakage can lead to
rearrangements—deletions, duplications,
inversions, and translocations—that can
produce genetic disorders or, if the changes occur
in somatic cells, cancer.
Checkpoint question How is reciprocal
translocation different from crossing over?

Figure 8.23a
Deletion
Duplication
Homologous
chromosomes
Inversion
Reciprocal translocation
Nonhomologous
chromosomes

Figure 8.23a_1
Deletion
Duplication
Homologous
chromosomes

Figure 8.23a_2
Inversion
Reciprocal translocation
Nonhomologous
chromosomes

Figure 8.23b
Chromosome 9
Chromosome 22 Reciprocal
translocation
Activated cancer-causing gene

You should now be able to
1. Compare the parent-offspring relationship in
asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Explain why cell division is essential for
prokaryotic and eukaryotic life.
3. Explain how daughter prokaryotic chromosomes
are separated from each other during binary
fission.
4. Compare the structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic chromosomes.
5. Describe the stages of the cell cycle.

6. List the phases of mitosis and describe the
events characteristic of each phase.
7. Compare cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
8. Explain how anchorage, cell density, and
chemical growth factors control cell division.
9. Explain how cancerous cells are different from
healthy cells.
10. Describe the functions of mitosis.
11. Explain how chromosomes are paired.
12. Distinguish between somatic cells and gametes
and between diploid cells and haploid cells.
13. Explain why sexual reproduction requires
meiosis.
14. List the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and
describe the events characteristic of each phase.
15. Compare mitosis and meiosis, noting similarities
and differences.
16. Explain how genetic variation is produced in
sexually reproducing organisms.
17. Explain how and why karyotyping is performed.
18. Describe the causes and symptoms of Down
syndrome.
19. Describe the consequences of abnormal
numbers of sex chromosomes.
20. Define nondisjunction, explain how it can occur,
and describe what can result.
21. Explain how new species form from errors in cell
division.
22. Describe the main types of chromosomal
changes. Explain why cancer is not usually
inherited.

Figure 8.0
UNIT II: Cellular Reproduction and Genetics
Forensic Scientist
Microbiologist Medical Copywriter

Figure 8.0-1
Forensic Scientist
Figure 8.0-2
Microbiologist

Figure 8.0-3
Medical Copywriter
Figure 8.UN01
S
G1 (DNA synthesis)
Genetically
identical M
daughter
cells
G2
Cytokinesis
(division of the
cytoplasm) Mitosis
(division of
the nucleus)
Figure 8.UN02
Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Egg cell
n
n
Sperm cell
Meiosis Fertilization
Human life cycle
2n
Multicellular
diploid adults Diploid
(2n = 46) zygote
Mitosis (2n = 46)

Figure 8.UN03

Figure 8.UN04

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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,

NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Cell Division and The Eukaryotic Cell

Meiosis and Crossing Alterations of Chromosome

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Colorized TEM 5,000×

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

Continued elongation of the

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Duplication of the chromosome

Continued elongation of the

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Colorized TEM 32,500×

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. LM 565×

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Nuclear Chromosome Centromere Spindle

Nuclear Chromosome Centromere Spindle

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Vesicles containing Cell plate Daughter cells

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Single layer of cells