LESSON 1: THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND ITS VARIOUS FORMS ■ Symbols based on the first letter of the English

n the first letter of the English name and one

Classification of Matter letter (written in lower case) which is not the second letter. This is
Matter because there are two or more elements whose names have the
- Anything that exists in time, occupies space, and has mass. same first two letters.
- All the material of which the universe is composed of as well as E.g., Cd for cadmium because calcium is represented by Ca; Tl for
tiny particles called atoms. thallium because thorium is represented by Th.
3 ways in which matter may be classified ■ A few symbols are based on the Latin (or the foreign) names.
According to origin: These elements are as follows:
1. Organic materials which are commonly derived from living things, Common Name Latin Name Symbol
and contain carbon. E.g., sugar, methane (CH4), and DNA Antimony Stibnium Sb
2. Inorganic materials come from non-living things and do not Copper Cuprum Cu
contain carbon. E.g., salt, sulfuric acid, and metals Gold Aurum Au
According to the state: Iron Ferrum Fe
1. Solids Lead Plumbum Pb
- Have definite shape and volume. Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
- Particles are tightly packed together. Potassium Kalium Ka
- Vibrate in a fixed position. Silver Argentum Ag
- Have low kinetic energy. Sodium Natrium Na
2. Liquids Tin Stannum Sn
- Have a definite volume and indefinite shape. Tungsten Wolfram W
- Particles have more kinetic energy. Subdivision of elements:
- Particles are loosely packed from each other and they 1. Metals
just flow around each other. - Have shiny luster, various colors/most are silvery.
3. Gases - Have high densities and good conductors of heat and
- Have indefinite volume and shape electricity, malleable, and ductile.
- Particles have a high kinetic energy to overcome - Solid at room temperature except mercury.
intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids 2. Non-metals
together. - Often liquids and gases but some exist in solid state.
- Particles are very far apart and move freely and past. - Don’t have luster, have low densities and poor
- Temperature increase, Pressure increase conductor of heat and electricity.
4. Plasma 3. Metalloids
- Have indefinite volume and shape - Have properties that are intermediate between
- Most common state of matter in the universe. metallic and non-metallic properties.
- Formed by heating and ionizing a gas. Elements as major components of molecules found in humans
- Made up of groups of negative and positive charged ● Oxygen, O
particles. ● Carbon, C
- Have highly charged particles with extremely high ● Hydrogen, H
kinetic energy. ● Nitrogen, N
- Stars are essentially superheated balls of plasma. ● Sulfur, S
5. Bose-Einstein condensate (1995) II. Compound
- (Eric Cornell & Carl Weiman) using a combination of - A substance that is composed of two or more
lasers and magnets, they cooled a sample of rubidium elements, chemically combined in definite and
to within a few degrees of absolute zero. (0K-273.15oC) constant proportions.
- Atoms begin to clump together since there is almost no - E.g., Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O).
kinetic energy being transferred from one atom to Classification of Compounds
another. 1. Acids
- “Super atom” - Have sour tastes.
- BEC is used to study quantum mechanics on a - Contains hydrogen ions (H+).
macroscopic level. - Can be identified when a blue litmus paper turns to red
- Light appears to slow down as it passes through a BEC, and when phenolphthalein indicator remains colorless.
allowing study of the particle. - It neutralizes a base and reacts with active metals to
- BEC has many of the properties of a superfluid – produce hydrogen gas.
flowing without friction. - E.g., citric acid from citrus fruits, acetic acid contained
- BEC’s used to stimulate conditions that might apply in in vinegar, carbonic acid in carbonated beverages.
black holes. 2. Bases
According to composition: - Have bitter tastes.
A. Pure Substance - These are slippery and soapy in litmus paper.
- Matter that has fixed composition and distinct properties. - It contains hydroxyl (OH-) groups and turns red litmus
I. Element paper to blue.
- Has one kind of atom and can’t be separated into - These also change the phenolphthalein indicator to
simpler substances by chemical change. pink.
Symbols for the elements may be divided into 4 groups: - E.g., soap, potassium hydroxide (KOH) or lye,
■ Symbols derived from the capitalized letter of the English name of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
the element. 3. Salts
E.g., B for boron, C for carbon, and H for hydrogen - Compounds formed when acids combine with bases.
■ Symbols derived from the first letter of the English name. The first - When an equal amount of acid combines with an equal
letter of the symbol is capitalized but the second is a lower case. amount of base, a salt is formed through the process
E.g., Ba for barium, Be for beryllium, Al for aluminum, and Ca for called neutralization.
calcium - E.g., Sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl)

Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas – STEM 12 H - Judea/Tricia Baltazar

 Physical and Chemical properties of Matter - The clear liquid substance that passes thru the filtering
A. Physical Property medium is called filtrate.
- Can be observed without changing the composition of a substance 3. Evaporation
- Includes phase, color, solubility, density, melting and boiling - A process of separating mixtures consisting of a
points, volatility, viscosity, and conductivity. nonvolatile solid and a volatile liquid, i.e. in salt
The physical properties of matter are further classified into: solution, salt can be separated from water by
■ Extensive properties evaporation.
- Properties that depend on the amount of matter 4. Decantation
present or being tested. - A method of separating components of mixtures by
- If there is a change in the amount of matter, these removing a layer of liquid, generally one from the
properties change, too. settled solid particles.
- These include volume, mass, length, and shape. - The purpose is to produce a clean decant (liquid
■ Intensive properties portion), or to remove undesired liquid from the
- Properties that do not depend on the amount of precipitate (or other layers).
matter present or being measured. 5. Chromatography
- If there is a change in the amount of matter, these - Chroma & graphe = color writing
properties will remain the same. - A method of separating mixtures either in gas or liquid
- Color, hardness, and boiling point are some examples form using difference in solubility or using the
of intensive properties. appropriate solvent, the mobile phase while the
Physical properties of Matter medium used to hold the sample is called the
Color stationary phase.
- red, blue, and yellow, is perceived in the light receptors of
the eyes, as they interact with the different spectra of light. LESSON 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Odor Law of Conservation of Mass
- the perceived smell of an object, identified by the olfactory - “In a chemical reaction, the mass of substances produced is equal
receptors of humans and animals. to the mass of the substances reacted.”
Taste Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- the sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, and umami - John Dalton (1808) published a book entitled “A New System
flavor of food. Chemical Philosophy”, where he proposed an atomic theory of
Hardness matter with the following postulates:
- the ability of a material to resist scratching. ● Matter is made up of atoms (tiny indivisible particles)
Melting point ● Atoms of the same element are identical, and are
- the ability of a material to resist scratching. different from those other elements.
Boiling point ● Compounds are formed when atoms of different
- the temperature where liquid changes to gas. elements combine in certain whole-number ratios.
Solubility (Law of definite proportion/Law of multiple
- the property of a substance to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or proportion)
gas. ● Atoms rearrange only during a chemical reaction to
Luster form new compounds. (Law of conservation of mass)
- a property of a material that pertains to the interaction of Atomic Structure
light on the surface of metals. Orbit
Malleability - Outermost regions of the atom which are also called electron
- the ability of metal to be hammered or shaped into thin shells because they contain electrons.
sheets without breaking or cracking. Nucleus
Ductility - The center of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons.
- the ability of material to be drawn into thin wires.
Atom
Brittleness - Smallest unit of matter that can’t be broken down chemically.
- the tendency of a material to break even when a small
Proton
amount of force is applied.
- A positively charged subatomic particle.
Density
Electron
- the mass of an object per unit volume.
- A negatively charged subatomic particle.
B. Chemical Properties
Neutron
- Can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical
- A subatomic particle with no charge
composition of a substance.
- E.g., Flammability, which is the ability of a substance to burn when Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
in contact with flame, producing new substance(s). ; Chemical Atomic number
Reactivity is how a substance reacts with another substance. - It represents the number of protons in its nucleus.
Separating Mixtures Atomic mass
1. Distillation - It indicates the total number of protons and neutrons.
- A widely used method of separating mixtures based on How to determine the number of protons, electrons and
differences in boiling point. neutrons of an atom?
- The substance left in the distilling flask usually with Neutral Atom:
higher boiling point is called residue, if solid or distilled - Atomic No.
and if liquid while the substance that passes thru the ● No. of protons = No. of electrons
condenser usually with lower boiling point is called the - Atomic Mass
distillate. ● No. of protons + No. of neutrons
2. Filtration - Number of neutrons
- Good for separating insoluble solid from a liquid. ● Atomic no. – Atomic mass
- It is the solid substance left on the filtering medium
called residue

Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas – STEM 12 H - Judea/Tricia Baltazar

 Isotopes - Done by setting the charge of one ion as the subscript of the other
ion.
- Elements that have the same atomic number but different atomic
mass.
- It has the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons.
*Stable isotopes
- The first 80 elements on the periodic table have stable isotopes.
- The properties of stable isotopes allow them to be used to
understand and manage water and land resources.
- It can be used to study land, humans, animals, insects and plants.
*Radioisotopes/Unstable isotopes
- They emit different levels of radiation, which makes them useful in
medicine, industry, agriculture, radiopharmaceutical sciences,
industrial applications, environmental tracing and biological
studies.
Ions and Molecules
Ions
- A neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it becomes
an electrically charged particle
➢ Cations - Positively charged ion; Loss of electrons(s)
➢ Anions - Negatively charged ion; Gain of electron(s)
- Charge number
- The number of electrons lost or gained.

Types of Ions
1. Monoatomic or Monatomic Ions
- Ion consisting only one atom
- Monatomic ions bond to make a binary compound.
■ Binary compounds are made of a
monatomic cation and a monatomic anion.
2. Polyatomic Ions
- Ions consist of different and more than one atoms.
Molecules
- When atoms of nonmetals share electrons.
- Nonmetallic elements exist in nature as diatomic molecules.
➢ Diatomic
- 2 atoms of same element
➢ Polyatomic
- Numerous atoms of different elements
➢ Monatomic
- 1 atom only
Chemical Formula
- A notation that uses atomic symbols with numerical subscripts to
convey the relative proportions of atoms of different elements in
the substance.
Ionic Compounds
- Results from an attraction between a cation (metal) and an anion
(nonmetal).
Covalent Compounds
- Results when nonmetals share electrons
Types of Chemical Formula
A. Molecular Formula
- It indicates the actual numbers of atoms in a molecule
- It gives the composition of the molecule in terms of the
actual number of atoms present.
B. Empirical Formula
- It give only the relative number of atoms of each type
in a molecule
- The simplest type of formula.
- The subscripts in an empirical formula are always the
smallest possible whole-number ratios.
C. Structural Formula
- It shows the location of the atoms relative to one
another in a molecule
- It shows the number of chemical bonds between the
atoms.
CRISS CROSS RULE

Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas – STEM 12 H - Judea/Tricia Baltazar