6.

Metals
Engr. Aaron Joseph J. Peñano

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 Panalanging Ekumeniko ng URS
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6. Metals
Engr. Aaron Joseph J. Peñano

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Outline
6.1 Physical Properties of Metals
6.2 Chemical Properties of Metals
6.3 Alloys
6.4 Reactive Elements
6.4.1 Reactions with Water
6.4.2 Reactions with Steam
6.4.3 Reactions with Dilute HCl
6.4.4 Summary of Experimental
Observations on Metal Reactivity
6.4.5 Reaction of Metal Oxides and Carbon
6.4.6 Reactions with Metal Oxides
6.4.7 Reactions with Oxygen
6.4.8 Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
6.4.9 Summary of Reactivity
6.5 Uses of Metals
6.5.1 Ferrous Metals
6.5.2 Non-ferrous Metals
6.6 Metal Degradation
6.6.1 Corrosion
6.6.2 Avoiding Corrosion
6.6.3 Removing Corrosion
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 6. Metals1
▪ Metals - elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions (except H)
- electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies
- characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound, and excellent
conductors of heat and electricity
- solids under normal conditions except for Hg (mercury)

Gr. I. Alkali Metals Transition Metals

Basic Metals
Gr. II. Alkaline
Earth Metals Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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 6. Metals1
Halogens

▪ Group I. Alkali Metals

- reacts violently with water, halogens,
and acids
- highly reactive at standard tempera-
ture and pressure
Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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 6. Metals1
Halogens

▪ Group II. Alkaline Earth Metals

- react with the halogens to form ionic
alkaline earth metal halides
- react with water to form strongly
alkaline hydroxides (except Beryl-
lium) Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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 6. Metals1

▪ Transition Metals
- much less reactive
- does not react with water and oxygen
- does not show trends in reactivity
- most can form ions with variable
charges Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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 6. Metals1

Electronegativity Trend

increasing
▪ Basic Metals

increasing
- generally have a higher electronega-
tivity
- lower melting point and boiling point
- softer than transition metals
Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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6.1 Physical Properties of
▪ Strong and Hard
- because metal atoms are delocalized and
are free to move through the whole
structure
Metals1
▪ Good Conductor
- of heat and electricity, because the
atoms in the metals form a matrix
through which outer electrons can
move freely

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6.1 Physical Properties of Metals1
▪ Dense ▪ Shiny and SIlvery
- due to their packed structure, they are - because their outer electrons, farther
heavy and sink when placed in water from the nucleus, reflect or bounces off
light

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6.1 Physical Properties of Metals1
▪ High Melting Points and Boiling Points ▪ Solids
- because metals are made of giant lattice - because of the metallic bonds
structures that the number of electrosta- - at room temperature (except for Hg)
tic forces to be broken (during melting
or boiling) is extremely large

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6.1 Physical Properties of
▪ Malleable and Ductile
- because its atoms can roll over each
other into new positions without
breaking the metallic bond
Metals1
▪ Sonorous
- because they have a lesser number of
electrons in their outermost orbital

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 6.2 Chemical Properties of Metals1
▪ Metals React with Oxygen to form Metal Oxides ▪ Metals Form Positive Ions when they React

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 6.2 Chemical Properties of Metals1
▪ Metals in Groups I, II, and III have Charges on their Ions the Same as the Group Numbers
▪ Transition Elements have Variable Valency

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 6.3 Alloys1
▪ Alloy Atoms of Each
- a combination of a metal with at least one metal or Element Occupy
non-metal the Same Site as
- often composed of one parent metal and with other their Counterpart
metals added
- solute/other metal
Additional metals in the structure can change the - solvent/parent/host metal
properties of the alloy by preventing metal ions from sliding
over one another which can make the alloy tougher and
stronger than the parent metal.
Atoms Do Not
Occupy the Same
Sites

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6.3 Alloys1

Examples of Alloys
Alloy Combination
Brass Copper & Zinc
Steel Iron & Carbon
Cast Iron Iron & Carbon
Duralumin Aluminum & Copper
Copper, Tin
Bronze
& Some Phosphorus
Tungsten, Chromium, Carbon,
High Speed Steel
Vanadium & Molybdenum

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 6.4 Reactive Elements1
▪ Reactive Element
- has a strong drive to become a compound, so that its atoms gain stable outer shell, so the
metal reacts readily with other elements and compounds
Most Reactive

Least Reactive

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 6.4.1 Reactions with Water1

Solid Metal + Liquid Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Hydrogen Gas

Apparatus Used in
Reactivity Experiment
Cold Water
Filter Funnel
Metal

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6.4.1 Reactions with Water1

Solid Metal + Liquid Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas

Metal Hydroxides are Basic

Litmus Paper Test in terms of acidity
- they turn red litmus paper
blue

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6.4.1 Reactions with Water1

Lithium Sodium Potassium

+ Water + Water + Water

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6.4.1 Reactions with Water1

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6.4.2 Reactions with Steam1
Solid Metal + Steam → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas

III

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6.4.3 Reactions with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid1
Solid Metal + Hydrochloric Acid → Metal Chloride + Hydrogen Gas

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6.4.3 Reactions with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid1

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6.4.4 Summary of Experimental Observations
on Metal Reactivity1

Reactive Metals

Fairly Reactive Metals

Unreactive Metals

▪ Hydrogen gas is produced in all 3 reactions (with liquid water, steam, and dilute HCl).
- Displacement of hydrogen is a redox reaction where H+ gained e-
▪ Reactive metals tend to react with non-metals to form compounds
▪ Unreactive metals have a greater tendency to remain uncombined

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 6.4.5 Reaction of Metal Oxides and Carbon1
▪ Reactions of metal oxide and carbon are used to compare the reactivity of metals.
▪ The more reactive the metal, the more difficult it is to split its oxide up.

Metal Reactivity:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > (C) > Zn > Fe > Pb > (H) > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt

Example:
𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 𝐶 → no reaction → Magnesium oxide was not reduced

2𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 𝐶 → 2𝐶𝑢 + 𝐶𝑂2 → Copper oxide reduced to Cu

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 6.4.6 Reactions with Metal Oxides1
▪ Through reactions between metal and a metal oxide, the reactivity of metals can be compared
▪ A more reactive metal will reduce the oxide of less reactive metal

Metal Reactivity:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > (C) > Zn > Fe > Pb > (H) > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt

Example:
Powdered iron is heated with copper oxide.

𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑢𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒𝑂 + 𝐶𝑢

The more reactive metal (Fe) have reduced the oxide of the less reactive metal (Cu)

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 6.4.7 Reactions with Oxygen1
▪ Metals burn to form metal oxides or tarnish slowly when heated.
▪ Tarnishing - the changing of a shiny metal surface into a dull
appearance, i.e. due to oxidation

▪ Potassium burns with a lilac flame when heated in air2

4𝐾(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝐾2 𝑂 (𝑠)

▪ Magnesium reacts readily in air burning with a white light2

2𝑀𝑔(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝑀𝑔𝑂 (𝑠)
▪ Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron (III) oxide3
4𝐹𝑒(𝑠) + 3𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 (𝑠)

Rust is the hydrated form of iron oxide (Fe2O3·xH2O).3,4

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 6.4.8 Reactions with Aqueous Ions1
Metal Reactivity:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > (C) > Zn > Fe > Pb > (H) > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt

Example:
𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑢
Zinc wins against copper and displaces it from the solution with sulfate.
The copper and zinc displacement is a redox reaction that can be called a single displacement
reaction as they displaced each other.
A metal that is higher up has a tendency to form its positive ions.
𝑍𝑛 (𝑠) + [𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (𝑎𝑞)] → [𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (𝑎𝑞)] + 𝐶𝑢 (𝑠) Ionic Equation

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6.4.9 Summary of Reactivity1

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 6.5 Uses of Metals1
▪ Ferrous Metals
- has a significant amount of iron in its composition
- i.e. pig iron, wrought iron, cast iron
- used in shipping containers, industrial piping, automobiles, railroad tracks, and many
commercial and domestic tools

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 6.5 Uses of Metals1
▪ Non-ferrous Metals
- metals including alloys which do not have iron in appreciable amounts
- i.e. zinc, lead, nickel, chromium, silver, platinum, gold and other metals except iron and
steel
- used because of desirable properties such as low weight (i.e. aluminum), higher
conductivity (i.e. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (i.e. zinc)
- i.e. for galvanization - coating of a ferrous part with a thin layer of zinc to prevent
oxidation and weathering5

Al Pb Ni Cr Ag Pt Au
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 6.6 Metal Degradation1
▪ Metal Degradation
- occurs by the process of corrosion and oxidation in wet and dry
environments, respectively
- can also be due to metallurgical changes

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 6.6.1 Corrosion1
▪ Corrosion
- natural process that converts a refined metal into a more
chemically stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide
- gradual destruction of materials by chemical and/or
electrochemical reaction with their environment

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 6.6.2 Avoiding Corrosion1
▪ Metal Type. Use corrosion-resistant metals such as aluminum or stainless steel. Depending on
the application, these metals can be used to reduce the need for additional
corrosion protection.
▪ Protective Coating. The application of a paint coating and powder coating are cost-effective ways
of preventing corrosion.
▪ Sacrificial Coatings - coating the metal with an additional metal type that is more likely to oxidize
▪ Corrosion Inhibitors - chemicals that react with the surface of the metal or surrounding gases to
suppress the electrochemical reactions leading to corrosion
▪ Design Modification. Designs should avoid trapping dust and water, encourage movement of air,
and avoid open crevices. Ensuring the metal is accessible for regular
maintenance will also increase longevity.

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 6.6.3 Removing Corrosion1

Using WD-40 for rust removal is one of the best rust

treatments as it is so simple and quick. Simply spray the
item with WD-40 and scrub it with a clean wire brush.
Caution: Test a small area first to ensure this method
doesn’t cause any damage to the metal.

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Questions?

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References
1. Cabandong, G. A., & Rubio, J. C. (2020). Course guide in CHEM IE (chemistry for engineers). College of
Engineering, University of Rizal System.
2. Metals and reactivity series. (2021). Bitesize. Retrieved October 9, 2021, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/
bitesize/guides/zfdkf4j/revision/2
3. The general reaction of metals with oxygen. (n. d.). Siyavula. Retrieved October 9, 2021, from https://
intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-9/reactions-of-metals-with-oxygen/09-reactions-of-metals-
with-oxygen?id=toc-id-3
4. Vitz, E., Moore, J. W., Shorb, J. Prat-Resina, X., Wenderdoff, T., & Hahn, A. (2020, November 6). Corrosion.
Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved October 9, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.07%3A_Corrosion
5. Shrestha, B. (2020, August 16). Galvanization. Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved October 12, 2021,
from https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_
(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Galvanization

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