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What is Botany????
ØBranch of science that deals with the study of plants
and the processes occurring in a plant life

ØIts deals with the study of plants and its fundamental

processes.

ØIt is a natural science

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Early Taxonomists

2000 years ago, Aristotle was the

first taxonomist

Aristotle divided organisms into

plants and animals

He subdivided plants into shrub,

herbs and trees

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Early Taxonomists Carolus

John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for Linnaeus
naming
18th century taxonomist
His names were very long descriptions telling
everything about the plant.
Classified organisms by their
Solanum caule inerme herbaceo, foliis pinnatis incisis, structure
racemis simplicibus

“smooth-stemmed herbaceous solanum with incised Developed naming system that

pinnate leaves”
still used today

Solanum lycopersicum

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Carolus Linnaeus

Called the “father of taxonomy”

Developed the modern system of

naming known as binomial
nomenclature

Two-word name (Genus and

species)

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Filipino Botanist’s Filipino Botanist’s

From: https://www.nast.ph/ From: https://www.nast.ph/

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Branches of Botany Why study plants? Why

important?
Agricultural Sciences Mycology Plant Pathology ØOxygen
Agronomy Orchidology Plant Tissue Culture/Micropropagation
ØPrimary producers
Agrostology Paleobotany Pteridology
ØEconomically important to humans
Phycology Palynology-pollen. spores Plant Ecology
Arboriculture Phenology Plant Reproduction Ø agricultural plants (food): vegetables, fruits, seeds
(90 percent of the world's food energy intake)
Bryology-Mosses, Plant Anatomy Plant Taxonomy
Ø flavoring plants: herbs & spices
Dendrology-trees Plant Biochemistry Pomology
Rhodology Ø fiber, wood plants
Economic Botany Plant Biotechnology
Ethnobotany Plant Physiology Ø medicinal plants
Horticulure Plant Cell Biology/Cytology Ø plant extracts: essential oils, gums, rubber,
Lichenology Plant Genetics ornamental etc.

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WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A BOTANY DEGREE? Digital Sources

https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15372197
Ø Proceed to Medicine (MD) http://theplantlist.org/
Ø Proceed to graduate programs (MS and PhD) https://bioone.org/journals/american-fern-journal/issues

Ø Teacher/Professor https://www.ipni.org/ https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea/

Ø Academic Journal Assistant Editor http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/
Ø Airport Wildlife Biologist https://plants.jstor.org/?loggedin=true

Ø Biologist -- Department of the Army http://asbp.org.ph/journals/

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
Ø Environmental Quality Analyst
Ø Farm Manager/Educator https://www.philippineplants.org/ https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/
Ø Wildlife Technician https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Ø Laboratory Technician http://cebremdigital.c1.biz/
Ø Municipal Park Ranger https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants

Ø Wetland Scientist https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-plant-physiology

Ø Medical Representative

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The Molecules of Life

4 main classes:
The • Carbohydrates
• Lipids
Molecules • Proteins
of Life • Nucleic acids

MACROMOLECULE
POLYMER- is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

MONOMER- The repeating smaller molecules that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates
serve as fuel and building material
- sugars

Monosaccharides- simplest carbohydrates

- glucose, fructose

Disaccharides- are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides

- ex. Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose
Glucose + Glucose= Maltose

Polysaccharides- composed of many sugar building blocks

- ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

linked together by glycosidic bond

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Lipids Proteins
Exhibits diversity of structures resulting to a wide variety of function
Diverse group of HYDROPHOBIC molecules a POLYPEPTIDE made up of AMINO ACID

Fats- constructed from glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids FUNCTIONS: Support Membrane proteins, collagen
(saturated and unsaturated) Enzyme Catalyst of different chemical reactions

Phospholipid- makes up the plasma membrane Transport Membrane proteins, hemoglobin

- glycerol and 2 fatty acids Defense Protection against disease ex. Antibodies

Hormones Many hormones: ex. Insulin

Steroids- lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton
consisting of four fused rings Motion Contractile and motor protein ex. Actin and Myosin
- ex. Cholesterol

Other examples are Waxes and Oils

linked together by ester bond

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Nucleic acid Three Basic Parts of Nucleotides

Store, transmit and help express hereditary information

are the chemical repositories of genetic information of an organism. linkage between the sugar
and the nitrogenous base is
called a glycosidic bond
Two types:
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- genetic material that organisms
phosphate and the
inherit from their parents sugar is called a
- directs RNA synthesis phosphoester bond
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- controls protein synthesis

A polymer of nucleotides that are linked to each other via a phosphodiester bond.

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Three Basic Parts of Nucleotides

• pentose sugar- the two pentose used in nucleotides are:

deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA
Comparison between DNA and RNA

• nitrogenous base – made up of several amino acids

grouped into two: purines and pyrimidines
Base pairing:
Adenine – Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
Guanine – Cytosine

• phosphate group - form the backbone of the polynucleotide

together with the pentose.
- imparts a negative charge to the DNA which
enables it to associate well with the positively charged
histones to form the chromatin

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Replication = DNA DNA

ØFirst described by Transcription = DNA RNA

Francis Crick (1958)
Translation = RNA Protein
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase

ØInformation only flows from Reverse Transcription

RNA polymerase

DNA RNA Protein mRNA

rRNA
tRNA

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Replication

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Transcription and Translation GENETIC CODE

Picture Credit: Khan Academy

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Practice Replication, Transcription and

Translation
Replication Transcription Translation

• TTGCTA – AACGAA – UUGCUU

• TAGCGC – AUCGCG – UUGCGC

ILE - ALA
• ACCGTC – UGGCAG – UCCGUC
TRP - GLN
• GCTATG – CGAUAC – GCUUUG
ARG - TYR

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