12/3/18

Maneuvering at High Angles

and Angular Rates
Robert Stengel, Aircraft Flight Dynamics
MAE 331, 2018
Learning Objectives
• High angle of attack and
angular rates
• Asymmetric flight
• Nonlinear aerodynamics
• Inertial coupling
• Spins and tumbling
Flight Dynamics
681-785
Airplane Stability and Control
Chapter 8
Copyright 2018 by Robert Stengel. All rights reserved. For educational use only.
http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/MAE331.html 1
http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/FlightDynamics.html

Tactical Airplane Maneuverability

• Maneuverability parameters
– Stability
– Roll rate and acceleration
– Normal load factor
– Thrust/weight ratio
– Pitch rate
– Transient response
– Control forces
• Dogfights
– Preferable to launch missiles at long range
– Dogfight is a backup tactic
– Preferable to have an unfair advantage
• Air-combat sequence
– Detection
– Closing
– Attack
– Maneuvers, e.g.,
• Scissors
• High yo-yo
– Disengagement

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Coupling of Longitudinal
and Lateral-Directional
Motions

Longitudinal Motions can Couple

to Lateral-Directional Motions
• Linearized equations have limited application to
high-angle/high-rate maneuvers
– Steady, non-zero sideslip angle (Sec. 7.1, FD)
– Steady turn (Sec. 7.1, FD)
– Steady roll rate

" Lon %
FLon FLat−Dir
F = $ Lat−Dir '
$ FLon FLat−Dir '&
#
Lon Lat−Dir
FLat−Dir , FLon ≠0 4

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Stability Boundaries Arising

From Asymmetric Flight Northrop F-5E

NASA CR-2788
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Stability Boundaries with Nominal

Sideslip, βo, and Roll Rate, po

NASA CR-2788 6

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Pitch-Yaw Coupling Due To

Steady Roll Rate, po
• Combine 2nd-order short period and Dutch roll modes
– Body axes
– Constant roll rate = po, rad/s
State vector Control input vector
" Δw % Normal velocity, m / s
# Δδ E & Elevator, deg or rad
" Δx Lon % $ Δq
'
Pitch rate, rad / s % (
Δx(t) = $ '=$ ' Δu(t) = % Δδ A ( Ailerons, deg or rad
$# Δx LD '& $ Δv ' Side velocity, m / s
$ ' %$ Δδ R (' Rudder, deg or rad
# Δr & Yaw rate, rad / s

4th-order dynamic model

" Δx Lon % " FLon Lon % "

FLD Δx Lon % " G Lon %
$ ' = $ LD '$ '+$ ' Δu
$# Δx LD '& $# FLon FLD ' $# Δx LD
& '& $# G LD '&
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Time Response to
Elevator Step Input
• When po = 0 /s
– Elevator input produces
longitudinal response but
no lateral-directional
response
• At po = 60 /s
– Short-period (faster) mode
dominates longitudinal
response
– Dutch-roll (slower) mode
dominates lateral
directional response
• At po = 120 /s
– Both modes are evident in
both responses
– Fast mode is even faster
– Slow mode is even slower
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Pitch-Yaw Coupling Due

To Steady Roll Rate, po
• 4th-order stability matrix
– Body axes
– Neglible vo, uo ~ VN
– Negligible coupling aerodynamic effects
• Constant roll rate is only source of coupling
Short Period Yaw-to-Pitch Coupling
⎡ ⎡ − po ⎤ ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎡ Zw uo ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ( I zz − I xx ) p ⎥ ⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ M w Mq ⎥
⎦ ⎢ 0 o ⎥ " Δw %
⎡ F F Lon ⎤ ⎢ ⎢⎣ I yy ⎥⎦ ⎥ $ '
Δq '
⎢ Lon LD
⎥=⎢ ⎥ Δx(t) = $
$ Δv '
⎢ FLon
LD
FLD ⎥ ⎢ ⎡ po 0 ⎤ ⎥ $ '
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎡ Yv ⎥
# Δr &
⎢ ⎥ –uo ⎤
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ 0
(I xx − I yy ) ⎥
po ⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ N v Nr ⎥
⎥ ⎥
⎥
⎦
⎢ ⎢⎣ I zz ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Pitch-to-Yaw Coupling Dutch Roll 9

Pitch-Yaw Coupling Due

To Steady Roll Rate, po
Characteristic Polynomial

{
Δ rolling ( s ) = #$( s − Z w ) ( s − M q ) − uo M w %&#$( s −Yv ) ( s − N r ) + uo N v %& }
') ( I − I ) ( I xx − I yy ) − u M ( I xx − I yy ) − u N ( I zz − I xx ) +),
+ po2 (( s − M q ) ( s − N r ) − ( s − Z w ) ( s −Yv ) zz xx o w o v
)* I yy I zz I zz I yy )-

− po4
( I zz − I xx ) ( I xx − I yy )
I yy I zz

• Coupling effect is proportional to po2 and po4

• Effect on roots is independent of the sign of po
• Cannot use Evans s root-locus rules with k = po2 , as k2 also appears
• Can compute effect of po2 on roots using MATLAB’s eig

( I − I ) ( I xx − I yy )
Δ rolling ( s ) = "#Δ SP ( s ) Δ DR ( s )$% + po2 "# fcn ( s, M q , N r , Z w ,Yv , I xx , I yy , I zz ,uo , M w , N v )$% − po4 zz xx
I yy I zz

Thunderbird F-16 Barrel Roll

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovSOStlncbU 10

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Effect of Steady Roll Rate, po, on

Pitching and Yawing Roots
• Factor Δrolling(s) for various values of po2
• po2 = root locus gain, k
• Faster mode gets faster
• Slower mode gets slower and may become unstable
No Damping With Typical Damping

Short Period

Dutch Roll

Dutch Roll

Short Period

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Steady Roll Rate, po, Effect

Expressed by Root Locus or
Parameter Plot
Parameter plot: variation of real and
imaginary parts of roots vs. roll rate,
Divergent root at high roll rate po

Dutch roll: solid

Dutch roll: solid
Short period: dashed Short period: dashed
Bifurcation

Instability

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Steady-State Response as
Well as Stability is
Affected by High Roll Angle of Atack
Response to Elevator

Rate vs. Roll Rate

f ( v, w, p, q, r, Δδ A, Δδ E, Δδ R )SS = 0

Sideslip Response to
Elevator vs. Roll Rate

• Effects of steady roll rate on nonlinear

equilibrium control response
– Pitch-yaw coupling
– p jump or p acceleration
• Multiple equilibria for same control Aileron Angle
settings vs. Roll Rate

– Up to 9 possible roll rates for one

aileron setting
– Sensitivity to elevator setting Rhoads, Schuler,
• Flight Dynamics, 7.3 1957 13

The Butterfly Catastrophe*

f1 ( v, w, p, q, r, Δδ A, Δδ E, Δδ R )SS = 0
pSS = f2 ( v, w, q, r, Δδ A, Δδ E, Δδ R )SS
• Surface of equilibrium solutions for roll rate
• Possibility of an unrecoverable spin
Roll Rate Equilibrium Surface The Butterfly Catastrophe

after Mehra, Carroll, 1979

* René Thom, 1974
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Tumbling and Spins

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Tumbling, Spins, and Recovery

• Strong nonlinear effects
• Aircraft-specific control strategy for recovery

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Wind Tunnel Spin Testing

• Sidney B. Gates, RAE: "The Spinning of Aeroplanes" (with L.W. Bryant,
1926), neutral and maneuver points, stick force per g
• Continued research on stalls and spins at NASA, USAF, and in many
other countries
NASA Langley Spin Tunnel

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NASA Langley Spin

Tunnel Testing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7FCqLpTgkk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQwMCmI55Q0
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUKTBUY1RII

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Tails with Negative

Dihedral (Anhedral)
• Horizontal tail below wing's wake
• May have adverse effect on spin
characteristics
• F-4 model test

Anti-spin moment
Yaw coefficient,
Cn

Pro-spin moment

Spin rate, pb/2V 19

Yawing Moment at High Angle of Attack

• Dynamic as well as static
effects,e.g., hysteresis
• Random asymmetric yawing
moments (left or right)
– generated by slender nose
at zero sideslip angle
– may exceed rudder control
power
F-111

Vortex-induced side
force on nose

F-4

F-104

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Controlling Yawing Moment at

High Angle of Attack
McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18
• Sucking, blowing, or movable
strakes to control nose vortices
• X-29, F/A-18 HARV
• Vortex bursting effect on tail

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Control Effectiveness at
High Angle of Attack and
Deflection Angle
• Assumption of Newtonian flow

Elevator Effect Aileron Effect

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Control at High
Aerodynamic Angles

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Supermaneuverability
• Means of forcing opponent to overshoot
• Pugachev s Cobra maneuver, first done
in Sukhoi Su-27
• Beneficial effect of thrust-vector control
(X-31)
• Mongoose maneuver (X-31)
• Essentially low-speed maneuvers, not
where you want to be in air combat (i.e.,
high energy-state)

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Thrust Vector Control

Pitch and Yaw Control (X-31) Pitch Control (F-22)

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Next Time:
Aeroelasticity and Fuel Slosh
Flight Dynamics
418-419, 549-569, 665-678
Airplane Stability and Control
Chapter 19

Learning Objectives
• Aerodynamic effects of bending and torsion
• Modifications to aerodynamic coefficients
• Dynamic coupling
• Fuel shift and sloshing dynamics
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Supplemental Material

27

Stall-Spin Studies of General

Aviation Aircraft

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
TmWB6oyJ9lE 28

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