A Report on

Adapting climate change for tourism betterment at Saint Martin Island

Submitted To

Jameni Jabed Suchana

Assistant Professor

Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management

Faculty of Business Studies

University of Dhaka

Submitted By

Arif Hossion

ID: 053

Section: A

Batch: MBA 13th

Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management

Faculty of Business Studies

University of Dhaka

Date of Submission: 12th October, 2022

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Executive Summary
Saint Martin's Island is one of Bangladesh's most important and promising tourist destinations.
Saint Martin's is very well-liked as a tourist destination; however, many steps must be
performed to preserve Saint Martin's as safe and viable. The possibilities, issues, responsibility,
and possible risks have all been covered in this paper. In addition, a demonstration of a
sustainable strategy that Saint Martin's may use to create sustainable tourism has been
addressed based on the issues the island has identified.

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Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4
2. Study Area ........................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 5
4. Research Gap ...................................................................................................................................... 6
5. Objectives............................................................................................................................................ 6
6. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 7
7. Projected Climate Change Impacts ..................................................................................................... 7
8. Present Situation of Saint Martin's Island........................................................................................... 9
9. Tourism Development and Management in Saint Martin's Island ..................................................... 9
10. How Might Travel Pattern Be Affected by Climate Change on Saint Martins? .............................. 10
11. Problems and Issues........................................................................................................................ 11
12. Responsible Tourism Behavior ........................................................................................................ 11
13. Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in Saint Martin's Island ................................................... 12
14. Data analysis and findings ............................................................................................................... 13
14.1 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 13
14.2 Findings ..................................................................................................................................... 19
15. Recommendations & Conclusions .................................................................................................. 19
15.1 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 19
15.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 20
16. References & Appendix................................................................................................................... 21
16.1 Reference .................................................................................................................................. 21
16.2 Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 27

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1. Introduction

The growth of a nation's ecology, economic, and social aspects depend heavily on the land,
which is a priceless and important element of nature. To improve both the economic benefit
and the geography of a nation, people cultivate, build on, and modify the land. Saint Martin's
is a unique coral island in Bangladesh that is provided with a wealth of business options. The
sustainability of a location, on the other hand, contributes to its preservation for future
generations by ensuring that it may be used safely without disrupting the natural balance. Saint
Martin's sustainability aids in maintaining the region's natural balance while, on the other hand,
the growth of the area in a manner that benefits the local populace (Aziz, 2016). An area's
development is a continual process, and the globe is undergoing rapid change. Any kind of
region needs significant change in order to adapt to and deal with change, but this change
shouldn't be made at the expense of the existing environment. The government of Bangladesh
must create several sustainable plans and conduct numerous steps to make the area sustainable
in order to deal with this new and changing condition. Saint Martin's sustainability issues will
be covered in this report. This paper also highlights some additional particular goals, such as
understanding the island's current situation and identifying the behavioral characteristics that
can be used to gauge visitor behavior(Ting et al., 2020). This study is unique since it is one of
the first to look into how tourists behave responsibly in relation to an ecotourism site in
Bangladesh. This report's goal is to talk about the subject and have a thorough understanding
of it.

2. Study Area
The In Bangladesh, Saint Martin is one of the most well-liked vacation spots. This island
became a popular tourist destination thanks to its beautiful natural scenery, clear water, and
coral colony. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies may be discovered due to
its distinct environmental and ecological circumstances (Islam and Thompson, 2010). The
island is located on the Cox's Bazar's southern side and the west of Myanmar's northwest coast.
It is thought that Mr. Martin, a British government employee who originally entered this island
into the Settlement record, is the person after whom the island is formally named. This island
receives about 3500 visitors per day from November to April, which is regarded as the peak
period for domestic travel.

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Unfortunately, there isn't much carrying capacity on this tiny maritime island. Additionally,
there are frequent services for large ferries and power boats that transport tourists to the
island(Amin, 2017). Additionally, sewage from both locals and visitors as well as vast
quantities of unprocessed trash are dumped into the sea (Feeroz, 2009). Because of this, the
quality of the coastal waters is gradually declining, which has a negative effect on the island's
overall ecological balance.

3. Literature Review
The Davos Declaration on Climate Change and Tourism (Dawson et al., 2010) said that given
how fast tourism is expanding and how vulnerable some locations are to climate change,
climate change "must be considered the greatest risk to the sustainability of tourism in the
twenty-first century"(Peel, 1990). The continuing development and future survival of people
are impacted by global climate change(Elmistekawy & Boodhwani, 2013). a subject of much
discussion that makes natural disasters more frequent and severe(Islam et al., 2014). The
suffering and trauma experienced by Bangladesh's coastal regions is growing, and the
severity of these events threatens the resilience of both human and natural coastal systems.
Climate change may make matters worse. Cyclones and rising tides have frequently wreaked
havoc in these areas, devastating lives and property(Alam & Collins, 2010). According to a
widely held belief, low-income populations are more vulnerable to risks brought on by
climate change because they are less able to adapt to extreme weather. Additionally, the
island's panoramic vistas, clear saltwater, and natural coral colonies have made it an alluring
tourist destination with employment prospects in the tourism industry(Rani et al., 2020). Past
research studies on St. Martin's Island have covered a wide range of topics, including food
security(Ross et al., 2009) to policy development(Islam et al., 2014). The terms ecology and
tourism are combined to generate the phrase ecotourism, which is a literary term for
environmentally beneficial travel. The idea of nature-based tourism is the foundation of the
much-publicized ecotourism of today. According to Kabir and Bhuiya (2004), ecotourism is
essential for maintaining the richness of the natural and cultural environment. It protects and
preserves the indigenous cultures while accommodating and amusing tourists in a manner
that is least disruptive to the environment. Consequently, it has to do with responsible
environmental tourism. According to Funnell and Dowling, ecotourism is growing rapidly
across the globe, yet little is understood about its potential effects and ramifications (2003).
Travel for ecological attractions is referred to as ecotourism, according to the International

5
 Research Group (1992). It replaced so-called "site-seeing," "escape from the maddening
throng," and is now a top trend for travelers throughout the world. Nowadays, ecologically
conscious travelers like environmentally responsible and sensitive tourism that demands a
high-quality outdoor experience with the least amount of adverse environmental effects The
word "eco" is primarily derived from the Greek word "oikos," which is roughly translated as
"habitat" and stands for "ecology." The Hebrew term "tora," which means "to study, learn,
or investigate," became the English word "tourism." Ecotourism is described by the
International Ecotourism Society (1991), formerly known as the Ecotourism Society, as
"responsible travel to natural places that maintains the well-being of local people."

Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore how local people's lives are impacted by
climate change, thereby identifying the susceptibility of different well-being groups and how
they are attempting to adapt to climate threats.

4. Research Gap
Different tourist destinations are vulnerable in different ways, and the changes in
competitiveness and sustainability that come from this will change some international
tourism markets.

There are still significant knowledge gaps in each of the major impact areas, substantial
regional knowledge gaps, and disparities in how tourists and tourism operators perceive the
dangers of climate change and their ability to adapt. This shows that the tourism sector is not
ready for the problems that climate change will bring.

5. Objectives
Some objectives are prepared for the report and these are as follows.

Primary Objectives

To identify the impacts of climate change on Saint Martins.

To Adapting climate change for tourism betterment

Secondary Objectives

• To know the adaptation measures for climate change in Saint Martins

• To know how climate change can affect the travel pattern of tourists to Saint Martins

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6. Methodology
The study will be conducted using the Quantitative method. To know the details, my selected
subject will be identified in this report by providing information, feedback via a survey of
respondents by google form and other relevant secondary information.

Data collection method

Primary sources of data will be collected from

• Book
• Journals
• Articles
• Magazines

Data Processing and Analysis

The report's information will be obtained from different sources, processed and then completed
using MS Word, MS Excel and other computer-related applications. The graphs will be
prepared based on data collection and some statistical techniques are used to understand the
significance and relationship of the data collected to the main topic.

7. Projected Climate Change Impacts

Many of the anticipated effects of climate change would exacerbate Bangladesh's existing
environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic challenges. Climate change is probably going
to cause:

Excessive Floods: Extreme precipitation will cause more rain to overflow into the ground,
increasing surface runoff when it does rain. This is due to both a rise in monsoon rains and an
increase in flash floods that are linked to intense precipitation that is broken by prolonged dry
periods. Increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise will only get worse in the event of
storm surges. Due to the impacts of tectonic subsidence, sea level rise in Bangladesh is more
than the mean average rate of sea level rise globally during the previous century. Because sea
level rise causes the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers to back up more often along the
delta, it is also linked to increasing riverine floods. Greater water levels will cause more
drainage congestion, which will be made worse by other climate change-related variables such
siltation of estuary branches in response to higher surface runoff and higher riverbed levels.

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Higher storm winds and rain intensity: The IPCC projects a 20% rise in the intensity of
related precipitation, which would contribute to flooding, and concludes that there is evidence
of a 5–10% increase in intensity (wind speed) that would lead to greater storm surges and
coastal flooding. Due of their positive link with sea surface temperature, cyclone winds are
likely to intensify. For instance, the tropical storm Sidr, which made landfall in Bangladesh in
November 2007 and had a front stretching 100 miles across the nation, with gusts of up to 240
km/h. Considering the storm's power and timing, especially given that it happened the same
year as two recurring floods, this was observed to be an exceptional occurrence. The IPCC
FAR also states that increased precipitation extremes, including more severe monsoonal rains,
would be linked to climate change.

Moisture exposure during dry times is increasing: Due to increased mean temperatures and
perhaps lower dry season precipitation, climate change will make droughts in Bangladesh more
intense and frequent. There were 19 droughts in Bangladesh between 1960 and 1991, which is
a substantial number considering that the monsoon rains generate 80% of the country's yearly
precipitation. Drought is more likely to occur in the Southwest and Northwest. Less rain during
the dry season due to increased precipitation extremes brought on by climate change would put
more strain on communities already struggling with water shortages, especially during the
winter. As temperatures rise and glaciers retreat, this situation will worsen for regions that rely
on glacial meltwater as their primary source of dry-season water supply.

Higher saltiness: Increased saline intrusion into fresh water sources under the low flow
circumstances will decrease the amount of available freshwater. This is a consequence of salty
water intrusion into estuaries and groundwater in coastal locations due to sea level rise. The
consequences are made worse by increased freshwater evaporation and evapotranspiration
when temperatures rise, as well as increased demand for freshwater during periods of water
scarcity.

More intense temperature fluctuations: Winters will be colder and summers will be hotter
as a result of climate change. Between 1985 and 1998, Bangladesh's average May and
November temperatures rose by nearly 1°C and 0.5°C, respectively, and further temperature
rises are predicted. Although the climate is warming generally, temperature extremes are rising,
and January 2007 had winter temperatures as low as 5°C, which is apparently the lowest in 38
years.

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8. Present Situation of Saint Martin's Island
In developing nations like Bangladesh, tourism has surged in recent years. In the past ten years,
domestic tourism in Bangladesh has increased significantly, with young travelers accounting
for a sizable portion of this rise.

Many of these species are currently in grave danger of extinction. These bio diversities are
disappearing due to pollution. The environment of the island has been badly harmed by
excessive tourist demand, unauthorized hotel and motel building, unchecked deforestation, and
the dumping of various wastes. Additionally, a number of destructive activities, including the
installation of open latrines to meet tourist demand, the construction of sewers, the continuous
use of electric pumps to pump water, and the development of multi-story buildings, among
others, pose a threat to biodiversity, particularly corals

9. Tourism Development and Management in Saint Martin's Island

With the right care and development, Saint Martin's Island can be a fantastic location to
explore, enjoy, and refresh. Bangladesh is a growing nation and will soon have a middle-
income status; as such, tourism can significantly contribute to the country's GDP growth. An
area or region of a country's socioeconomic growth benefits greatly from tourism. Bangladesh's
tourism industry has great potential; however, it is currently expanding very slowly. The most
well-liked tourist destination in Bangladesh is now the sole lovely coral island at Saint Martin's.
Saint Martin's Island has discovered the Bay of Bengal's beautiful waters. Because of this, Saint
Martin's Island is currently known as a well-liked tourist attraction. During the peak tourist
season (October to March), St. Martin's Island receives between 7,000 and 8,000 visitors daily
who come for the attractions of the coral scenery and the noteworthy rural lifestyles. Almighty
Allah's wonderful creation is Saint Martin's Island. The island is also referred to as the "pearl
in the sea." On Saint Martin's Island, it was referred to as "Narikel Jinjira" or "Jinjira Dwip."
Saint Martin's Island's coral reef has an extension known as "Chera Dwip" that is a part of the
island but is cut off from the main land by high tides. Overall, the government views Saint
Martin's as a very promising region for the tourist sector, one that might have a significant
influence on the national economy and promote a favourable image of Bangladesh abroad. The
island's sparse land is under constant pressure due to the attack of uncontrolled tourism. The
island has been designated as a region with sensitive environmental conditions. Due to this
island's unique significance, techniques for controlling and managing development are needed

9
to avoid haphazard and uncontrolled growth. A workable land use strategy was put forth in this
study to safeguard the Island from future environmental damage.

10. How Might Travel Pattern Be Affected by Climate Change on

Saint Martins?
Observing a change: Natural catastrophes are nothing new, of course, but scientists have come
to the conclusion that human-induced climate change is increasing both the frequency and the
intensity of these events. We are aware that travel, particularly by aircraft, is one of the causes
of this, therefore it is understandable that some people are debating whether or not they ought
to go to the impacted areas.

Changes in behavior: Using more public transportation and avoiding short flights when we
get at our destination are two of the most significant behavioral adjustments we can make since
transportation is the most carbon-intensive part of our travel. During instance, if you fly long
distance one year, reduce your foreign travel for the next few years and opt for local travel.
Additionally, travelers could think about limiting their frequency of travel while increasing the
duration of each trip.

Travel patterns in the future: Obviously adaptable, the tourism industry is already exploring
methods to accommodate weather shifts. Some of solutions, like making fake snow, erecting
sea barriers, or boosting air conditioning, might, however, result in higher emissions and
expenses. If visitors choose to travel at various times of year, in accordance with more desirable
weather patterns, there could be seasonal shifts in climate-affected places. While historically
colder, less popular months, like spring and autumn, might become peak season, summer
seasons could become less popular. Even during the winter, locations that are normally closed
could become more appealing. Travelers will become more aware of the need to travel only
during the safest periods and avoid the worst seasons while visiting places where storms and
cyclones often occur.

Increased awareness: Although the travel sector is not the only one responsible for
greenhouse emissions, estimates range from three to as much as ten percent, with flights being
by far the largest portion. The sector "has both a duty and tremendous capacity to be a catalyst
for substantial system change," the WTTC said in its post-COP26 report. Additionally, as
frequent visitors grow more aware of their carbon footprint and environmental problems

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continue to gain popularity, the majority will look for less luxurious locations for those who
are lighter on the planet. This might include giving preference to businesses who either give
back in some way or are very aware of everything about their services, from the origins of the
bed linen and bathroom supplies to how they get their electricity and water.

11. Problems and Issues

The following are the main obstacles to Saint Martin's Island's tourism development: Except
during the tourist season (October to March), tourists are unable to access this island without
difficulty because full-time boat services are not available all year round. The internal
transportation system and the road system are not suitable for tourist transit. Since the salinity
of the island is rising daily, not all areas have access to clean drinking water. The ecosystem
on the island has been contaminated by the large permanent population as well as the large
number of Rohingya individuals who regularly use the area. The level of security for tourists
is insufficient. The island lacks sophisticated tourism development infrastructure as well as
leisure amenities. As a result, Saint Martin's Island's foreign visitor arrival rate is steadily
declining. No banks or ATMs are located on Saint Martin's Island. As a result, travelers who
have an emergency must proceed to the bank or ATM booth in Teknaf or Cox's Bazar.

12. Responsible Tourism Behavior

Responsible Tourism is concerned about how tourism affects people, natural resources, and
societies(Mondal & Samaddar, 2021). To lessen these effects, Responsible Tourism offers
tourism activities that greatly benefit the host communities, improve working conditions,
guarantee local participation, preserve and promote the sustainable environment, and highlight
cultural resources (Gong et al., 2019). The Cape Town Declaration provides a widely accepted
definition of responsible tourism as a type of tourism that minimizes adverse economic,
environmental, and social impacts, maximizes economic benefits for the locals, improves their
quality of life, supports better working conditions and access to the industry, involves locals in
decision-making, conserves and respects natural, cultural, and local resources, and ensures
more pleasurable visitor experiences. It is clear that responsible behavior toward the
environment makes a significant contribution to environmental sustainability, which may have
an effect on responsible tourism behavior. Responsible travel behaviors and sustainable
tourism go hand in hand. In addition, according to Goodwin, tourism has grown to be a
significant industry for developing nations in order to boost employment, increase foreign
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exchange profits, and provide money for the preservation of natural and cultural
assets(Goodwin, n.d.). the behavior of tourists contributes to the growth and promotion of both
the community and the tourist attraction.

13. Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in Saint Martin's

Island
The difficulties and threats that Saint Martin's faces as a tourist attraction have previously been
covered. The growth of tourism is also accompanied by a number of issues and difficulties
brought on by tourism-related activities. Mass tourism had generated serious issues in several
areas, including Saint Martin Island. Economic, social, and environmental repercussions are
the three categories of impacts that researchers have found. These effects may be favorable,
unfavorable, or both simultaneously (Clubb & Mason, 2003)(Kuussaari et al., 2007). There are
at least four ways to interpret tourism in light of sustainable development principles: acceptance
of tourism as a component of a larger sustainable development plan; economic sustainability;
ecological sustainability; and long-term viability of tourism. In addition, seven distinct aspects
of sustainability, including environmental, political, cultural, economic, managerial, social, and
governmental aspects. Therefore, sustainable tourism will contribute to reducing the adverse
effects of tourism activities and to the preservation and conservation of the built environment.

1. Effectively organising and planning for the development of tourism

• Create an appropriate tourist guide by collaborating with local governments and communities.

• Ensuring that each tourist has enough safety and security.

• Participate in the neighborhood as a tourist worker.

• Ensuring a secure and healthy work environment.

2. Creating tourism-related goods and services that are both appealing and sustainable

• Enhance and broaden the variety of experiences available to travellers.

• Encourage investment in, and support for, the tourist industry.

• Ensuring the quality of goods and services.

• Preserve and defend the environment.

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3. Maximising local involvement and advantages

• Improving the local supply network.

• Strengthen human resources and local tourist expertise (Hassan, 2020).

4. Promoting an enticing brand and appearance

• Create and market an alluring and profitable brand identity.

• Give travellers accurate and pertinent information.

• Boost visitor research and statistics.

14. Data analysis and findings

14.1 Data Analysis

To find out the outcome of the issue through a survey, a systematic questionnaire is created. A
total of 20 respondents took part in the research. The respondents come from a variety of
different cultures and backgrounds. MS Excel is being used to evaluate the data. The analysis
and findings are as follows:

Gender: I have collected data from 70 respondents where 50% of the total respondents are
male while 50%of the respondents are female. Both of them provided their opinion to complete
the research.

Gender

Female Male
50% 50%

Male Female

Figure 1: Gender Percentage of Respondents

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Age: Here on this survey, 88.6% of the participants belong to the 20-30 age group, 4.3% of the
participants belong to the 31-40 age group, 2.9% of the participants belong to the above 40 age
group, and 4.30% of the participants belong to the 10-20 age groups.

Respondent Age Group

88.60%
10 to 20
20 to 30
PERCENTAGE

31-40
Above 40
4.30%

4.30%

2.90%
10 to 20 20 to 30 31-40 Ab o v e 4 0
Age Range

Figure 2: Age Group of Respondents

Income: 55.7% of the respondents have income less than 10000, 18.6% of the total people are
10000-20000, 5.7% of the total people income are more than 40000, 10% of the total people
income are 30001-40000 and rest 8% of the total people are 20001-30000.

Income
60.00%

50.00% Below 10,000

Percentage

40.00% 10,000-20,000

30.00% 20,001-30,000

20.00% 30,001-40,000
10.00% Above 40,000
0.00%

Income Range

Figure 3: Income of Respondents

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Occupation: I have found that 53% are students who are the major respondents of the survey,
11% are service holders; 13% are businessmen, 7% are housewives, 6% are doctors, 9% are
employees and the other category are 1.4%.

Occupation
Student Service Holder Businessman Housewife
Doctor Employee Teacher Others

1%
0%
9%

6%

7%

53%
13%

11%

Figure 4: Occupation of the Respondents

Do you consider Saint Martins as an Eco Tourism Destination?

From this chart it is clearly seen that majority of the respondent consider Saint Martins as eco-
tourism destination which is 79%. 19% said no and remaining 5% stated maybe.

Saint Martins as Eco Tourism

5%

19%
Yes
No
Maybe

76%

Figure 5: Saint Martins as Eco Tourism

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Which of the following is responsible in terms of climate change in Saint Martins area?

From the bar graph it is clear that rising temperature is the highest with 29%. The others are
25%, 4%, 15%, 8%, 7%, 9% and 3% for greenhouse gases, drought, flooding, coastal erosion,
melting glaciers, desea beachation and aerosol respectively.

Vector of Climate Change

35
30
25
20
15 29
25
10
15
5 8 9
7
4 3
0
Greenhouse Drought Flooding Coastal Rising Melting Deforestation Aerosol
gases erosion temperatures glaciers

percentage

Figure 6: Responsible for Climate Change

Climate change on Saint Martins has a great impact on the visitors’ travel pattern

From the 20 respondents I have found that 58% of the respondent agreed that online reservation
system contributes to a great extent in easy and fast functioning tourism in Bangladesh which
is the most, 23.3% responses strongly agree, 11.6% responses neutral, 4.3% disagreed and the
rest 2.9% voted strongly disagree.

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 Visitors Travel Pattern
70.00%
60.00% Strongly disagree
50.00% Disagree
Percentage 40.00%
Neutral
30.00%
Agree
20.00%
Strongly Agree
10.00%
0.00%
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree Agree
Responses

Figure 7: Visitors’ travel pattern

Climate change will destroy the bio-diversity and ecological balance on Saint Martins

Most of the people from the respondents, 43.5% agreed that climate change will destroy the
bio-diversity and ecological balance on Saint Martins. 29% strongly agreed, 18.8% neutral,
4.3% for both strongly disagree and disagree

Ecological Balance
4.30% 4.30%

29%
18.80%

43.50%

Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree

Figure 8: Ecological Balance at Saint Martins

Government has to play key role for stopping the impact of climate change on Saint
Martins

42.9% agreed with the statement, 5.7% strongly agreed with the statement, 31.4% neutral,
12.9% disagreed the rest 7.1% strongly disagreed.

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 Government Role
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
Percentage

30.00% Strongly disagree

25.00%
Disagree
20.00%
15.00% Neutral
10.00% Agree
5.00% Strongly agree
0.00%
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree agree
Responses

Figure 9: Governments Role for Stopping Climate Change

What adaptation techniques must be employed in order to lessen the Saint Martins'
sensitivity to the consequences of climate change?

From the survey it is seen that 18% responded that community participation is important were
majority voted on saline resistant infrastructure with 22 %. 17% on government initiatives, 155
on private organization, 9% on proactive adaptation, 10% on construction of disaster resistant
homes.

Adaptation Techniques
25
20
15
10 22
18 17 15
5 9 10
7
2 Percentage
0

Figure 10: Adaptation Techniques

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14.2 Findings

Following my observations, findings from earlier chapters, and other investigations, I

attempted to discover the following points:

• According to the collected statistics, people between the ages of 21-30 are the most
eager and potential to know about climate change.
• Saint Martins is considered to be one of the major eco-tourism spot of Bangladesh.
• Climate change can destroy and hamper the bio-diversity and eco-logical balance of
Saint Martins.
• Government has to play key role stopping this.
• PPP initiatives are also beneficial.
• Rise in temperature is the main reason for climate change.
• Climate change force travelers to change their travel patterns.

15. Recommendations & Conclusions

15.1 Recommendations

Natural disasters brought on by climate change, such as cyclones, storms, floods, salinity, and
drought, may have an impact on a nation's sea beach ecosystems and have repercussions for
populations who rely on those ecosystems. It is unknown if their resistance will be adequate
over the long run to withstand future human climate change. Many nations are beginning to
implement effective climate change adaptation measures. On a longer time, scale, climate
change-based knowledge gives the following benefits for adaptation planning: improves the
scientific foundation for decision-making about adaption.

• Regular monitoring of the relationship between observed climate variability and change
in Bangladesh and in basins outside Bangladesh
• Determining the potential for probabilistic forecasting of the key seasonal ENSO
features from the regional and global datasets
• Evaluating and establishing links between key climate information and forecasts and
the impacts in terms of impacts on water resources.
• Strengthening techniques and instruments for assessing adaption.

19
 • Adaptation-related education, training, and public awareness campaigns, especially for
young people.
• Building institutional and individual capability.
• Development and transfer of technology, as well as support for regional coping
mechanisms.
• Adequate legal and regulatory frameworks that encourage activity that is adaptive-
friendly.
• A planning procedure that adapts to varied time frames, levels (national, regional, etc.),
and sectors.
• Future vulnerability is influenced by both growth paths and climatic change. In
Bangladesh, national and international sustainable development objectives as well as
national and sectoral development plans must include the implementation of adaptation.

15.2 Conclusion

The implementation of sustainable tourism practises is the only option if one wants to enjoy
the goods and services of the tourist industry while ensuring their safety for future generations.
Saint Martin, a popular tourist destination in Bangladesh, has been used as the focus of this
research. The government must make a significant effort to maintain the area's stunning natural
beauty and increase its appeal.

In Bangladesh, Saint Martin Island is become a popular tourist destination. As a result of the
tourism industry, it has recently become a region with rapid economic growth. As a result, the
ecosystem and surrounding surroundings are continuously deteriorating at a startling rate. As
a result, the government and local authorities have already developed some policies and plans,
though they have so far been imperfectly implemented. A major obstacle to implementing all
the intended regulations and laws is the general lack of understanding among residents and
visitors. The study's main takeaway is that although locals may profit economically from
tourism, its detrimental environmental effects must be kept to a minimum by careful planning
and execution of legislation. Maintaining the carrying capacity and limiting tourists on Saint
Martin Island are crucial.

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16. References & Appendix

16.1 Reference

Ahmed, M. K., Yeasmin, F., Islam, M. M., Barman, A., & Hossain, Z. (2021). Climate Change-
Induced Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation of St. Martin’s Island’s Community,
Bangladesh. Springer Climate, October, 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-
71950-0_9

Alam, E., & Collins, A. E. (2010). Cyclone disaster vulnerability and response experiences in
coastal Bangladesh. Disasters, 34(4), 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
7717.2010.01176.x

Amin, M. R. (2017). Domestic tourists’ mind-set towards responsible tourism management: a

case study on Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 3(2),
121–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2016-0028

Clubb, R., & Mason, G. (2003). Mason and Clubb 2003. captivity and ranging. 425(October),
473–474.
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&sig=7CMXVnLIdwEUN9GwPM86gB75S5E

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for Responsible Tourism Advances in Responsible Tourism.

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2010. 1, 2493–2504.

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26
16.2 Appendix

Survey Questionnaire

Dear Respondent,

I am Arif Hossion, student of University of Dhaka (Department of Tourism and Hospitality

Management). I am writing a report on the “Impacts of Climate Change on Saint Martins
as Eco Tourism of Bangladesh”. This survey is done to derive information that would help
me to furnish my internship report. I would be very kind to you if you accurately respond to
the questionnaire.

Thank you for your time and effort to support my research.

Gender: Male Female

Age: 10-19 20-30 31-40 Above 40

Occupation: Student Service Holder Businessman Housewife Doctor

Employee Teacher Others……………

Income:

o Below 10,000

o 10,000-20,000

o 21,000-30,000

o 30,000-40,000

o More than 40,000

Educational Background:

o SSC

o HSC

o BBA/BA/BSC

o MBA/MA/MSC

o Others

27
1. Do you consider Saint Martins as an Eco Tourism Destination?

o Yes
o No
o Maybe

2. Which of the following is responsible in terms of climate change in Saint Martins area?
(You can select more than one)

o Greenhouse gases
o Drought
o Flooding
o Coastal erosion
o Rising temperatures
o Melting glaciers
o Desea beachation
o Aerosol
o Sea level rise
o El Niño or irregular warming of surface water

3. Climate change on Saint Martins has a great impact on the visitors’ travel pattern

o Strongly Agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly Disagree

4. Climate change will destroy the bio-diversity and ecological balance on Saint Martins

o Strongly Agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly Disagree

5. Government has to play key role for stopping the impact of climate change on Saint
Martins

28
o Strongly Agree
o Agree
o Neutral
o Disagree
o Strongly Disagree

29