Natural Hazards, Mitigation,

and Adaptation

A P R E S E N TAT I O N F O R E A R T H A N D L I F E S C I E N C E
 INTRODUCTION
 Natural Hazards
Events that occur as a part
of the natural cycles of
Earth and may cause
damage to a community.
The disruption of the normal
functioning of a community
is called disaster.
 Vulnerability
It refers to the
“characteristic and
circumstances of a
community, system, or
asset that make of it
susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard.”
Geologic Processes and
Hazards
 Geologic Processes and
Hazards
 The earth is a dynamic planet. The very forces that
created the earth still act at or beneath its surface. The
movements of plates on the earth’s surface, coupled with
local concentrations of heat, provide a continuing source
of hazards for the people and the structures that they
build.
 Even with the present state of technology today,
geologic hazards often cannot be predicted or prevented
with precision.
 EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are
caused by strain energy
underneath a fault line
within the earth’s crust.
When this strain energy
is released, the result is
an earthquake.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

A. Ground Shaking
Ground shaking or
ground motion, a
principal cause of the
partial or total collapse
of structures, is the
vibration of the ground
caused by seismic
waves during an
earthquake.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

B. Surface Faulting
Surface faulting is the
offset or tearing of the
ground surface by
differential movement
along a fault during an
earthquake.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

C. Earthquake-induced
ground failure
Earthquake-induced landslides
occur through a broad range of
mechanisms. They occur in land that
is sloped steeply, and land that is
flat. The principal criteria for
classifying landslides are the types of
materials and the types of movement.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

C. Earthquake-induced
ground failure
Liquefaction due to ground failure
can be classified into two types: rapid
earth flow and earth lateral spreads.
Rapid earth flows are the most
dangerous types of liquefaction.
During this phenomenon, large
masses of soil can move from a few
meters to a few kilometers.
Earth lateral spreads are the
movement of surface blocks brough
about by the liquefaction of
subsurface layers.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

D. Tsunamis
Very high, large waves
or seismic sea waves
caused by the sudden
movement of the ocean
floor.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Volcanic eruptions are the
spewing forth of lava from
active volcanoes. They also
consist of tephra falls,
ballistic projectiles, lahars,
lava flows, and pyroclastic
phenomena.
Tephra falls include rocks
and blobs of lava that are
ejected from within a
volcano into the
atmosphere.
 EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
A. Lahars and Floods
A lahar (or mudflow) is
a flowing slurry of
volcanic debris and
water that originates on
a volcano. The eruption
of a snow- covered
volcano can melt
enough snow to cause
a lahar.
 EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
B. Lava Flows and Domes
Fluid lava forms long thin flows
on slopes and flat-topped lava
lakes in flat areas and
topographic depressions, while
viscous lava forms short stubby
flows on slopes and steep- sided
domes around their vents. In
either case lava flows seldom
threaten human life because they
move slowly and their path can
be predicted.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Volcanic Eruption may

only be predicted a
week or days before
occurrence. Despite
Philippines being part of
the Ring of Fire.
PREVENTION MANAGEMENT
of GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 PREVENTION MANAGEMENT
of GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
What to Do Before an Earthquake
 Make sure you have a fire
extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-
powered radio, a flashlight, and
extra batteries at home.
 Learn first aid.
 Learn how to turn off the gas, water,
and electricity.
 Make up a plan of where to meet
your family after an earthquake.
Don't leave heavy objects on
shelves (they'll fall during a quake)
What to Do During an Earthquake
 Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If
you're outside, stay outside.
 If you're indoors, stand against a wall near
the center of the building, stand in a
doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a
desk or table). Stay away from windows
and outside doors.
 If you're outdoors, stay in the open away
from power lines or anything that might
fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might
fall off the building or the building could
fall on you).
 Don't use matches, candles, or any flame.
Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
 If you're in a car, stop the car and stay
inside the car
 PREVENTION MANAGEMENT
of GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
What to Do After an Earthquake  Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis
 Check yourself and others for and seiches sometimes hit after the
injuries. Provide first aid for anyone ground has stopped shaking.
who needs it.  If you're at school or work, follow the
 Check water, gas, and electric lines emergency plan or the instructions of
for damage. If any are damaged, the person in charge.
shut off the valves. Check for the  Expect aftershocks.
smell of gas. If you smell it, open all
the windows and doors, leave
immediately, and report it to the
authorities (use someone else's
phone).
 Turn on the radio. Don't use the
phone unless it's an emergency.
 Stay out of damaged buildings.
 PREVENTION MANAGEMENT
of GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
MANAGING VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
1. Take note of surroundings.
2. Gather all members of household.
3. Put together an emergency supply
kit.
4. Put important things on containers
etc. preventing from ashfall.
5. Follow instruction of local
authorities.
 Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and Hazards
 Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and Hazards
 One of the most common hydrometeorological hazards
is flooding.
 They are common and very costly for the community.
Conditions that may cause flooding include rains that last
for several days and water that seeps into the ground.
 There are several types of floods: flash floods, river
floods, coastal floods, urban floods, & ice jams,
 Tropical Cyclones
Typhoons (Northwest
Pacific) or Hurricanes
(Atlantic and Northeast
region) are storm
system characterized by
rapid spiraling storms,
low-pressure center,
and intensely strong
winds. Cyclones can increase the Strength of winds,
which may cause tropical depression (45-62 km/h),
storm (63-117 km/h), a typhoon (118-239 km/h),
and a super typhoon (240 km/h or higher).
 Tropical Cyclones
 PAGASA or Philippine
Atmospheric,
Geophysical and
Astronomical Services
and Administration- the
government agency that
provides information on
meteorological,
astronomical and
climatological activities in
the Philippine territory.
 Monsoons
These are seasonal winds. The
Philippines expect two monsoons
every year:
Amihan - or northeast monsoon is
characterized by cold gusty winds
with little precipitation. Winds blow
in the east. It begins in early
September - May or June.
Habagat - or southwest monsoon is
characterized by hot and humid
atmosphere with frequent or heavy
rainfall. Winds blow in the west.
It begins in June and Ends in
August or September.
 Tornado
Locally known as Ipo-Ipo. It is a
rapidly swirling condensation funnel
whose narrow end comes in contact
with the ground. It usually carries
debris and other objects that can be
picked up from the ground.
Tornadoes occur anywhere in an
average number of 12-24 times a
year.
Characterized by:
 Storm

 Debris

 Fire
 COMMON COASTAL
HAZARDS
 Coastal areas are transition places between land and
sea. These areas are considered low-lying. It is very
dynamic, It interacts with all natural systems and
processes that happened on land, in the marine
environment and in the atmosphere.
 Common Coastal Hazard:
1. Coastal Erosion
2. Submersion
3. Storm Surges
4. Saltwater Intrusion
 COASTAL EROSION
Coastal Erosion - is the
wearing away of land
and the removal of
beach or dune
sediments by wave
action, tidal currents,
wave currents, drainage
or high winds.
 SUBMERSION
Submersion – is the
sustainable cyclic portion of
coastal erosion where
coastal sediments move
from the visible portion of a
beach to the submerged
near shore region, and later
return to the original visible
portion of the beach.
 STORM SURGES
Storm Surges - is a rise in
sea level that occurs during
tropical cyclones, intense
storms also known as
typhoons or hurricanes. The
storms produce strong
winds that push the water
into shore, which can lead
to flooding. This makes
storm surges very
dangerous for coastal
regions.
 SALTWATER INTRUSION
Saltwater intrusion is the
movement of saline water
into freshwater aquifers,
which can lead to
contamination of drinking
water sources and other
consequences. Saltwater
intrusion occurs naturally to
some degree in most
coastal aquifers, owing to
the hydraulic connection
between groundwater and
seawater.
 Coastal Hazard-prone areas in
the PH
Local government units in
areas that are ranked
extremely high in
susceptibility to landslide
and flooding are advised to
immediately relocate the
residents of these zones to
safer areas. Especially
typhoons that can cause
coastal hazards. The figure
shows the areas prone to
coastal hazard.
 Prevention and Management of
Marine and Coastal Hazards
1. Prepare and emergency
survival kit.
2. Create an evacuation
plan.
3. Know where the
evacuation center is and
how to get there.
4. Listen to news from any
means.