SCHOOL OF SCHOLARS , WARDHA

SCHOOL AFFLICATION NO. 1130139

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021 – 2022

NAME :- ARYA DEOLE

CLASS :- IX – C
ROLL NO. 910- C
SUBJECT :- SOCIAL SCIENCE ( DISASTERS MANAGEMENT)
TOPIC :- NATURAL DISASTERS
SUB TOPIC :- EARTHQUAKE
ISSUED DATE :- 3 AUGUST 2021
SUBMISSION DATE :- 20 AUGUST 2021
GUIDANCE OF TEACHER :- SUNITA FULKAR MAM
Content..
➢Objective
➢ Classification of disasters
➢ Introduction
➢ Earthquake
➢ What is an earthquake ?
➢ Why do earthquake happen?
Objectives
❑Create awareness in them about different
disasters, their consequences
and management
❑ Prepare them in advance to face such
situations
❑ Ensure their participation in disaster
mitigation plans
❑ Enable them to create awareness and
preparedness among the
community.
Classification of
disasters
Natural disaster
Man made disaster
Human induced disaster
Introduction
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural
hazards which often turn into disaster causing
widespread destruction and loss to human life.

The effects of earthquake vary upon the

magnitude and intensity. Earthquake occur every
now and then all round the world, except in some
places where earthquakes occur rarely. The
devastation of cities and towns is one of the
effects of earthquake.
EARTHQUAKE
What Is an
Earthquake?
An earthquake is the shaking of the
surface of Earth due to the sudden
release of energy in the Earth’s crust,
as a result, seismic waves are created.
The seismic activities in an area
determine the type and intensity of the
earthquake.
Why Do Earthquakes
Happen?
The Earth looks like a pretty solid place from
the surface, it’s actually extremely active just
below the surface. The Earth is made of four
basic layers : crust, mantle, outer core and
inner core.
Earthquakes are caused due to sudden
tectonic movements in the earth's crust.
When the tectonic plates slide over one
another, there is a cause of orogeny
which results in earthquakes and
volcanoes. These disturbances cause
vibrations that spread in all directions.
Causes of earthquake
The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the crust of the
earth.

“ A fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in

response to stress.”

❑This movement may occur slowly, in the form of creep.

❑ Earth Scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the
surface ( known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.
Classification of Faults
Normal Fault :
A dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below.

Thrust ( reserve ) fault :

A dip-slip fault in which the
upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over the
lower block.
Strike-slip fault :
➢ A left-lateral strike-slip fault:
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the left when viewed from
either side.

➢ A right-lateral strike-slip
fault:
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the right when viewed from
either side.
Some major causes of earthquakes on basic of its causes are:
❖ Surface Causes
❖ Volcanic Causes
❖ Tectonic Causes

Surface cause :
Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing of
sea waves, avalanches, railway trains, heavy trucks, some
large engineering projects cause minor tremors. Some of them
are man made, other are natural.
Volcanic Cause :
Volcanic eruptions produce earthquakes. Earthquakes may
precede, accompany and frequently follow volcanic eruptions.
They are caused by sudden displacements of lava within
or beneath the earth crust.

There are two general categories of earthquakes that can occur at a

volcano:

➢ Volcano - tectonic earthquakes

➢ Long period earthquakes
Tectonic Causes
About 90% of the world’s earthquakes and 81% of the world’s
largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.

The next most seismically active region (5-6% of earthquakes

and 17% of the world’s largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt,
which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the
Mediterranean and out into the Atlantic.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake

belt.
Earthquake locations around the world and their correlation to
plate boundaries . Plate boundaries are outlined by red circles,
which indicate past earthquake epicentres.
Waves produced due to
earthquakes :
Seismic waves produced due to
earthquake are basically divided
into two major types:
➢ Body Waves
➢ Surface Waves
How Do We Measure
Earthquakes?
The energy from an earthquake travels through
Earth in vibrations called seismic waves.
Scientists can measure these seismic waves on
instruments called seismometer. A
seismometer detects seismic waves below the
instrument and records them as a series of zig-
zags.
Effects of
earthquake
➢ Loss of life and property
➢Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways,
highways , airports, marine
➢Damage to infrastructure.
➢Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams
➢Chances of fire short – circuit .
➢Communications such as telephone wires are
damaged.
➢Water pipes, sewers are disrupted
➢Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade
and transport are severely affected.
Do’s and Don’ts
during an
earthquake
If Indoors
❑ Drop to the ground ; take cover by getting under a study
table or other piece of furniture ; and hold on until the shaking
stops. If there is no table or desk near you, cover your face and
head with yours arms and crouch in an inside corner the
building.
❑Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door,
in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
❑ Stay away from glass , windows, outside doors and walls,
and anything that could fall.
❑ Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes.
Hold on and protect yours head with a pillow , unless you are
under a heavy light fixture that could fall. At that time , Move
to the nearest safe place.
If Outdoors
❑ Avoid moving . However , move away
from buildings , trees , streetlights and
utility wires.
❑ If you are in open space , stay there until
the shaking stops. The greater danger exists;
and alongside exterior walls.
❑ Most earthquake-related casualties result
from collapsing wall, flying glass and
falling objects.
If in a vehicle
❑ Stop as quickly as safety permits and
stay in the vehicle . Avoid stopping near
or under buildings, trees, overpasses and
utility wires.
❑ Proceed cautiously once the
earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads,
bridges or ramps that might have been
damaged by the earthquake.
After an Earthquake
➢ Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey instructions.
➢ Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge wave may sweep in.
➢ Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go near damage
structures.
➢Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
➢ Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter.
➢ Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short circuit.
➢ If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.
➢Do not drink water from open containers without having examined it.
➢ If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team. Don not rush
and try not to worsen the situation.
➢Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not come in contact
with any metal object.
➢ Eat something. You will better and more capable of helping other.
➢ Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening . Keep the streets
clear so rescue vehicles can access the roads easily.
Have a disaster
management kit
➢ Battery operated torch with extra batteries
➢ Battery operated radio
➢ First aid kit and manual
➢ Emergency food ( dry items ) and water ( packed and sealed )
➢ Candles and matches in a waterproof container
➢Knife
➢ Chlorine tablets or powdered water purifiers
➢ Can opener
➢ Essential medicines
➢ Cash and credit cards
➢ Thick ropes and cords
➢ Sturdy shoes
Case Study on
Earthquake…
Some video related to
earthquake
https://youtu.be/dJpIU1rSOFY
https://youtu.be/GvRyftMZWUQ
https://youtu.be/r5EbbrVXoQw
https://youtu.be/f18rVzAOecA